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PubMed2002

Functional limitations of school-aged children seen in primary care.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to assess the prevalence of functional limitations in children seen in a large paediatric practice network and to identify sociodemographic, family and psychosocial factors related to functional limitations. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis. POPULATION: Children were recruited from two large, practice-based primary care research networks during their paediatric office visits. For the present study, participants included 14 630 school-aged children (ages 6-15 years) and their caregivers. OUTCOMES MEASURED: Parents completed written questionnaires including the Pediatric Symptom Checklist, the Family Apgar and the Functional Limitations Index. RESULTS: Findings indicated that 15% of children surveyed had some limitation in their daily functioning. More children had schoolwork and physical function limitations than limitations in personal and self-care. Logistic regression equations predicted functional limitations and health status in children from a model of sociodemographic factors, psychosocial symptoms and family functioning. CONCLUSIONS: A low but significant number of school-age children seen in the primary care setting experience functional limitations. Children with any psychosocial symptoms were at increased risk for functional limitations, indicating the critical need to screen for functional impairment in children with suspected behavioural or emotional problems. A screening tool of functional limitations may be useful for assessing the presence or absence of such limitations in children's daily function and warrants further investigation.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

Subgroups of children with autism by cluster analysis: a longitudinal examination.

OBJECTIVES: A hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted using a sample of 138 school-age children with autism. The objective was to examine (1) the characteristics of resulting subgroups, (2) the relationship of these subgroups to subgroups of the same children determined at preschool age, and (3) preschool variables that best predicted school-age functioning. METHOD: Ninety-five cases were analyzed. RESULTS: Findings support the presence of 2 subgroups marked by different levels of social, language, and nonverbal ability, with the higher group showing essentially normal cognitive and behavioral scores. The relationship of high- and low-functioning subgroup membership to levels of functioning at preschool age was highly significant. CONCLUSIONS: School-age functioning was strongly predicted by preschool cognitive functioning but was not strongly predicted by preschool social abnormality or severity of autistic symptoms. The differential outcome of the 2 groups shows that high IQ is necessary but not sufficient for optimal outcome in the presence of severe language impairment.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1999

[Neurodynamic functions in older school-age pupils with different levels of development in the properties of their basic neural processes].

The age peculiarities of higher nervous activity as well as the formation of temporary characteristics which are of different complication in motor reactions have been studied among 319 senior pupils of 14-17 years old with different levels of development the qualities of main nervous processes. It was shown to be true that the period of senior school age is characterized by further formation of neurodynamic function. Besides, reliable correlation between functional mobility, power of main nervous processes and speed parameters of complex sensorimotor reactions has been.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Does perchlorate in drinking water affect thyroid function in newborns or school-age children?

Perchlorate is known to suppress thyroid function by inhibiting uptake of iodide by the human thyroid at doses of 200 mg/day or greater. A study was conducted to investigate the potential effects of perchlorate in drinking water on thyroid function in newborns and school-age children. A total of 162 school-age children and 9784 newborns were studied in three proximate cities in northern Chile that have different concentrations of perchlorate in drinking water: Taltal (100 to 120 micrograms/L), Chañaral (5 to 7 micrograms/L), and Antofagasta (non-detectable: < 4 micrograms/L). Among schoolchildren, no difference was found in thyroid-stimulating hormone levels or goiter prevalence among lifelong residents of Taltal or Chañaral compared with those of Antofagasta, after adjusting for age, sex, and urinary iodine. No presumptive cases of congenital hypothyroidism were detected in Taltal or Chañaral; seven cases were detected in Antofagasta. Neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were significantly lower in Taltal compared with Antofagasta; this is opposite to the known pharmacological effect of perchlorate, and the magnitude of difference did not seem to be clinically significant. These findings do not support the hypothesis that perchlorate in drinking water at concentrations as high as 100 to 120 micrograms/L suppresses thyroid function in newborns or school-age children.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1999

Functional analysis and treatment of problem behavior exhibited by elementary school children.

A functional analysis involving antecedent events was conducted with 4 students who had been identified as having behavior problems. Off-task behavior was measured while task difficulty and level of adult attention were manipulated during analogue sessions. Results revealed two patterns: Three students displayed higher rates of off-task behavior during difficult tasks, and 1 displayed higher rates of off-task behavior during sessions with low attention. Improved behavior was observed when students were taught an alternative behavior that matched the assessment results.

Attention↗
PubMed1995

Lung function from infancy to school age in cystic fibrosis.

The aim was to investigate pulmonary mechanics in patients with cystic fibrosis during infancy and again in early childhood to see whether infant tests predicted status at school age. Plethysmographic measurements of thoracic gas volume and airways resistance were made in 29 patients at 6 months and again at 5 years 10 months. Maximum flow at functional residual capacity was measured during infancy for comparison with maximum expiratory flow rates during childhood. While many patients had normal measurements during infancy, pulmonary function had deteriorated by school age. Thoracic gas volume at school age was significantly related to the values in infancy, but other measurements made during childhood were independent of infant values. The relations between measurements in infancy and early childhood described here provide a background against which the role of external factors on pulmonary function in young children with cystic fibrosis can be investigated.

Aging↗
PubMed1989

[Hygienic evaluation of artificial lighting in the classroom for studying information science and computer technics in secondary schools].

Body functioning state of schoolchildren was investigated under different lighting conditions of the computer keyboard and video display terminals (VDT). The findings of lighting engineering and physiologic studies showed that optimal conditions for the children working on computers should be ensured by two interdependent indicators, i. e., the level of lighting at the workplace and on VDT. The most favourable indicators of children's visual functions were established at the level of lighting of 400 lx at the workplace and 100 lx on VDT under general luminescent lighting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Schooling, educational achievement, and cognitive functioning among young Guatemalan adults.

Quantity and quality of schooling obtained and the resulting skills and knowledge acquired are important components of human capital. We describe the distribution of selected measures of schooling, educational achievement, and cognitive functioning among individuals who participated as children in a nutrition supplementation trial in Guatemala and were followed up in 2002-04. Among 1,469 respondents (response rate 80%), who were 26-41 years of age in 2003, more than 90% of men and women had attended at least some school; more than half of men and more than one-third of women had completed sixth grade. Schooling attainment of both men and women has increased across birth cohorts but the schooling gap between men and women has increased. Parental socioeconomic status, as measured in 1975, is a strong predictor of schooling attainment. Basic literacy is high among those studied, with more than 80% able to read simple sentences. The gap in educational achievement favoring men narrowed across birth cohorts due to increases among younger women. The greater performance among men on the Raven's Progressive Matrices test persisted despite increased scores in the younger birth cohorts for both men and women. Migrants to Guatemala City have completed more years of school and scored higher on the tests of educational achievement and cognitive functioning than have cohort members who have remained in the study villages.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Academic achievement in children with epilepsy or asthma.

The purposes of the study were to compare academic achievement between children with epilepsy and those with asthma and to identify child perception, school adaptive functioning, and condition severity factors related to academic achievement. Subjects were 225 children (117 with epilepsy and 108 with asthma) aged between 8 and 12 years. Academic achievement was measured using school-administered group tests. Self-report questionnaires were used to measure child attitudes and school self-concept. Teachers rated school adaptive functioning. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA and multiple regression. Children with epilepsy had significantly lower achievement scores than children with asthma. Boys with severe epilepsy were most at risk for underachievement. Factors related to poor academic achievement in both samples were: high condition severity, negative attitudes, and lower school adaptive functioning scores. Less variance was accounted for in the model for epilepsy (R2=0.25) than for asthma (R2=0.36). Boys with high seizure severity were most at risk for achievement-related problems. Future research in epilepsy should consider additional factors in the model predicting academic achievement.

Asthma↗
PubMed2004

[Cognitive function evaluation in school-age children from economically impoverished community: results of enriched education program].

Sixty-three school-age children of low socioeconomic status and exposed to adverse environmental factors (malnutrition, familiar distress and low familiar incomes) were submitted to neuropsychological tests to investigate possible cognitive impairments. Classical neuropsychological test battery was employed (Raven test, Bender Gestalt copy of complex figures, draw-a-man Goodenough test). Low intellectual level was found on 30% and 74% showed higher cognitive disorders (visuoperceptual skills and/or perseverations and/or global shapes perception and/or draw-a-man disturbances). These children attended to a school with semi-boarding regimen which receives children under personnel and social adverse factors. School program was enriched with learning activity program based on Piaget and psychomotor exercises based on Lambert for at least one year. They also had some other activities, as painting, singing, computer training, English and Spanish classes. Twenty children were newly accepted and 43 attended at school for one, two or three years. We found significant correlations (p < or =0.05) between superior intellectual performances, bigger periods of attendance at school and methods for cognitive development. There was no association between other brain cognitive functions examined, the attendance to the teaching programs and the years of permanence at school.

Brazil↗
PubMed2001

Lung function tests for pre-school children.

There are a few devices for measuring lung function in pre-school children. Neither the interrupter technique nor the forced oscillation techniques have been standardised. We highlight some of the issues around the measurement of airway resistance using the interrupter technique and emphasise that, as with other lung function measurements, operators should have a proper understanding of the methods before they can be applied. Both methods for measuring airway resistance have potential for clinical and research application.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed1994

Abnormal growth of cultured skin fibroblasts associated with poor premorbid history in schizophrenic patients.

The relations of abnormal growth of cultured skin fibroblasts, as manifest in prolonged doubling time, and a history of impaired childhood premorbid functioning, separately for social and school (instrumental) functioning were examined in 22 schizophrenic patients. Prolonged doubling time (> 2 weeks) was significantly associated with poorer childhood social functioning, even after controlling for variance due to age, sex, race, and age at onset of illness. Doubling time was not associated with school performance scores. The findings indicate that the cellular or molecular process(es) underlying abnormal growth of skin fibroblasts may be involved in, or associated with, aberrant biological processes that contribute to early dyssocial behavior in schizophrenic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Starting times of school: effects on daytime functioning of fifth-grade children in Israel.

In the present study we investigated the effects of school starting time on daytime behavior and sleep. Eight-hundred and eleven 5th grade pupils (10-12 years old) from 28 classes in 18 schools throughout Israel were divided into "early risers" (N = 232) who started school at 07:10 (42%) at least 2 times a week, and "regular risers" (N = 340) who always started school at 08:00 (58%). The remaining 239 pupils started school between 7:20 and 07:55 (and also after 08:00), and were not included in the study. Self-administered questionnaires concerning sleep habits during school days, weekends, and holidays, daytime fatigue, sleepiness, and difficulties concentrating and paying attention in school were completed by all children. Mean sleep time of the "early risers" was significantly shorter than that of the "regular risers." Early risers complained significantly more about daytime fatigue and sleepiness, and about attention and concentration difficulties in school. Their complaints were independent of the reported hours of sleep. We conclude that early starting of school negatively affects total sleep time and, as a consequence, has a negative effect on daytime behavior. The implications of these findings to the ongoing controversy concerning sleep need in contemporary society are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ventilatory function in pre-school children snorers and nonsnorers.

BACKGROUND: The value of flow-volume curves alterations for screening for sleep apnoea is controversial in adults. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to assess the possible value of flow-volume curves, in snoring pre-school children to detect upper airway abnormal dynamics. METHODS: We analysed ventilatory function of 190 children aged 5 to 6 years from nine kindergartens in Nancy, France, according to the presence or absence of snoring as declared by their parents. RESULTS: More than half (103 = 54%) of the children never snored; 26 (= 13.7%) snored only with colds, 42 (22.1%) snored occasionally, and 19 (= 10%) snored habitually. The "saw tooth" sign described in adults by Sanders et al in 1981 was absent in all the children in this study, and the height-adjusted forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1/m2) was similar across the four groups. The height-adjusted peak expiratory flow (PEF/m2) decreased uniformly (but insignificantly) from the group of non-snorer (2.11 +/- 0.381/s/m2) through the group of children snoring with colds. (2.05 +/- 0.37) to the group of children snoring occasionally (1.99 +/- 0.33); no significant decrease was found in the group of habitual snorers (2.06 +/- 0.36). CONCLUSION: In this group of young children, we were unable to find the alteration of the expiratory flow-volume loop described in part of the studies in adults. We cannot, however, exclude an alteration of the inspiratory arm of the loop, as this was not recorded by us. Our results, suggesting a reduction in peak expiratory flow with increase in frequency of snoring need to be validated in a larger population of children.

Child↗
PubMed2001

School-age children born to diabetic mothers and to mothers with gestational diabetes exhibit a high rate of inattention and fine and gross motor impairment.

OBJECTIVES: To study the neurobehavioral effects that pregestational and gestational diabetes might have on offspring at school age. STUDY DESIGN: We studied neurobehavioral function at school age of 57 children born to 48, well controlled, diabetic mothers and of 32 children born to 32 women with gestational diabetes. Their development was compared with 57 control children matched by age, birth order and parental socio-economic status, using a number of cognitive, behavioral, sensory and motor neurological tests. RESULTS: The IQ scores on the WISC-R and Bender tests of the children born to diabetic mothers were similar to those of control children, but the Bender scores of the children born to mothers with gestational diabetes were slightly lower. No differences were found between the study groups in various sensory-motor functions in comparison to controls. However, both study group children performed less well than controls in fine and gross motor functions as observed on the Bruininks-Oseretzki test of motor proficiency. The scores of children born to the mothers with pregestational diabetes were higher than controls on the Touwen & Prechtl neurological examination (worse function). The children from both research groups also performed worse on the Pollack taper test that is designed to detect inattention and hyperactivity. The children of the two study groups also had slightly higher scores on the Conners abbreviated parents-teachers questionnaire measuring hyperactivity and inattention, but the differences from controls were not statistically significant. We found a negative correlation between the performance of the children born to mothers with pregestational diabetes on various neurodevelopmental and behavioral tests and the severity of maternal hyperglycemia as assessed by blood glycosylated hemoglobin levels and acetonuria. CONCLUSIONS: Pregestational or gestational diabetes was found to adversely affect attention span and motor functions of offspring at school age, but not their cognitive ability. These effects were negatively correlated with the degree of maternal glycemic control, and were more pronounced in younger children.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Quality of life in children with sickle cell disease in Amsterdam area].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the differences in quality of life between children with sickle cell disease and healthy immigrant children. DESIGN: Descriptive, comparative. METHOD: The quality of life of children with sickle cell disease between 5 and 15 years old being treated in the Emma Children's Hospital AMC in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, was assessed by using a questionnaire for parents (TNO-AZL Children's Quality of Life Questionnaire (TACQOL) parent form) if the child was between 5 and 11 years old and a questionnaire for children (TACQOL child form) if the child was between 8 and 15 years old. The study period was April-October 1998. The questionnaires were completed by 45 (parents of) patients. The results were compared with a healthy reference group of immigrant children. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t-Test. RESULTS: Children with sickle cell disease as well as their parents scored significantly lower on the items general physical, motor and independent daily functioning and on occurrence of negative emotions. No significance was observed for the items cognitive functioning and school performance nor for social functioning or occurrence of positive emotions. CONCLUSION: In children, sickle cell disease leads to compromised physical and possibly also psychological wellbeing, as well as the experience of decreased independence in daily functioning, but not to compromised cognitive or social aspects of the quality of life.

Adolescent↗