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PubMed1992

[Electron microscopy microanalysis and quantitative detection of trace elements in carcinoma of the colon].

The spectrum of trace elements was determined in 19 cases of colon carcinoma with analytical electron microscope. Besides, the quantities of trace elements in the cancerous tissue and the mucosa beyond the site of cancer were measured in 31 cases by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A reprocessing technique was applied to convert the paraffin sections directly to resin sections in order to recover the assessment of elements in these tissues. Fe, Al and macro elements Ca, S were recovered in 100% of the cases in both the cancer tissue and the mucosa taken beyond the site of cancer. The recovery rates of Ni and macro elements including K, Mg, P, Cl were 50%. The recovery rates of Si in poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma were higher than that in the mucosa far from the cancer site. The levels of Cu, Zn and Ni in the cancerous tissue were lower than those detected in the mucosa (P < 0.01). No significant difference was noticed between the cancerous tissue and the mucosa beyond the site of cancer on Fe, Mn, Pb, Co and Cr contents.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed1989

ICP-MS: a new look at trace elements in Alzheimer's disease.

It has been known for over 100 years that trace elements play an essential role in metabolism. Some 24 elements are now acknowledged as being essential to life. Many conditions have been examined in recent years from a trace element viewpoint. Alzheimer's disease and the part played by aluminium has received much attention, particularly since Crapper's work in the early 1970's. Extremely low levels of elements of interest and inappropriate methods of analysis are problems common to elemental tissue studies. Many early studies are now known to have reported falsely high levels of elements in tissues for just these reasons. Much research in recent years has been directed to looking at a range of trace elements thought to play a part in neurological disorders, particularly Alzheimer's disease. Inductively Coupled Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is an ultra-sensitive, multi-element technique which can determine up to 90% of the elements in the periodic table, many at the sub ng.g-1 level. Developed and adopted commercially within the last 10 years, ICP-MS has to date been applied mainly to geological and environmental studies. Its suitability for use in biological investigations is now being exploited to examine the levels of 20 elements in brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, serum and aqueous humour from Alzheimer victims and matched control subjects.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2003

[Analyses on the trace elements of soils in geo-authentic and non-authentic production areas of Flos lonicearae].

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the trace elements presented in the same germplasm of Flos Lonicerae with the soil in different producing areas of crude drugs and to investigate, the relationship between the trace elements and the characteristics of the geo-authentic Flos Lonicerae in the soil and crude drugs. METHOD: The analyses on the trace elements of soil and crude drugs were made by ICP-AES. RESULT: The contents of Sr, K, Na, Mg and Ca were higher in the geo-authentic areas, and the contents of Ca, Sr and Fe were higher, but the Cr and Pb were lower in the geo-authentic Flos Lonicerae. The geo-authentic crude drugs had a strong tendency to accumulate P and Cu. CONCLUSION: There are no direct relationship between the concentrations of trace elements in Flos Lonicerae and those in their corresponding soil. There are good relationship between the absorption and accumulation of Ca and Cr, Co, Na and Fe; Zn and Co, Cr, Mn; Na and Co; Mg and Mn.

China↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The correction of the trace element composition of the blood plasma in patients with ischemic heart disease by using Eunicap M].

Changes were studied in the blood plasma content of trace elements (iron, zinc, manganese, copper and zinc) before and after a 20-day course of treatment in patients with IHD, stable angina, who were given, apart from antianginal therapy, eunicap M having in its composition trace elements (iron, manganese, cuprum, and other trace elements). It has been ascertained that IHD is accompanied by changes in the blood plasma content of trace elements. Combination of eunicap M with antianginal therapy promotes the tendency toward normalization of iron and cuprum metabolism; there was no significant change in the content of zinc and manganese, which fact may be related to a deficient content of manganese in the given drug preparation or a greater demand for them in patients with atherosclerosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Nutrition of very low birth weight infants fed human milk with or without supplemental trace elements: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Very low birth weight infants (<1500 g) have high nutritional needs. Deficiencies of minerals, trace elements (especially zinc) may develop as a result of rapid growth, low body stores and low content of these substances in human milk We hypothesized that fortification of human milk might prevent deficiencies. METHODS: Prospective, randomized trial to evaluate mineral, trace element, thyroid status and growth of infants fed human milk fortified with different amounts of calcium, phosphorus and protein, with (BMF) or without (FM 85) trace elements. Sixty-two infants, 1000 to 1499 g birth weight, were randomized. Minerals and trace elements in serum, red blood cells and human milk and alkaline phosphatase activity, TSH, T4 and FT4 in serum were measured once until the fifth day and at 3 and 6 weeks of life. Clinical course and anthropometric measurements were recorded. RESULTS: Intake of zinc, copper, manganese, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium was higher in the BMF group (P < 0.001). Serum zinc concentrations <0.49 mg/L occurred in 12% of the FM 85 group and 7% of the BMF group at 6 weeks (not significant). Median alkaline phosphatase activity was 436/379 IU/L in the FM 85/BMF group at 6 weeks (P < 0.01). The FM 85 group showed a higher weight gain (P < 0.05), possibly because of higher caloric (P < 0.01) and protein intake (P < 0.05) at 3 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Zinc deficiency was rare. Elevated intake of calcium, phosphorus and zinc was associated with lower serum alkaline phosphatase activity but did not influence serum zinc concentration.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1990

[Comparison of serum trace element spectrum of liver cancer patients and healthy adults].

The contents of 15 trace elements in the sera of 30 liver cancer patients and 30 healthy adults were assayed by ICP-AES method. The data obtained were analysed by routine statistical tests, multi-variate discrimination analysis, multi-variate stepwise regression analysis and non-linear mapping algorithm. The results showed that the contents of copper, vanadium, cadmium, stannum, cobalt, nickel in liver cancer patients were significantly higher than those in healthy adults. The serum trace element spectrum of liver cancer patients was different from that of healthy adults. Hence, the liver cancer patients could be differentiated from healthy adults by serum trace element spectrum.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Trace elements in the endometrium of infertile women.

Some essential trace elements were estimated in endometrium of regularly menstruating fertile women and in women with infertility due to cervical factors. The distribution of the trace elements zinc, copper, iron, selenium and manganese at any particular phase of cycle remains more or less semilier between control (i.e. fertile) and infertile (primary and secondary) subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Influence of industrialization on trace element concentration in human lungs].

INTRODUCTION: People who spend their entire lives in highly industrialized regions are in danger of accumulating trace elements by inhalation as a result of the increased amounts of factory-produced smoke. In order to test the environmentally accumulated trace elements in lungs, lung samples of patients who lived their entire lives in the industrial area of Duisburg were compared with those of patients from the less industrialized areas of Cologne and surroundings. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Five patients were studied who lived in Duisburg and died at 50-68 years but not primarily as a result of lung diseases. From each patient five samples of the left lung were removed at autopsy. Lungs from 18 patients who died in Cologne were also examined. From each of the latter 2 samples were removed from the left lung. All samples were studied by means of neutron activation analysis and the following elements analysed: Co, Fe, Rb, Se, Cr, Cs, Sb, Sc, Zn and Al. The Al-concentration was analysed only in patients aged 50-68 years. RESULTS: The values of the non-essential Sc, Al and Cs and of the essential trace elements Co were found to be appreciably higher in the samples from Duisburg than in those from Cologne. Sc in the samples from the highly industrialized area was increased up to a factor of 100, Cs, Al and Co to a factor of 10. In the lungs of adults in Duisburg, aged 50-68 years, the concentration of Sc was more than 1,000 times greater than in lungs of children in Cologne, aged 0-10 years. In all samples from Duisburg, the rare element Eu was detectable by means of neutron activation analysis but could not be detected in a sample from Cologne. DISCUSSION: It is likely that the different uptakes of trace elements in the lungs depend on correspondingly different concentrations of the elements in the air. The extensive accumulation, especially of the non-essential elements, in the lungs should be an incentive to examine possible detrimental effects on human health in the future. The element Sc which was strikingly accumulated in the lungs and which can be easily measured by neutron activation analysis might be used as a standard for estimating the extent of environmental pollution.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[Study of trace elements in bovine permanent teeth germ].

It is well documented that uptake of various trace elements take place during tooth development. The purpose of this experiment was to analyze the uptake amount of these various trace elements, in particular Cd, Zn, Pb and Cu throughout the tooth germ formation all the way up to the eruption stage. Bovine permanent tooth germs were used in this experiment. Instead of the conventional morphologic stages, further subdivision into eight groups were employed. The resultant findings were as follows: 1) Uptake of Cd and Zn were verified during the root development to early tooth eruption stage in enamel. Meanwhile, for dentin, the uptake was corroborated from the root development to the late tooth eruption stage. 2) Uptake of Cu was verified during the late tooth eruption stage in enamel. However, no uptake occurred in dentin in any of the various stages. 3) Uptake of Pb occurred during the late tooth eruption stage in enamel. Meanwhile, in dentin, constant equivalent amount of uptake was seen throughout all of the stages. 4) Quantitative analysis of the Cd, Zn and Pb uptake in both enamel and dentin clearly indicated that enamel showed much higher values. The uptake of Cu was found to be significantly high in the groups of the coronal one-third and the eruption four-fifth groups for enamel. Meanwhile, the crown completion group to the half erupted group showed significantly high values for dentin. Based on the above findings, one can deduce clear correlation between enamel organ development and the uptake of the said various trace elements.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Benin: nutritional considerations on trace elements in the diet.

The increasing use of the atomic absorption technique makes it possible to study man's trace-element requirements with a very accurate methodology. Some of these elements are present in the daily diet in minute quantities of micrograms which are, however, indispensable for the proper functioning of the body. But apart from such trace quantities present in conditions which are not affected by abnormal environmental concentration, there may be situations in which trace-element levels in foods and diets reach very high values. If very high, the levels may expose a population to the risk of toxicity; on the other hand, they may lead to wrong interpretations of trace-element requirements because they may lead the nutritionist to regard some high values as normal levels and therefore appropriate for meeting man's requirements. Inversely, they may also induce the nutritionist to regard lower values as unsatisfactory. Therefore, since these environmental factors, which are not always identifiable, can induce erroneous judgements due to overestimation of the requirements, it would seem appropriate, if figures on the total supplies of the diet are to be used, to refer to the tabled values of the individual foods of the diet, rather than to analyses of the whole diet ready for consumption. In fact, an abnormally high or low value of a trace element of any single food of a food composition table would have little influence on the calculation of the total supply of the diet, whereas the use of values obtained from meals which have been exposed to contamination during technological processes(e.g., through the cooking water of foods or cooking utensils) may result in overestimation. However, the analysis of global diets seems to be the method of choice in toxicological research, because in this type of investigations the basic elements of an evaluation often derive indeed from abnormal conditions identified at consumer level. Regarding the importance of copper and iron in haematopoiesis, the following hypotheses can be put forward: (a) In the haematopoietic phenomena occurring in intrauterine life, copper seems to play a role equal to that of iron, and perhaps even more important. (b) This role does not seem to be an autonomous one, but is mediated by availability of serum globulin to the child. In other words, this hypothesis relates the problem more generally to the protein nutrition of mother and foetus...

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Riverine inputs of major ions and trace elements to the tidal reaches of the River Tweed, UK.

This paper examines spatial and temporal variability in freshwater inputs of trace elements and major ions to the tidal reaches of the River Tweed. The relationships between concentrations of major ions and trace elements (in dissolved and acid-available particulate forms) and flow are examined, and a simple two-component endmember mixing analysis performed to link river water chemistry to catchment sources, and to identify whether within-river processes modify concentrations to produce non-conservative behaviour. The results indicate that most dissolved major ions and trace elements behave conservatively in the lower reaches of the River Tweed, the variability in concentrations being dominated by hydrology and the existence of different high-flow and low-flow endmember runoff chemistries. This suggests that the variability in concentration of most dissolved trace elements and major ions in the lower Tweed can be modelled using simple mixing relationships. However, the relationships between pH, Ca, Mg and Gran alkalinity show pronounced non-conservative behaviour, indicating the importance of understanding within-river process for modelling these determinants. The non-conservative behaviour identified is related to biological controls and the resultant diurnal variations in pH which promote daytime removal of Ca from solution by precipitation of calcium carbonate (and corresponding removal of Mg by co-precipitation) during extreme low-flow conditions and algal blooms during the summer.

Eutrophication↗
PubMed1981

The scientific and practical importance of trace elements.

E. J. Underwood's discovery of the essentially of cobalt for ruminant animals is the classic example of the vast benefits to agricultural production of research into the nutritional significance of trace elements. The extension of this discovery, culminating in the identification of vitamin B12, resulted in similar benefits for human health, notably the conquest of pernicious anaemia. Since then, additional essential trace elements have been discovered. Deficiency or imbalance, whether occurring naturally or from human activities, has been shown to present significant problems for the health of man and animals. Essentiality has been proved for a rapidly growing range of 'new' trace elements, whose biochemical mechanisms of action and implications for human health are unknown. In spite of an increasing knowledge of significant changes in the exposure of man and animals to trace elements from diet and environment, the concern of nutrition policy planners for inorganic micro-nutrients remains overshadowed by that for the bulk components of the diet. The application of existing knowledge of trace element nutrition to problems of human and animal health will depend on a clear understanding of events that link molecular, biochemical mechanisms to the clinical manifestation of deficiencies.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Trace elements in soil and biota in confined disposal facilities for dredged material.

We studied the relation of trace element concentrations in soil to those in house mice (Mus musculus), common reed (Phragmites australis) and ladybugs (Coccinella septempunctata at five disposal facilities for dredged material. The sites had a wide range of soil trace element concentrations, acid soils and a depauperate fauna. They were very poor wildlife habitat because they were dominated by the common reed. Bioassay earthworms exposed to surface soils from three of the five sites died, whereas those exposed to four of five soils collected a meter deep survived, presumably because the deeper, unoxidized soil, was not as acid. Concentrations of Ni and Cr in the biota from each of the sites did not seem to be related to the concentrations of the same elements in soil. Although Pb, Zn and Cu concentrations in biota were correlated with those in soil, the range of concentrations in the biota was quite small compared to that in soil. The concentrations of Pb detected in mice were about as high as the concentrations previously reported in control mice from other studies. Mice from the most contaminated site (530 ppm Pb in soil) contained only slightly more Pb (8 ppm dry wt) than did mice (2-6 ppm dry wt) from sites containing much less Pb (22-92 ppm in soil). Despite the acid soil conditions, very little Cd was incorporated into food chains. Rather, Cd was leaching from the surface soil. We concluded that even the relatively high concentrations of trace elements in the acid dredged material studied did not cause high concentrations of trace elements in the biota.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Trace elements in street and house dusts: sources and speciation.

The sources and speciation of trace elements in street and house dusts are reviewed. Soil is a major component of both dusts, but a number of elements are enriched in both materials. These include Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, As, Sb, Cr, Ca, Na, Au, Cl and Br. They arise from a number of contributing and polluting sources. In the case of house dust, some elements, such as Cu, Co, As, Sb, Zn, Cd, Au, Cl, C and Pb, are produced in the house. There are a number of problems associated with the determination of the speciation of trace elements in dusts. These include the low concentrations of many of the elements, and the interpretation of the results from selective sequential extractions. The mobility and potential availability of the trace elements from dust lies in the order Cd greater than Zn, Pb greater than Mn, Cu greater Fe.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2001

Relationship between epiphytic lichens, trace elements and gaseous atmospheric pollutants.

A study was conducted to determine the joint effect of gaseous atmospheric pollutants and trace elements on epiphytic lichens. We used our data to test the hypothesis that lichens are generally insensitive to toxic effects of trace elements, and can therefore be used as accumulator organisms to estimate concentrations of these elements in the environment. In a field study in The Netherlands the abundance of epiphytic lichen species was estimated, and their supporting bark was collected. Concentrations of a range of trace elements were determined in the bark, and concentrations of atmospheric trace gases were estimated at the sites of collection. Multivariate statistics were used to determine the relation between the abundance of the species and pollutant concentrations. Atmospheric SO2 and NO2 appeared to be the most important factors determining lichen biodiversity. Nearly all species were sensitive to these compounds. The effect of the other trace elements was very slight; only Sb had a significantly negative effect on the abundance of a few species. It is concluded that lichens can safely be used as accumulator organisms in pollution studies, provided that concentration in lichen thalli reflect atmospheric concentrations.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2002

Trace elements distribution in renal cell carcinoma depending on stage of disease.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify those trace elements which can be used to distinguish between normal and malignant tissue in renal cell cancer (RCC) kidney and to assess changes in trace elements concentration in tissue with progressing malignant disease. METHODS: In case control study, 36 cases of RCC were analyzed by Synchrotron Radiation Induced X-ray Emission (SRIXE) in order to establish the concentration of 19 elements. Patients with RCC were examined to obtain staging of disease after radical nephrectomy, which was performed in each case. Results were compared with 15 control kidney cortex tissue obtained during autopsy in which cause of death was trauma. RESULTS: The most relevant decrease was detected in Cd content: from 81 +/- 39.2 ppm in normal control samples to 16.6 +/- 22.2 ppm concentration in RCC. We found that the concentrations of Ti, Pb and Rb were also lower in RCC tissue. On the other hand, the RCC tissue was rich in iron and zirconium. With the progress of malignant disease, assessed by TNM (UICC 1997) scale, lower concentration of S and higher concentration of Ca in both RCC and neoplastic kidney cortex can be seen. The same tendency is observed in Zn and Se concentrations. Cadmium shows raising concentration with progress of RCC only in cortex of neoplastic kidney. In all cases it was shown that the relatively high tissue concentration of iron in both investigated tissues is decreasing with the progress of disease. The zirconium has shown raising tissue concentration in advanced disease. CONCLUSION: Trace elements concentration is different in malignant tissue and surrounding macroscopically unchanged kidney cortex. Progress of the disease is connected with changes in trace elements concentration. This may reflect different biology of compared tissue with potential practical implication.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Concentrations of trace elements in extensively hydrolysed infant formulae and their estimated daily intakes.

The 18 trace elements Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cs, Cu, La, Li, Mn, Mo, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Tl, and Zn were determined in three extensively hydrolysed formulae by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Two formulae were whey hydrolysates, whereas one was based on soy-bovine collagen hydrolysate. Two skim milk powder reference materials, analyzed to ensure the analytical precision and accuracy of the applied procedure, showed good agreement with the certified values. Most of the elemental concentrations in this three formulae were comparable to each other. However, concentrations of Cs in one formula were approximately 20 times higher than in the other two formulae. Another formulae had much higher concentrations of La and Mn compared to the other two formulae. As regards Rb, all three formulae had distinctly lower concentrations than the four pre- and nine follow-up formulae investigated in a previous study. For the essential trace element Sn, much higher concentrations were found in the three extensively hydrolysed formulae ( approximately 8 microg/kg) when compared to pre- and follow-up formulae (most of them <0.44 microg/kg). The concentrations of the toxic trace elements Cd, Pb, Sb, and Tl in extensively hydrolysed formulae did not exceed the concentrations in cow-milk-based formulae. Daily intakes provided by the investigated formulae differ by a factor of 1.6 for Co, of 3.2 for Cu, of 8.7 for Mn, of 4.8 for Mo, and of 1.5 for Zn. Adequate daily intakes for Cu, Mo, and Zn are guaranteed by the use of most formulae, whereas only one hydrolysed formula fulfilled these requirements for manganese. Two hydrolysed formulae provide only approximately 50% of the recommended intakes for Mo.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Trace elements supplementation: recent advances and perspectives.

Supplementation of essential trace elements has become an increasingly important field of research in modern pharmacology. The present review presents general aspects related to the essentiality of inorganic systems in living organisms, followed by a detailed discussion of the supplementation of iron, copper, zinc, chromium, selenium, magnesium and some other minor trace elements. Some recent advances in this field as well as future challenges and perspectives are also discussed.

Animals↗