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PubMed1995

The role of the manuscript reviewer in the peer review process.

Peer review of submitted manuscripts is recognized as a critical component of the publication process in all major medical journals. It lends respectability and scientific credibility to those journals that have adopted the process [1]. This function is delegated to a group of persons who perform the task selflessly and without compensation. Of the many facets of the peer review process, the selection of manuscript reviewers and their subsequent interaction with both editors and authors may be so poorly understood by aspiring authors that certain misconceptions ensue. Authors of rejected manuscripts may fear that reviewers have acted in an arbitrary and possibly censorial fashion [2, 3]. Conversely, authors of accepted manuscripts who face a mountain of revisions may wonder if such an effort is likely to improve their manuscript [4, 5]. The following questions come to mind: Where do the reviewers come from? What do they do, and what constitutes a good reviewer? What power do they have? How is reviewer performance measured? Can the editor recognize publicly the good reviewer? Are reviewers really blinded? How does one become a good reviewer? Who will be the reviewers of the future? While looking at these questions, we should consider objective approaches of assessing reviewer quality and wonder whether they would improve the quality of the published manuscript.

Peer Review, Research↗
PubMed1999

Psychosocial adjustment of children with chronic illness: an evaluation of three models.

This study was designed to assess social, emotional, and behavioral functioning of children with chronic illness and to evaluate three models addressing the impact of chronic illness on psychosocial functioning: discrete disease, noncategorical, and mixed. Families of children with cancer, sickle cell disease, hemophilia, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis participated, along with families of classroom comparison peers without a chronic illness who had the closest date of birth and were of the same race and gender (COMPs). Mothers, fathers, and children provided information regarding current functioning of the child with chronic illness or the COMP child. Child Behavior Checklist and Children's Depression Inventory scores were examined. Results provided support for the noncategorical model. Thus, the mixed model evaluated in this study requires modifications before its effectiveness as a classification system can be demonstrated.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Psychological, behavioural, and social adjustment in children and adolescents with juvenile chronic arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the psychological, behavioural and social adjustment of children (7-11 years) and adolescents (12-16 years) with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). Higher rates of maladjustment were expected to be found in these patients. METHODS: Self report questionnaires were used within the context of personal interviews. Family functioning and social support were studied as well. Forty seven patients with JCA, 52 healthy peers and their respective parents participated in the study. RESULTS: Self esteem, perceived competence and body image in patients with JCA were as positive as they were in healthy participants. There were no differences between ill and healthy youngsters with respect to the incidence of psychopathology. Patients with JCA, in general, perceived themselves as socially competent, but they seemed to have somewhat less opportunity or energy to participate in social activities. Children with JCA showed a high level of aspiration to cope with social expectations. This aspiration seemed to be even stronger in case the disease caused more strains, for example, in periods of inflammation and in the systemic onset type. The high level of social adjustment in children with JCA seemed to be supported by highly cohesive family structures. Generally, adolescents with JCA experienced much social support. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with our expectation, children and adolescents with JCA seemeed to cope quite well with the psychological and social consequences of their long term condition. For future studies, it is hypothesised that the high levels of adaptation might imply an enduring psychological strain, which is reflected in an altered function of the autonomic nervous system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Follow-up of adolescents treated in a psychiatric hospital. Predictors of outcome.

In the context of a long-term follow-up of 60 hospitalized adolescent psychiatric patients (26 months to four years after discharge), we examined correlates of outcome. The variables were as follows: (1) severity of psychopathology; (2) onset of symptomatology (process or reactive); (3) type of hospital treatment termination; (4) continuation of individual psychotherapy following discharge; (5) physically destructive behavior before hospitalization; and (6) energy level. Follow-up was by personal clinical interview exploring the expatient's current living conditions, peer relationships, current psychopathology and drug or alcohol use, legal difficulties, academic and work functioning, subjective contentment, and plans for the future. An evaluation was also obtained from parents and/or spouse. Statistical analyses of the interrelationships among the predictor variables and outcome demonstrated the importance of a multivariate approach.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1982

Adolescent adjustment to amputation.

We investigated the psychological effects of amputation on adolescent patients by interviewing 27 persons who had a limb amputation because of cancer during their adolescence and compared them to data obtained from eight patients with amputations due to trauma at similar ages. In cancer patients, mobility-related activities and social matters including relations with peers and the opposite sex and self-consciousness were of paramount concern. All cancer patients considered themselves functionally independent and 67% had little or no concern for the future. While malignancy and amputation had a significant impact on the patients' lives, the vast majority had a positive view of life and 85% were found to have what we assessed as adequate overall adjustment. Individual variables examined included marital and child-bearing patterns, educational attainments, vocational attainments, perceived parental and peer support, adaptation to prosthesis, and variables relating to general outlook on life and psychological adjustment. Our results suggest that the patients who have had amputations due to malignancy differ from traumatic amputees in their adjustment to amputation, with cancer patients showing, in many instances, evidence of better adaptation to disability. This may in part be due to different backgrounds and social orientation of traumatic amputees. We found the majority of cancer amputees to adjust well to their circumstances and to report leading full and productive lives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Aspects of body image perception in obese and normal-weight youngsters.

Perceptual and projective aspects of body image in obese youngsters (not in psychological treatment) and normal-weight youngsters 8-9 years of age and 12-13 years of age were investigated. The results indicate that perceptual distortions in estimating various body dimensions of oneself are primarily a function of age rather than weight status. The accuracy of estimating the weight of peers and an adult showed an association with the sex of the subject. No group differences were found in terms of projective aspects of body image as measured by barrier and penetration responses. This study suggests that obese youngsters in the middle childhood and entering puberty periods in comparison to normal-weight youngsters of the same age do not manifest differences in perceptual factors of body image.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The relation between meal size and the time between meals: effects of cage complexity and food cost.

Certain popular models of the regulation of food intake predict a positive correlation between the size of a meal and the preceding and/or following intermeal interval. However, the reported strength of these prandial correlations has varied widely in the literature. To determine what factors may influence the strength of these relationships, we measured the timing of and amount consumed in meals of laboratory rats as a function of 1) whether they were housed in isolation or with partial access to peers or a running wheel, 2) whether they were disturbed daily or weekly for maintenance procedures, and 3) whether food was free or contingent on operant responding. We also compared two definitions of "meal" and "intermeal interval." Strong prandial correlations were found only occasionally. Caging, food cost, and maintenance frequency did not affect the size of the correlations, although these factors did influence the rats' meal patterns. We conclude the regulation of food intake cannot be explained by models relying on a regular relationship between meal size and intermeal interval.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

The adjustment of children of Australian Vietnam veterans: is there evidence for the transgenerational transmission of the effects of war-related trauma?

OBJECTIVE: The presence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in trauma survivors has been linked with family dysfunction and symptoms in their children, including lower self-esteem, higher disorder rates and symptoms resembling those of the traumatized parent. This study aims to examine the phenomenon of intergenerational transfer of PTSD in an Australian context. METHOD: 50 children (aged 16-30) of 50 male Vietnam veterans, subgrouped according to their fathers' PTSD status, were compared with an age-matched group of 33 civilian peers. Participants completed questionnaires with measures of self-esteem, PTSD symptomatology and family functioning. RESULTS: Contrary to expectations, no significant differences were found between the self-esteem and PTSD symptomatology scores for any offspring groups. Unhealthy family functioning is the area in which the effect of the veteran's PTSD appears to manifest itself, particularly the inability of the family both to experience appropriate emotional responses and to solve problems effectively within and outside the family unit. CONCLUSION: Methodological refinements and further focus on the role of wives/mothers in buffering the impact of veterans' PTSD symptomatology on their children are indicated. Further effort to support families of Veterans with PTSD is also indicated.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Interviews with children who experienced major life stress: family and child attributes that predict resilient outcomes.

Demographically comparable groups of children exposed to major life-stress, with stress resilient (SR) and stress affected (SA) outcomes at ages 10 to 12, were interviewed to assess perceptions of their caregiving environments, peer relationships, and themselves. SR children compared with SA children reported more: (1) positive relationships with primary caregivers, (2) stable family environments, (3) inductive and consistent family discipline practices, and (4) positive expectations for their futures. SR girls viewed their mothers as more nurturing than did SA girls. Perceptions of fathers, quality of peer relationships, and global self-concept did not differentiate the groups. A discriminant function analysis identified four variables that correctly classified 74% of the subjects as SR or SA. Findings support the view that caregiver-child relationships play a key role in moderating children's developmental outcomes under conditions of high stress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases.

Gingival diseases are a diverse family of complex and distinct pathological entities found within the gingiva that are the result of a variety of etiologies. There are several clinical characteristics common to all gingival diseases and these features include clinical signs of inflammation, signs and symptoms that are confined to the gingiva, reversibility of the disease by removing the etiology, the presence of bacterial laden plaque to initiate and/or exacerbate the severity of the disease and a possible role as a precursor for attachment loss around teeth. Defining and classifying gingival diseases has not been an easy task. The tools and methods to identify gingival diseases have varied depending on the criteria used by epidemiologists, researchers, or the practicing clinician. The classification of gingival disease in this review relied upon experimental and/or epidemiological human studies that accurately and reliably assessed an underlying functional derangement that was localized to the gingiva and was reported in a peer-reviewed journal. The classification of gingival diseases that depends on dental plaque to initiate the disease process(es) has been categorized into two groups. The two categories of plaque-induced gingival diseases are those affected by local factors and those that are affected by local factors and modified by specific systemic factors found in the host. In this review, the clinical characteristics of gingival disease associated with plaque, endogenous hormone fluctuations, drugs, systemic diseases, and malnutrition were investigated.

Dental Plaque↗
PubMed1993

Systematic literature review for clinical practice guideline development.

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the quality and scope of the published literature on functional impairment due to cataract in adults as reviewed for the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Clinical Practice Guideline. We examined the method of literature retrieved and analysis performed in the course of development of literature-based recommendations for the guideline panel. To collect data, we reviewed the process of literature acquisition and identification and the quality assessments made by reviewers of 14 individual topics composed of 77 issues related to the guideline. We collated this information to provide an assessment of the quality and scope of the relevant literature. Less than 4% (310) of the approximately 8,000 articles initially identified as potentially relevant to the guideline were ultimately used. The majority covered three topics (surgery and complication, 100; Nd:YAG capsulotomy, 77; and potential vision testing, 40). Three other topics--indications for surgery, preoperative medical evaluation, and rehabilitation--were devoid of articles meeting inclusion criteria. For 43 issues, there was no identifiable relevant literature. With few exceptions, the quality of the literature was rated fair to poor owing to major flaws in experimental design. Case series (256 reports) of one type or another accounted for the majority of the included literature. There were 17 random controlled trials. This review revealed a sparse and generally low-quality literature relevant to the management of functional impairment due to cataract, despite a relatively large data base in reputable peer-reviewed journals.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Treatment of a 15 year old hebephrenic girl in a community hospital.

The preceeding discussion and case histroy illustrate the modern eclecticism which must be utilized in a synergistic manner to effect remissions in psychiatric illnesses heretofore unresponsive to treatment. The community psychiatrist must be capable of functioning in the face of adversity and sometimes must receive the criticism of his peers with equanimity and tolerance by accepting the opportunity as a challenge to educate colleagues to the full potentiality of modern psychiatry.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Psychosocial function during treatment for familial hypercholesterolemia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether children treated for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) have greater psychosocial dysfunction compared with their peers. CHILDREN: Children were 86 boys and 66 girls 7-16 years of age attending a lipid clinic. They were screened and instructed to follow a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol 18 months to 9 years earlier (mean, 4 years), and their mean dietary intake, estimated by a quantitative food frequency questionnaire, was within recommended limits. One-fourth had lost a parent or had a parent who had had cardiovascular disease due to FH (parental disease group). METHODS: Results of the Child Behavior Checklist, Teacher's Report Form, and Youth Self-Report were compared with a population sample. A semistructured interview, the Child Assessment Schedule, was administered to the children with FH and a well-functioning comparison group from the population (epidemiologic cohort; n = 62). RESULTS: Psychosocial scores were similar in the children with FH and the population sample. The Child Assessment Schedule showed that, compared with the epidemiologic cohort, children with FH did not have increased symptoms in any area of function, and scores for family, mood, and expression of anger were lower (less symptomatic). The prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses was 10%, which was not greater than expected. Children from the parental disease group had higher symptom scores in the areas of school and expression of anger than the rest of the children with FH. Their mean Children's Global Assessment Score (CGAS, which gives average children scores of 70-79) was slightly lower (77 vs 79). Belonging to the parental disease group predicted a lower CGAS in multivariate regression analyses, as did male sex, parental divorce, and low parental educational level. These factors explained up to 19% (95% confidence interval, 9%-31%) of the variance in CGAS. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the prevalence of psychosocial dysfunction was not greater than expected in children treated for FH. Psychosocial function within the group was associated with the usual demographic characteristics and with the loss or disease of a parent, beyond the period of bereavement or immediately after the event.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Academic misconduct among nursing students: a multivariate investigation.

The purpose of the study was to determine the degree to which several independent variables correlate with perceived instance of academic misconduct among nursing students. Maslow's Need-Goal Motivation Model served as the guiding framework for the study. It was postulated that nursing students' perceptions of their peers' maturity, academic commitment, and neutralizing attitude would be correlated with perceptions of their peers' involvement in various forms of academic misconduct. Results indicated a moderately high degree of correlation exists among the variables (Function I Rc2 = 0.325; p < .001).

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Criminal decision making: the development of adolescent judgment, criminal responsibility, and culpability.

Theories of judgment in decision making hypothesize that throughout adolescence, judgment is impaired because the development of several psychosocial factors that are presumed to influence decision making lags behind the development of the cognitive capacities that are required to make mature decisions. This study uses an innovative video technique to examine the role of several psychosocial factors--temporal perspective, peer influence, and risk perception--in adolescent criminal decision making. Results based on data collected from 56 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 years revealed that detained youth were more likely to think of future-oriented consequences of engaging in the depicted delinquent act and less likely to anticipate pressure from their friends than nondetained youth. Examination of the developmental functions of the psychosocial factors indicates age-based differences on standardized measures of temporal perspective and resistance to peer influence and on measures of the role of risk perception in criminal decision making. Assessments of criminal responsibility and culpability were predicted by age and ethnicity. Implications for punishment in the juvenile justice system are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Chronic illness, psychosocial problems, and school absences. Results of a survey of one county.

The number of days absent from school during the 1979-80 school year for 573 children aged 6-17 years in Berkshire County, Massachusetts was ascertained by parent reporting in a random household survey. Children with a wide range of chronic health impairments were reported as missing more school than their healthy peers (8.7 days vs. 5.8, p less than .001). Although there was a trend for children reported as having functional impairments to miss more school than those with chronic conditions without functional impairments (11.0 vs. 8.1), the difference was not statistically significant. Children with a variety of reported psychosocial difficulties missed more school than those without psychosocial difficulties for the sample as a whole and for those with reported chronic conditions. These findings document support for the assumption that children with a wide range of physical and psychological problems miss more school than their healthy peers and illustrate that the etiology of school absences is multifactoral and reflects behavioral as well as purely physical phenomena.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1986

Social networks and social competence: exploring the effects of early adolescent friendships.

This study explored the relationship between friendship social network variables and social competence indices using a sample of 98 young black lower SES adolescents. Analyses indicated that perceived emotional support received from friends and the number of reciprocated best friends in an adolescents' social network were related positively. Multivariate hierarchical regression analyses indicated that perceived friend emotional support and number of reciprocated best friends contributed independently to school competence, peer competence, and perceived self-competence measures. The friendship network's school achievement orientation was related positively to school competence but was unrelated to peer or perceived self-competence. Friendship network density did not add to the variance explained by the other network variables. Methodological contributions of this study include the development of a computer program to map friendship networks and the expansion of network analysis beyond the examination of social support functions.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

Prospective childhood predictors of deviant peer affiliations in adolescence.

Data gathered over the course of a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of over 900 New Zealand children were used to examine factors associated with the formation of affiliations with delinquent or substance using peers in adolescence (15 years). The findings of this study include: (1) Adolescent peer affiliations were associated with a wide range of prospectively measured social, family, parental, and individual factors. This analysis indicated that those children most at risk of forming deviant peer affiliations were those from socially disadvantaged backgrounds, dysfunctional families, who showed early onset conduct problems and other difficulties. (2) Regression analysis suggested that specific factors that were associated with increased risks of later deviant peer affiliations included family socioeconomic status, parental conflict, mother/child interaction, childhood sexual abuse, parental alcoholism, parental criminal offending, parental illicit drug use, parental smoking, early conduct problems, early anxiety/withdrawal, and early smoking experimentation. It is concluded that peer affiliations in adolescence are shaped by a complex social, family, and individual process that includes social stratification, family functioning, and individual behavioural predispositions.

Adolescent↗