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PubMed1999

[Variation of chemical constituents in processed licorice roots: quantitative determination of saponin and flavonoid constituents in bark removed and roasted licorice roots].

As a continuing study of chemical characterization of crude drug processing, we have been analyzing the chemical constituents in licorice roots before and after processing. At first, we analyzed chemical constituents in licorice roots of various origins. Next, we have developed the HPLC analytical method, by which saponins and flavonoids, major constituents in various licorice roots, were determined simultaneously in a quantitative manner. In this paper, by means of the HPLC analytical method, chemical constituents in licorice roots, processed and unprocessed, were determined. It was found that nonglycosidic flavonoid constituents were mostly lost while root bark removing, whereas, in roasted licorice roots, sugar chains in the saponin and glycosidic flavonoid constituents were hydrolyzed stepwise during roasting through hydrothermolysis.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2003

Field response of some asparagus varieties to rust, Fusarium crown root rot, and violet root rot.

Research was carried out to evaluate the behaviour of some asparagus genotypes against three most important fungal diseases: 1) asparagus rust caused by Puccinia asparagi D.C.; 2) Fusarium crown and root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht.) f.sp. asparagi (Cohen & Heald) and Fusarium proliferatum (Matstush.) Nirenberg; 3) violet root rot caused by Rhizoctonia violacea Tul. The object of this research was also to found an eventual correlation between the plant susceptibility to asparagus rust and the sensibility to Fusarium crown root rot and violet root rot attacks. Resistant genotypes to rust should be less susceptible to attacks from F. oxysporum f.sp. asparagi, F. proliferatum and R. violacea, a fungal complex causing the plant decline. Asparagus genotypes were compared in a randomized complete block experiment design, replicated four times, in order to search that ones showing the best behaviour to escape the diseases. Phytopathological observations were carried out on November when the control plots showed 100% infected plants. The pathogens were isolated and identified. The diseased plants were registered. According to symptom evaluation scales, all the plants were grouped into infection classes, calculating frequency and McKinney index. Wishing to learn something about the infection trend of F. oxysporum f.sp. asparagi or R. violacea in relation to P. asparagi attack, the relative curvilinear regressions were calculated. The Italian cultivars "Marte" and "Grande" showed significantly the best behaviour in terms of resistance to asparagus rust, exhibiting 37% and 42% of diseased plants. The McKinney index was 9.1% and 15.6%, respectively. The susceptible plots showed 100% of infected plants and different McKinney index: 46% for "Eros", about 60% for "H 519", "Atlas" and "Golia", over 70% for the remainder. "Marte" and "Grande" showed good tolerance to F. oxysporum f.sp. asparagi and to R. violacea exhibiting up to 100% of healthy plants. The regression between plants affected by asparagus rust and those diseased by Fusarium crown root rot showed a linear equation with a regression coefficient b = 1.186 and a correlation coefficient R2 = 0.98. The regression between infection caused by rust and that caused by violet root rot exhibited a regression coefficient b = 1.03 and a coefficient of correlation R2 = 0.9. "Marte" and "Grande" exhibited the best behaviour against the rust attacks. Plants without rust were tolerant to pathogens causing plant decline.

Asparagus Plant↗
PubMed2005

[The changes of NT-4 expression in spared root ganglion and spinal cord following partial dorsal root rhizotomy].

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to detect the expression levels of NT-4 in the spared dorsal root ganglia (DRG, L6) on the operated side and un-operated side, in the spinal lamina II (L3, L5, L6) and Clarke's nucleus (L3) of the normal adult cats and the cats submitted to partial dorsal rhizotomy. The aim was to illuminate the temporospatial changes of NT-4 expression and its possible relation to spinal cord plasticity. METHODS: Fifteen male adult cats were divided into three groups. The cats of two groups were submitted to unilateral partial dorsal root rhizotomy (L1-L5, L7-S2 DRG were sectioned, but L6 was spared) and animals were sacrificed at survived 7 days and 14 days after operation. The sections were stained by the immunohistochemistry ABC method under the same condition, using NT-4 (1:200, Santa Cruz) antibody. The distribution and the number of NT-4 positive neurons in bilateral spared DRG (L6) in the operated/un-operated side, spinal lamina II (L3, L5, L6) and Clarke's nucleus (L3) of each animal were observed and counted. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, SNK-q test and paired-t test. RESULTS: (1) Seven days after partial dorsal root rhizotomy, the number of NT-4 positive neurons in spared DRG in the operated side was significantly less than that of normal group (P<0.05), but significantly more than that of L6 DRG in the unoperated side (P<0.05); the number of NT-4 positive neurons of L6 DRG on the 14th day after partial dorsal root rhizotomy was also less than that of normal group, 7-day group, and the un-operated side (P<0.05). (2) There was no difference in respect to the number of NT-4 positive neuron in L3, L5, L6 spinal lamina II and L3 Clarke's nucleus in the operated side between the normal group, 7-day operation group and 14-day operation group (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that partial dorsal root rhizotomy can mainly lead to the change of NT-4 expression in the spared root ganglion, and NT-4 in the unoperated side DRG are involved in spinal cord plasticity.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Labial root torque: effect on the maxilla and incisor root apex.

This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of labial root torque on anterior nasomaxillary development. Quantification was made of the angular and linear changes in Downs' point A (representing midsagittal basal bone) and incisor point A (representing the dentoalveolar bone) and any concomitant incisor root resorption. The study was divided into two parts: part 1--to determine the anatomic configuration of the premaxillary region by use of laminagraphy on skulls, and part 2--to use the morphologic landmarks found in part 1 to assess the development of the nasomaxillary complex in maxillary retrusive patients. The clinical study involved 17 maxillary retrusive patients, aged 8.0 to 15.7 years, who had been treated for a period between 0.31 and 3.70 years with edgewise advancing mechanics. Clinical results indicate that during the first phase of orthodontic treatment with labial root torque, encompassing a 0.63-year mean treatment period, a greater rate of advancement of Downs' point A was produced when compared with normal growth. The skeletal convexity increased, whereas normal growth straightened the profile. Incisor point A advanced at a greater rate than Downs' point A, suggesting that treatment caused a larger dentoalveolar effect than the effect on midsagittal basal bone. When treatment was extended to 1.57 years, similar changes were found but at a reduced rate. Overall apical root resorption was 12.7%/year. Sex and age were not found to have any correlation to the amount of apical root loss.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed2005

Root surface temperature rises during root canal obturation, in vitro, by the continuous wave of condensation technique using System B HeatSource.

OBJECTIVES: This in vitro study evaluated increases in root surface temperature during the continuous wave of condensation technique using a System B HeatSource. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-five extracted human teeth (15 maxillary central incisors, 15 mandibular central incisors, and 15 maxillary canines) were used. After root canal cleaning and shaping, the teeth were filled with the continuous wave of condensation technique using a System B HeatSource. Temperature changes on the whole mesial and vestibular outer surfaces of the roots were measured using an infrared thermal imaging camera. RESULTS: The results of this in vitro study showed that the use of the continuous wave of condensation technique to fill the maxillary central incisors and maxillary canines produced temperature rises below the critical level. In the mandibular central incisors the use of a System B HeatSource resulted in elevation of the root surface temperature by more than 10 degrees C. CONCLUSION: The continuous wave of condensation technique using the System B HeatSource produces temperature changes on the outer root surfaces, which, in the case of teeth with relatively thin dentinal walls, can reach relatively high values.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1999

Root debridement of single-rooted teeth with a diamond-coated sonic scaler insert during flap surgery. A pilot study.

In our laboratory, we modified inserts of a sonic scaler to increase effectivity of root surface instrumentation during flap surgery. The present clinical study investigates whether use of this diamond-coated, thickened insert facilitates more rapid root debridement compared to hand instruments and whether clinical wound healing is influenced by the type of instrument used. In 13 patients with moderate to advanced periodontal destructions, flap surgery was carried out on single rooted teeth with probing depth of > or =6 mm. The mean amount of time saved by root debridement with the diamond-coated insert was 60% over curets. Regardless of the used instrumentation method probing depths and attachment level changes were altered and remained unchanged for 2 years after surgery. In conclusion the newly-developed, diamond-coated sonic scaler insert facilitates more rapid root debridement during flap surgery than hand instruments without disadvantageously affecting clinical healing.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effects of root canal sealers on vertical root fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth.

The aim of this study was to compare vertical forces at fracture of endodontically treated mandibular incisors obturated with different types of root canal sealer. Four groups of 10 teeth each were tested; group 1 served as positive and negative controls (five teeth each), and groups 2, 3, and 4 were obturated by lateral condensation with gutta-percha and AH Plus, Tubliseal, or Ketac-Endo, respectively. All teeth were loaded vertically using a plugger tip inserted into the canal space until fracture occurred; the load at fracture and the pattern of fracture were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Scheffé test at the 95% level of confidence. Force at fracture of roots obturated with Ketac-Endo was significantly higher than those obturated with AH Plus and Tubliseal. Most fracture lines were in a buccolingual direction. The results suggested that Ketac-Endo strengthens endodontically treated roots and may be used for weak roots, which are likely to be susceptible to vertical root fracture.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

Electrotropism of maize roots. Role of the root cap and relationship to gravitropism.

We examined the kinetics of electrotropic curvature in solutions of low electrolyte concentration using primary roots of maize (Zea mays L., variety Merit). When submerged in oxygenated solution across which an electric field was applied, the roots curved rapidly and strongly toward the positive electrode (anode). The strength of the electrotropic response increased and the latent period decreased with increasing field strength. At a field strength of 7.5 volts per centimeter the latent period was 6.6 minutes and curvature reached 60 degrees in about 1 hour. For electric fields greater than 10 volts per centimeter the latent period was less than 1 minute. There was no response to electric fields less than 2.8 volts per centimeter. Both electrotropism and growth were inhibited when indoleacetic acid (10 micromolar) was included in the medium. The auxin transport inhibitor pyrenoylbenzoic acid strongly inhibited electrotropism without inhibiting growth. Electrotropism was enhanced by treatments that interfere with gravitropism, e.g. decapping the roots or pretreating them with ethyleneglycol-bis-[beta-ethylether]-N,N,N',N' -tetraacetic acid. Similarly, roots of agravitropic pea (Pisum sativum, variety Ageotropum) seedlings were more responsive to electrotropic stimulation than roots of normal (variety Alaska) seedlings. The data indicate that the early steps of gravitropism and electrotropism occur by independent mechanisms. However, the motor mechanisms of the two responses may have features in common since auxin and auxin transport inhibitors reduced both gravitropism and electrotropism.

Egtazic Acid↗
PubMed2004

Survival of Enterococcus faecalis in infected dentinal tubules after root canal filling with different root canal sealers in vitro.

AIM: To investigate the ability of different endodontic sealers and calcium hydroxide to kill bacteria in experimentally infected dentinal tubules. METHODOLOGY: Fifty-six human root segments were enlarged to size 2 (ISO size 090) Largo Peeso Reamer. After treatment with 17% EDTA and 5% NaOCl for 4 min each, the specimens were infected with Enterococcus faecalis for 3 weeks. The roots were divided into eight groups and filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus (AH); Grossman's sealer (GS); Ketac-Endo (KE); Apexit (AP); RoekoSeal Automix (RSA); or RoekoSeal Automix with an experimental primer (RP), or calcium hydroxide (CH) only. One group of specimens was left unfilled for control (CT). Following storage in humid conditions at 37 degrees C for 7 days, the root canals were re-established with new sterile Largo size 2. Dentine samples from each canal were then collected using a sterile size 5 (ISO size 150) Largo Peeso Reamer. The number of colony-forming units (CFU) was determined for each sample. RESULTS: The mean log10 CFU in all test groups was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that in the CT group. Root filling with AH and GS killed bacteria (mean CFU = 0) in the dentinal tubules. The mean log10 CFU for the CH group (0.53) was lower than that of RSA, AP, RP and KE (1.36, 1.40, 1.46 and 1.94, respectively), but only the difference between the CH and the KE groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Root fillings in vitro with gutta-percha and AH or GS were effective in killing E. faecalis in dentinal tubules. Other endodontic sealers, as well as CH, were less effective.

Calcium Hydroxide↗
PubMed1996

Root cleaning or root smoothing. An in vivo study.

The goal of the present study was to determine whether the clinical treatment results in terms of pocket probing depth reduction and attachment gain would be different following conventional periodontal flap surgery if, on the one hand, root surfaces were smoothed after plaque and calculus removal or, on the other hand, root surfaces were first thoroughly cleaned but then intentionally roughened. 13 adult patients with moderate periodontitis participated; the same patients acted as a unit of control. Evaluations were performed on a total of 224 sites on 81 anterior and premolar teeth. On the 41 test teeth (111 sites), a coarse diamond stone was used following traditional root planing to roughen the root surfaces. The 40 control teeth (113 sites) were cleaned and planed using Gracey curettes. Measurements performed 3 and 6 months post-surgery revealed significant reductions in probing depths at both "rough" and "smooth" sites. However, no differences between the 2 methods were detected. This was true also with regard to attachment gain. We conclude that striving for root surface smoothness during periodontal surgery appears unnecessary.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Rapid orthodontic extrusion of crown root and cervical root fractured teeth.

This study concerns the relapse tendency and extent of root resorption in 33 extruded non-vital crown root fractured or cervical root fractured teeth in 32 patients 10-20 years old. They constitute all orthodontically extruded teeth at the Orthodontic or Pedodontic Departments, Eastman Institutet, Stockholm (1982-1987). A simple extrusion mechanism exerted a force of 60-70 p along the root axis of the tooth. An extrusion of 2-3 mm was obtained in most patients; the most extreme effect was 6 mm. In 16 patients the extrusion was achieved within 3 weeks, in 12 it lasted for 4-6 weeks and in 5, 7-9 weeks. The treatment was more complicated in the lower jaw. After the extrusion, a fibrotomy was done and in most patients also a gingival recontouring to create an optimal relation between the gingiva and the margin of the restoration. Periodically identical radiographs were taken immediately before and after the extrusion, after 3 months and after 1 year. A minor relapse, about 0.5 mm, was observed in 3 patients. Limited root resorption was found in 6 teeth and severe in only 1. The resorptions did not progress in the following 2 years of observation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Human root caries: microbiota in plaque covering sound, carious and arrested carious root surfaces.

The plaque microbiota covering sound or carious root surfaces were studied and compared with that covering arrested root caries lesions. From each of these categories five extracted teeth were examined. The experimental design of the study allowed us to relate the qualitative and quantitative microbial composition to the degree of integrity of the root surface. Plaque was sampled by a newly developed 'mowing' technique. Plaque samples were cultured anaerobically on nonselective Columbia blood agar plates supplemented with 5% hemolyzed human blood and on media selective for Lactobacillus spp. and streptococci of the mutans group. The cultivable microbiota were quantitatively speciated using Rapid ID 32A, Rapid ID 32 Strep, API 20 Strep, API ZYM, and API 50 CH tests and SDS-PAG electrophoresis. Regardless of the state of mineralization, the microbiota on all surfaces resembled marginal plaque associated with gingivitis. In addition to the gram-positive predominant facultative anaerobic genera Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus and Actinomyces, gram-negative anaerobes, predominantly Bacteroides, Prevotella, Selenomonas, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, and Capnocytophaga, showed the highest isolation frequencies. On all surfaces Actinomyces spp. predominated, with streptococci and lactobacilli forming a minor part of the microbiota. With respect to the detected proportions of anaerobes, microaerophiles, Actinomyces naeslundii, Prevotella buccae and Selenomonas dianae, significant differences were observed between the three categories of root surfaces. The total CFU's on both caries-free and caries-active surfaces were significantly higher than on arrested lesions. In general, the results support a polymicrobial etiology for caries initiation on root surfaces, with A. naeslundii, Capnocytophaga spp., and Prevotella spp. making specific contributions to the processes of cementum and dentin breakdown.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed2003

Morphologic analysis, by means of scanning electron microscopy, of the effect of Er: YAG laser on root surfaces submitted to scaling and root planing.

The purpose of this study was to morphologically evaluate, by means of scanning electron microscopy, the effects of Er:YAG laser on the treatment of root surfaces submitted to scaling and root planing with conventional periodontal instruments. Eighteen root surfaces (n = 18), which had been previously scaled and planed, were assigned to 3 groups (n = 6). The control Group (G1) received no further treatment; Group 2 (G2) was irradiated with Er:YAG laser (2.94 mum), with 47 mJ/10 Hz, in a focused mode with air/water spray during 15 s and with 0.57 J/cm of fluency per pulse; Group 3 (G 3) was irradiated with Er:YAG laser (2.94 mum), with 83 mJ/10 Hz, in a focused mode with air/water spray during 15 s and with 1.03 J/cm2 of fluency per pulse. We concluded that the parameters adopted for Group 3 removed the smear layer from the root surface, exposing the dentinal tubules. Although no fissures, cracks or carbonized areas were observed, an irregular surface was produced by Er:YAG laser irradiation. Thus, the biocompatibility of the irradiated root surface, within the periodontal healing process, must be assessed.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1999

Coronally advanced flap procedure for root coverage. Is flap thickness a relevant predictor to achieve root coverage? A 19-case series.

This clinical study was designed to determine whether the thickness of the flap can influence root coverage when gingival recessions associated with traumatic toothbrushing are treated using a coronally advanced flap (CAF). Nineteen patients, aged from 25 to 57 years, with high levels of oral hygiene (full-mouth plaque scores <20%) were selected for the study. Each patient contributed with one Miller Class I or II maxillary or mandibular recession. A total of 19 recessions > or =2 mm were treated. After local anesthesia and before flap elevation, the exposed root surface was planed with a sharp curet. A trapezoidal full- and partial-thickness flap was then elevated, displaced coronally, and sutured to cover the treated root surface. Before suturing, flap thickness was measured in the alveolar mucosa with a gauge. After surgery, all patients were recalled for control and professional prophylaxis once a week during the first month and monthly up to the third month. The mean initial recession depth was 3.0+/-0.9 mm. Mean flap thickness (FT) was 0.7+/-0.2 mm. Three months later, mean recession depth was 0.6+/-0.6 (P <0.0001) and mean recession reduction was 2.4+/-0.7 mm. Mean root coverage was 82+/-17%. Flap thickness >0.8 mm was associated with 100% of root coverage. The results of this study indicate that there is a direct relation between flap thickness and recession reduction (P <0.0001).

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[The limits of root planing in the furcation area. A mathematical comparison of the radii of curvature on the root surfaces and on the curettes].

In order to draw some conclusions about the furcation region accessibility for periodontal instruments and their cleaning effect, the curvature radii of the root faces of 31 lower molars were mathematically determined and compared with the curvature radii of the working end of normally available curettes. From the results of this work it can be seen, that the Gracey curettes have an essential greater curvature radius as the curvature radius of the root faces. On the other site the special curettes for root planing in the furcation region have a smaller curvature radius as that of the root faces. Using the instruments included in this study, it is not possible to achieve an optimal root planing.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Distribution and expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase in dorsal root entry zone and dorsal column after dorsal root injury.

To understand whether tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) contribute to the failure of regenerating sensory axons to enter the spinal cord, we used in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to examine the expression of TIMP1, TIMP2, and TIMP3 in the dorsal root, dorsal root entry zone (DREZ), and dorsal column after dorsal root injury in adult rats. We found that the three TIMPs and their mRNAs were up-regulated in a time-, region-, and cell-type-specific manner. Strong up-regulation of all three TIMPs was seen in the injured dorsal roots. TIMP2 was also significantly up-regulated in the DREZ and degenerating dorsal column, where TIMP1 and TIMP3 showed only moderate up-regulation. Most cells up-regulating the TIMPs in the DREZ and degenerating dorsal column were reactive astrocytes, but TIMP2 was also up-regulated by microglia/macrophages, especially at long postoperative survival times. These results suggest that TIMPs may be involved in controlling tissue remodelling following dorsal root injury and that manipulation of the expression of TIMPs may provide a means of promoting axonal regeneration into and within the injured spinal cord.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Routing of transported materials in the dorsal root and nerve fiber branches of the dorsal root ganglion.

After injection of the L7 dorsal root ganglion with 3H-leucine, fast axoplasmic transport carries some 3--5 x more labeled materials down the sensory fibers branches entering the sciatic nerve as compared to the dorsal root fiber branches of the neurons. Freeze-substitution preparations taken from the two sides of the lumbar seventh dorsal root ganglia of cats and monkeys showed little difference in the histograms of nerve fiber diameters of the sensory nerve fiber branch of these neurons as compared to the dorsal root fiber branches. A similar density of microtubules and of neurofilaments in the dorsal root and sensory nerve fiber branches over a wide range of fiber diameters was found in electron micrograph preparations. In the absence of an anatomical difference in the fibers to account for the asymmetrical outflow, a functional explanation based on the transport filament model was advanced.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Correlation between putative inhibitory molecules at the dorsal root entry zone and failure of dorsal root axonal regeneration.

The molecular mechanisms involved in preventing regenerating dorsal root axons from entering the spinal cord at the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) are obscure. We used immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and electron microscopy to study axonal regeneration after dorsal rhizotomy in adult rats and its relationship to cellular changes and the distribution of putative growth inhibitory molecules in this region. Astrocyte processes, ending as bulb-shaped expansions, grew up to 700 microm into the basal lamina tubes of injured roots, where regenerating axons were also present. Some of these axons approached or reached the DREZ but grew no further; others turned back toward the ganglion, suggesting the presence of repulsive cues in or near the DREZ. Tenascin-C mRNA and protein and CSPG stub immunoreactivity were strongly upregulated in the roots after rhizotomy, but were only weakly expressed in the DREZ. Tenascin-R immunoreactivity was confined to CNS tissue, and unaffected by rhizotomy. Large, rounded GFAP-negative, NG2-immunoreactive cells, a few of which were OX42 positive, were found in the DREZ following rhizotomy. Astrocyte processes projecting into the roots were tenascin-R and NG2 negative. Hence, only NG2-expressing cells and tenascin-R were appropriately situated to inhibit regeneration through the DREZ.

Animals↗