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PubMed2005

The behavioral ecology of sympatric African apes: implications for understanding fossil hominoid ecology.

The behavioral ecology of the great apes is key evidence used in the reconstruction of the behavior of extinct ape and hominid taxa. Chimpanzees and gorillas have been studied in detail in the wild, and some studies of their behavioral ecology in sympatry have also been been carried out. Although the two ape species have divergent behavior and ecology in important respects, recent studies have shown that the interspecific differences are not as stark as previously thought and subsequently urge new consideration of how they share forest resources when sympatric. These new data require re-examination of assumptions about key aspects of chimpanzee-gorilla ecological divergence, such as diet, ranging and nesting patterns, and the mating system. Diet is a key component of the species' adaptive complexes that facilitates avoidance of direct competition from the other. While the nutritional basis for chimpanzee food choice remains unclear and no doubt varies from site to site, this species is a ripe fruit specialist and ranges farther during periods of ripe fruit scarcity. Gorillas in the same habitat also feed on ripe fruit when widely available, but fall back onto fibrous plant foods during lean periods. The inclusion of animal protein in the diet of the chimpanzees and its absence in that of the gorillas also distinguish the species ecologically. It may also offer clues to aspects of ecological divergence among early members of the hominid phylogeny. The paper concludes by suggesting likely characteristics of sympatric associations of Pliocene hominids, based on field data from extant sympatric apes.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Estimating diet digestibility: a comparison of 11 techniques across six different diets fed to rams.

Six digestion trials were conducted using eight Suffolk rams (four/trial; two trials run concurrently) to determine the ability of 11 techniques to estimate in vivo apparent DM digestibility (DMD). Diets (trials) were as follows: 1) ad libitum access to chopped fescue hay, 2) ad libitum access to alfalfa hay, 3) limit-fed fescue hay, 4) limit-fed alfalfa hay, 5) 25% soybean meal and 75% fescue hay and 6) 40% rolled corn and 60% alfalfa hay. Total feces were collected for 7 d following a 21-d adaptation to each diet. Digestibility methods evaluated were the following: 1) in vitro disappearance (INVITRO); 2) 48 h and 3) 72 h in situ nylon bag (48NB, 72NB); 4) 48NB followed by a 48-h acid pepsin digestion; 5) 96 h and 6) 144 h in vitro fermentation followed by NDF analysis (INDF96 and INDF144) 7) 96 h and 8) 144 h in vitro fermentation followed by ADF analysis (IADF96 and IADF144); 9) ADL ratio; 10) alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment before ADL analysis (APFPRE) and 11) alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment after ADF extraction of ADL (ADLPST). Apparent in vivo DMD was accurately estimated (P greater than .10) by INVITRO, ADL and APLPST with Diet 1. However no marker accurately estimated in vivo DMD when fescue was limit-fed. Apparent DMD of Diet 2 was accurately predicted (P greater than .10) by INVITRO, but when Diet 2 was limit-fed, only 48NB and 72NB predicted (P greater than .10) DMD accurately. In vivo DMD coefficients for Diet 5 followed a pattern similar to that of Diet 1. Diet 6 was predicted by INVITRO, 48NB, INDF96, INDF144 and IADF96 (P greater than .10). Results suggest that caution should be exercised when using these techniques, because no single technique provided accurate estimates across all diets and feeding conditions.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

Dietary behaviours and sociocultural demographics in Northern Ireland.

Subjects aged 16-64 years (592; 258 men and 334 women), randomly selected from the population of Northern Ireland, kept a 7 d weighed record of all food and drink consumed. Social, personal and anthropometric data were also collected. From the weighed records food consumption was described in terms of forty-one food groups. Using principal components analysis, four distinct dietary patterns were generated which were identified as a traditional diet, a cosmopolitan diet, a convenience diet and a 'meat and two veg' diet. These dietary patterns were then correlated with sociocultural, lifestyle and anthropometric variables. It is clear that dietary behaviour is influenced by a number of inter-related sociocultural demographics and that identifiable population groups in Northern Ireland have different dietary behaviours.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Free water 3H concentrations in serum samples collected during 1969-1992 in Akita, Japan.

The measurements for human and environmental samples from the 1960's and 1970's are important to understand the long-term transfer of 3H from the environment to the human body. The authors have previously reported 3H concentrations in diet samples collected in Akita Prefecture during 1969-1988. Serum samples from persons living in Akita Prefecture during 1969-1992 were recently obtained. The samples were originally gathered for medical examinations and stored in freezers at -20 degrees C. Composite samples from 100 persons on average were made for analysis. The free water 3H (FWT) concentrations in those samples were determined and compared with 3H concentrations in diet samples and precipitation. The long-term variation pattern of the FWT concentrations in the serum samples was similar to patterns in the diet samples and precipitation, but the FWT concentrations in the serum samples were slightly higher than those in the latter two. A single compartment model calculation showed that the apparent mean residence time of serum FWT was 1.4 y using precipitation as an input to the compartment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Actual causes of death in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and quantify the major external (nongenetic) factors that contribute to death in the United States. DATA SOURCES: Articles published between 1977 and 1993 were identified through MEDLINE searches, reference citations, and expert consultation. Government reports and complications of vital statistics and surveillance data were also obtained. STUDY SELECTION: Sources selected were those that were often cited and those that indicated a quantitative assessment of the relative contributions of various factors to mortality and morbidity. DATA EXTRACTION: Data used were those for which specific methodological assumptions were stated. A table quantifying the contributions of leading factors was constructed using actual counts, generally accepted estimates, and calculated estimates that were developed by summing various individual estimates and correcting to avoid double counting. For the factors of greatest complexity and uncertainty (diet and activity patterns and toxic agents), a conservative approach was taken by choosing the lower boundaries of the various estimates. DATA SYNTHESIS: The most prominent contributors to mortality in the United States in 1990 were tobacco (an estimated 400,000 deaths), diet and activity patterns (300,000), alcohol (100,000), microbial agents (90,000), toxic agents (60,000), firearms (35,000), sexual behavior (30,000), motor vehicles (25,000), and illicit use of drugs (20,000). Socioeconomic status and access to medical care are also important contributors, but difficult to quantify independent of the other factors cited. Because the studies reviewed used different approaches to derive estimates, the stated numbers should be viewed as first approximations. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately half of all deaths that occurred in 1990 could be attributed to the factors identified. Although no attempt was made to further quantify the impact of these factors on morbidity and quality of life, the public health burden they impose is considerable and offers guidance for shaping health policy priorities.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2026

Diet and sleep among college student populations: a systematic review.

College students are at-risk for both poor diet and poor sleep. We aimed to systematically review the evidence regarding associations between diet and sleep health within this population. A comprehensive electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO from the earliest possible date through February 6, 2026. A total of 57 studies representing 44 countries were retained; most were cross-sectional. There were 22 studies that examined dietary patterns in relation to sleep, generally showing that healthier diet patterns, including the Mediterranean Diet, were related to better sleep quality. Among 20 studies that examined individual foods or nutrients, there was evidence that fruits, vegetables, dairy, protein, and lower intake of sugar-sweetened beverages were linked to better sleep health, although some findings were mixed. Finally, 15 studies related meal timing to sleep quality, showing that breakfast skipping and later last meals were associated with poor sleep health. Overall, these studies reveal robust cross-sectional associations between diet and sleep among college students, but more longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate directionality. Moreover, a key direction for future study is consideration of sleep and nutrition situated within the unique contexts of college settings and academic schedules.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

The traditional diet of Greece and cancer.

The term 'Mediterranean diet', implying that all Mediterranean people have the same diet, is a misnomer. The countries around the Mediterranean basin have different diets, religions and cultures. Their diets differ in the amount of total fat, olive oil, type of meat, wine, milk, cheese, fruits and vegetables; and the rates of coronary heart disease and cancer, with the lower death rates and longer life expectancy occurring in Greece. The diet of Crete represents the traditional diet of Greece prior to 1960. Analyses of the dietary pattern of the diet of Crete shows a number of protective substances, such as selenium, glutathione, a balanced ratio of n-6/n-3 essential fatty acids (EFA), high amounts of fibre, antioxidants (especially resveratrol from wine and polyphenols from olive oil), vitamins E and C, some of which have been shown to be associated with lower risk of cancer, including cancer of the breast. Epidemiological studies and animal experiments indicate that n-3 fatty acids exert protective effects against some common cancers, especially cancers of the breast, colon and prostate. Many mechanisms are involved, including suppression of neoplastic transformation, cell growth inhibition, and enhanced apoptosis and anti-angiogenicity, through the inhibition of eicosanoid production from n-6 fatty acids; and suppression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), interleukin 1 (IL-1) and IL-6 gene expression by n-3 fatty acids. Recent intervention studies in breast cancer patients indicate that n-3 fatty acids, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in particular, increase the response to chemopreventive agents. In patients with colorectal cancer, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA decrease cell proliferation, and modulate favourably the balance between colonic cell proliferation and apoptosis. These findings should serve as a strong incentive for the initiation of intervention trials that will test the effect of specific dietary patterns in the prevention and management of patients with cancer.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2004

A mechanism underlying mature-onset obesity: evidence from the hyperphagic phenotype of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mutants.

Mice deficient in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) develop mature-onset obesity, primarily due to overeating. To gain insight into the mechanism of this hyperphagia, we characterized food intake, body weight, meal pattern, and meal microstructure in young and mature mice fed balanced or high-fat diets. Hyperphagia and obesity occurred in mature but not young BDNF mutants fed a balanced diet. This hyperphagia was mediated by increased meal number, which was associated with normal meal size, meal duration, and satiety ratio. In contrast, the high-fat diet induced premature development of hyperphagia and obesity in young BDNF mutants and a similar magnitude hyperphagia in mature mutants. This hyperphagia was supported by increased meal size and was accompanied by a reduced satiety ratio. Thus the mechanism underlying hyperphagia was present before significant weight gain, but whether it occurred, and whether meal frequency or meal size was altered to support it, was modulated by a process associated with aging and by diet properties. Meal pattern changes associated with the balanced diet suggested meal initiation, and the oropharyngeal positive feedback that drives feeding, were enhanced and might have contributed to overeating in BDNF mutants, whereas negative feedback was normal. Consistent with this hypothesis, meal microstructure revealed that all hyperphagic mutant groups exhibited increased intake rates at meal onset. Therefore, the central nervous system targets of BDNF actions may include orosensory brain stem neurons that process and transmit positive feedback or forebrain neurons that modulate its strength.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed1990

Community screening for hypercholesterolemia.

This study focused on a cholesterol screening and education program conducted in Scottsdale, Arizona, to determine the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia among the volunteer participants, and whether such a program motivates lifestyle changes and physician follow-up. The study also examined whether participants used the program to monitor known hypercholesterolemia. During the 6-month program, 1228 individuals were screened. Of these, 29% had a previous history of elevated cholesterol and 5% were on cholesterol-lowering medication. Of the group with no previous history of hypercholesterolemia, 41% had cholesterol levels higher than 5.17 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) and 10% had levels higher than 6.21 mmol/L (240 mg/dL). A subgroup of 120 persons with levels higher than 6.21 mmol/L (240 mg/dL) were contacted 4 to 6 months after the screening. Most of this group reported improvement in diet and exercise patterns, and 58% had consulted a physician. These results suggest that people with known hypercholesterolemia are using community screening programs to monitor their own cholesterol levels, and that such programs identity new high-risk individuals. Program participants appear to change diet and exercise patterns and to seek physician follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Small area variations in health related behaviours; do these depend on the behaviour itself, its measurement, or on personal characteristics?

In this paper we examine the patterning, by small areas, of four health related behaviours (smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, and exercise) in the West of Scotland, after controlling for a range of individual/household characteristics, using multilevel models. Smoking and drinking were measured both as binary and as continuous variables, and diet and exercise were each measured in two ways: 'good' (health promoting) and 'bad' (health damaging). 'Area effects' (unattributed variation by post code sector) were found for 'bad' diet only. 'Good' and 'bad' diet, 'bad' exercise patterns and current smoking were associated with postcode sector deprivation. For 'bad' diet this effect was found only for individuals in more affluent households, and for 'good' exercise and current smoking the association with area deprivation differed between adolescents and adults. We conclude that the influence of area on health related behaviours varies according to the behaviour and the way it is measured, and that the influence of area deprivation and/or of area can vary by age and household deprivation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Surveillance of the daily PCB intake from diet of Japanese women from 1972 through 1976.

A survey of the daily PCB intake from the total diet of Japanese women was made for the years 1972 through 1976. All but one sample of 177 samples analyzed were contaminated with PCBs. Only one sample exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of PCBs of 5 micrograms/kg body weight in Japan. The average daily intake of PCBs per person was approximately 10 micrograms, which was very low compared to the ADI value. The main source of PCBs in the diet in Japan was inshore fishes, in contrast to fresh water fishes as in the U.S.A. The data obtained from this surveillance showed no statistically significant change of daily PCB intake from the diet during this 5-year period. However, there has been a marked decrease in the estimated intake of PCBs since 1972. Gas chromatograph analysis of the residual PCB patterns in the diet showed that the patterns in the marine products were somewhat different from those in dairy, meat, and poultry products. The former was similar to the pattern of the PCB standards mixture and the latter was similar to the PCB pattern found in human milk and tissue samples from the Japanese population.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Effect of feeding diets of different composition on the protein synthetic pattern of the rat pancreas.

Rats were fed a protein-rich or carbohydrate-rich diet for 3 weeks. By means of a double-label technique, we compared the protein-synthesizing patterns under these conditions. After 3 weeks of feeding, the relative rates of all the identified secretory enzymes and of some unidentified components had changed. The synthetic rates of the proteolytic proenzymes and of ribonuclease were increased after feeding a protein-rich diet, whereas those of the amylases and of lipase were lowered. The protein synthetic patterns of the rat pancreas under two extreme feeding conditions were compared to that of the pancreas of rats constantly fed a balanced diet of an intermediate composition. The results indicated that changes in relative rate of synthesis are mainly provoked by the protein-rich diet. Only the synthetic rate of the anodic chymotrypsinogen was strongly influenced by the carbohydrate-rich diet.

Amylases↗
PubMed1987

Modification of muscle proteins IEF patterns in a fish Lebistes reticulatus, related to diet, immunization and genetic selection.

The effects of some environmental and genetic factors on the isoelectric focusing (IEF) patterns of muscle proteins from a fish Lebistes reticulatus (Cyprinodonts) were investigated. Of two diets applied the restricted one resulted in a loss of bands in the IEF patterns of the treated fishes muscle homogenate. Instead immunization gave an increase in both number and intensity of IEF bands in (4.0-6.0; 7.0-7.9) pH ranges which are typical of immunoglobulins. Lastly IEF patterns from random and assortative mating animals were compared, resulting in loss of IEF-bands in the inbred lines. Results showed that IEF of muscle proteins could be an excellent method to evaluate the response by fish phenotypes to environmental or genetic factors.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Physical activity patterns and obesity in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women.

PURPOSE: Cultural differences in diet and lifestyle patterns probably contribute to cancer rates among ethnic groups in the United States. In this paper, we describe physical activity patterns of Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women living in the southwestern United States and the effects of these patterns on obesity. METHODS: We use data from population-based controls (N = 2039) participating in the 4-Corner's Breast Cancer Study to evaluate associations between physical activity and language acculturation and the associated effects on obesity. RESULTS: The majority of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women did not perform 30 min of activity > or = 5 d x wk(-1), although a greater percentage of Hispanic women meet the goal if they reported higher levels of language acculturation. However, the type and intensity of activities performed by Hispanic and non-Hispanic women differed; Hispanic women reported more housework, dependent care giving, dancing, and work activity. Differences in activity patterns existed by level of language acculturation among Hispanic women. Hispanic women who had higher levels of language acculturation reported continued activity throughout their lives. Prevalence of obesity was greater among Hispanic than non-Hispanic white women for all levels of language acculturation. Women with intermediate levels of language acculturation had the greatest relative risk of obesity compared with non-Hispanic white women (odds ratio (OR) = 2.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.85-4.02); Hispanic women with higher levels of language acculturation also were at increased relative risk of obesity (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.28-2.47). CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to increase physical activity among Hispanic women are needed to address the problems of physical inactivity and obesity in that population. Facilitating culturally relevant activities might be reasonable approaches to increasing physical activity.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1989

Effects of cholesterol-free, semipurified diets containing different levels of casein or soy protein on distribution of cholesterol and protein among serum lipoproteins of rabbits.

Rabbits fed cholesterol-free, low-fat, semipurified diets have more cholesterol and protein in serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) relative to high density lipoprotein (HDL) than rabbits fed Chow diet. This difference was accentuated by a casein semipurified diet but was also observed with a soy protein diet even though the latter did not produce an elevation of serum cholesterol. To investigate the reason for these differences, the formulation of the semipurified diets was altered by reducing the level of protein from 27 to 16%, increasing the fat from 1 to 4% and the fiber from 5 to 13%, to correspond more closely to the proportions in Chow. With this formulation, the soy protein diet gave a lipoprotein pattern similar to that of Chow, whereas the casein diet produced a moderately elevated serum cholesterol level with more cholesterol in LDL than in HDL. When the protein in the newly formulated diets was increased back to 27%, the lipoprotein patterns reverted to those obtained with the original formula. In this case, soy protein-fed rabbits had moderately elevated serum cholesterol whereas casein-fed animals showed hypercholesterolemia. These results indicate that the altered lipoprotein pattern observed previously in rabbits fed semipurified diets is related to the high level of protein in those diets.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Nutrition surveillance of Ireland.

In summary then we can say that diet in Ireland is changing continuously, that the patterns as documented in diet are consistent with the epidemiological patterns of the major chronic diseases, although predictions for the future will be complex because of both positive and negative changes in diet behaviours. The major influences on diet relate to changes in the food chain, which have been enormous in 100 years; at consumer level, health concerns appear to be one of many considerations in food choices. We need a more consistent, comprehensive database in order to make meaningful inferences about diet and health. Furthermore, to be really useful such databases should include both quantitative and qualitative information.

Diet↗
PubMed1996

On the relationship between dieting and "obese" and bulimic eating patterns.

OBJECTIVE: Relationships were studied between emotional, external and restrained eating behavior, and bulimia, and also between these types of eating behavior and body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. METHOD: The sample consisted of female adolescents. Eating behavior and body evaluation were measured with scales of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) and the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI). RESULTS: Significant and high relationships were found between emotional and external and bulimic eating behavior. The same was true for restrained eating, and body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. However, results from factor analyses suggest that the three types of overeating do not point to one and the same construct. Further, also restrained eating was found to point at a different construct than the construct associated with body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. Finally, no high relationships were found between restrained eating and "obese" or bulimic eating patterns. DISCUSSION. The low relationship between restrained eating and various types of overeating is in line with earlier results with the DEBQ Restraint scale and offers further support for the contention that the excessive food intake found in subjects with high scores on the Herman and Polivy's Restraint Scale (RS) may be an artefact of the RS, as a result of its bias towards the selection of a counterregulating sample.

Adolescent↗