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PubMed2004

A comparative evaluation of an ultrasonic and a manual toothbrush on the oral hygiene status and stain removing efficacy.

The efficacy of ultrasonic toothbrush and a manual toothbrush was compared on the oral hygiene status and on microbial parameters. 26 dental students from the College of Dental Sciences Davangere, Karnataka, were selected for this single blind study of 4 weeks duration. The participants were in the age group of 18-25 years. The brushes were randomly allotted by the co-investigator, who also supervised the brushing technique throughout the study period. The subjects were instructed to refrain from brushing their teeth for 12-14 hours prior to each follow up visit. The main investigator assessed all the clinical parameters at baseline, 14th, 21st and 28th day. Statistical analysis was carried out by an independent statistician who remained blind to the test products. Each of the tooth brushes tested, showed significant reductions in all the clinical parameters between 0 and 28th day. The reductions within the groups were significant although no significant differences between the groups were found. The reductions in stain index, bleeding index and gingival index was higher in ultrasonic toothbrush compared to manual toothbrush. It is concluded that ultrasonic toothbrush is safe and effective in the removal of plaque, stains, reduction of gingival inflammation and gingival bleeding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Development of an oscillating/rotating/pulsating toothbrush: the Oral-B ProfessionalCare Series.

The Oral-B range of power toothbrushes are based on a clinically proven oscillating/rotating action. This review considers the extensive series of laboratory and clinical studies involved in the development of the Oral-B power toothbrushes with three-dimensional (3D) brush head action (i.e. oscillating/rotating/pulsating), now known as the Oral-B ProfessionalCare Series. The unique, highly effective cleaning performance of the 3D action incorporated in the D15 and D17 models is proven in both the laboratory and clinical environments, thereby establishing an evidence-based platform for the development of the most recent ProfessionalCare 7000. In the early development phase, in-vitro studies indicated that the additional pulsating action and advancements in filament technology improved approximal penetration, where plaque removal is most difficult. In-vitro models provide a useful development tool for the rapid assessment of design modifications, while controlling many factors that confound in-vivo studies, but the relevance of their findings needs to be confirmed in the clinical situation by direct improvements in oral health. Results from well-controlled, randomised clinical studies in the development programme have demonstrated the superiority of the D15 and D17 models with 3D action over a manual toothbrush and other power toothbrushes of various actions and designs in the improvement of oral health outcomes such as plaque removal (especially from approximal sites), reduction of gingival inflammation, and control of calculus and stain formation, with no greater potential to cause oral tissue abrasion. Furthermore, user acceptance of the oscillating/rotating/pulsating toothbrush may encourage long-term compliance during normal use.

Dental Plaque↗
PubMed2005

Three-month assessment of safety and efficacy of two electric toothbrushes.

OBJECTIVE: This randomised, examiner-blind parallel group study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a rechargeable oscillating/pulsating toothbrush (Oral-B ProfessionalCare 7000, Oral-B Laboratories; PC 7000) and a battery-operated toothbrush (Crest SpinBrush Pro, Procter & Gamble Company; SBP) in the reduction of gingivitis, bleeding and plaque over a 3-month period. METHODS: After 12-18 hours of no oral hygiene, subjects had oral tissue examinations, and gingival and plaque assessments to determine eligibility in the study. Subjects were stratified and randomised into treatment groups based on initial whole mouth mean plaque (Turesky modification of Quigley Hein Plaque Index) and gingivitis (Löe & Silness Gingival Index) scores and gender. Subjects were instructed to brush twice daily with their assigned toothpaste and toothbrush. Clinical parameters were assessed at baseline, and after 1 and 3 months of use. Within treatment comparisons from baseline were analysed using t-test; between treatment comparisons were analysed using ANOVA. RESULTS: Data were obtained from 92 subjects (PC 7000 n=45; SBP n=47). No significant differences were found in baseline plaque, gingivitis and bleeding between groups. Both treatment groups had significant reductions from baseline in plaque, gingivitis and bleeding scores. PC 7000 demonstrated significantly greater reductions compared to SBP in whole mouth plaque at 1 month: 0.39 +/- 0.43 vs. 0.16 +/- 0.42 and 3 months: 0.32 +/- 0.48 vs. 0.04 +/- 0.41. PC 7000 also demonstrated significant reductions compared to SBP in gingivitis at 3 months for whole mouth: 0.14 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.10 +/- 0.10 and approximal areas: 0.11 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.08 +/- 0.09. There were no significant differences between toothbrushes in bleeding at either time point: Safety examinations revealed no apparent difference in soft and hard tissue abnormalities between groups. CONCLUSION: The PC 7000 toothbrush demonstrated significantly greater reductions in plaque and gingivitis compared to the SPB over a 3-month period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Efficacy of a novel brush head in the comparison of two power toothbrushes on removal of plaque and naturally occurring extrinsic stain.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the safety and efficacy of an oscillating/pulsating power toothbrush (Oral-B ProfessionalCareTM 7000; PC 7000) fitted with either the standard FlexiSoft (PC 7000/EB17) brush head or the novel Pro Polisher (PC 7000/ EB-Prophy) and a high-frequency toothbrush (Philips Sonicare Elite; SE), in their relative ability to remove plaque and naturally occurring extrinsic dental stain over a six-week period. METHODS: This randomised, examiner-blind, parallel group study involved 90 healthy subjects from a general population. All subjects received a baseline plaque (Turesky et al. modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index), stain (Lobene Stain Index) and tooth shade (VITAPAN Shade Guide) [Vita] assessment and an oral tissue examination. After training in the use of their randomly assigned device, subjects were instructed to brush twice daily for 2 min and returned after 3, 4 and 6 weeks of product use for a repeat of each clinical assessment. RESULTS: Reductions from baseline in mean plaque and extrinsic dental stain scores were significant at Weeks 3, 4 and 6 in all three treatment groups. By Week 6, mean reductions from baseline in whole mouth plaque scores were 32%, 27% and 14% in the PC 7000/EB-Prophy, PC 7000/EB17 and SE groups, respectivety. For the body of the tooth, mean reductions from baseline at Week 6 in total stain were 89%, 89% and 80%, respectively. Between treatment group comparisons consistently revealed that the PC 7000 toothbrush plus the EB-Prophy or EB17 brush head removed significantly more plaque and extrinsic stain (total stain, stain area and stain intensity) than the SE toothbrush at 3, 4 and 6 weeks. The EB-Prophy group had a greater proportion of subjects showing a 2-3+ change in Vita shade scores at each time point compared to the other two brushes; at Week 6 the proportions were 67% in the PC 7000/EB-Prophy group, 30% in the PC 7000/EB17 group, and 7% in the SE group. The PC 7000/EB17, PC 7000/EB-Prophy and the SE were found to be safe as used in the study. CONCLUSIONS: The oscillating/rotating/pulsating PC 7000 (fitted with either the standard EB17 or novel EB-Prophy brush head) is more effective at removal of plaque and naturally occurring extrinsic tooth stain, and the PC 7000 plus EB-Prophy in the improvement of tooth shade, than the high-frequency SE toothbrush.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The effectiveness of the newly designed 'Concept 45 degrees' toothbrush for removal of dental plaque in primary schoolchildren.

A single-blind, two-period cross-over study involving 36 primary schoolchildren, grade 6, aged 11-12 years, was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the newly designed 'Concept 45 degrees' toothbrush. This toothbrush, with straight, multi-tufted bristles and a specially designed handle, was compared with a control toothbrush with straight, multi-tufted bristles and a conventionally designed handle for removing dental plaque. All subjects were instructed to brush their teeth using the Bass technique. The subjects were asked to refrain from brushing for 24 hours before the study, to provide an indication of which subjects had the greatest potential for plaque development. Dental plaque was scored before and after brushing for 2 minutes. Results indicated that the use of the 'Concept 45 degrees' toothbrush removed significantly more dental plaque when compared to a standard, conventional toothbrush.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antimicrobial spray for toothbrush disinfection: an in vivo evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a spray containing an antimicrobial solution for toothbrush disinfection. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Three different solutions were sprayed on toothbrush bristles among 30 adults after they had brushed: (1) basic formulation (base) plus chlorhexidine; (2) base only, and (3) sterile tap water (control). Each solution was tested for 1 week. After that, the toothbrushes were collected and sonicated in Letheen Broth, diluted in 10-fold series, and plated on selective and nonselective media for detection of anaerobes, aerobes, streptococci, and gram-negative bacilli. After incubation, the colonies of those microorganisms were counted. Presence of mutans streptococci on the bristles was also confirmed. RESULTS: Spray 1 produced a significant reduction in the microbial contamination of toothbrushes for all the microorganisms, spray 2 provided some reduction of contaminants, and spray 3 demonstrated the least antimicrobial effect. CONCLUSION: The antimicrobial spray with chlorhexidine proved to be an effective and practical means for toothbrush disinfection.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Weight loss and surface roughness of hard chairside reline resins after toothbrushing: influence of postpolymerization treatments.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of 2 postpolymerization treatments on toothbrushing wear (weight loss) and surface roughness of 3 autopolymerized reline resins--Duraliner II (D) (Reliance Dental), Kooliner (K) (Coe Laboratories), and Tokuso Rebase Fast (T) (Tokuyama Dental)--and 1 heat-polymerized resin, Lucitone 550 (L) (Dentsply International). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Specimens (40 x 10 x 2mm) of each material (n = 24) were prepared and divided into 3 groups: control (no postpolymerization treatment); water bath (immersion in water at 55 degrees C); and microwave (microwave irradiation). Specimens were dried until constant weight was achieved and the surface roughness (Ra) was measured. Tests were performed in a toothbrush machine using 20,000 strokes of brushing at a weight of 200 g, with the specimens immersed in 1:1 dentifrice/water slurry. Specimens were reconditioned to constant weight and the weight loss (mg) and surface roughness were evaluated. Data were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance and followed by Tukey test (alpha = .05). RESULTS: In the control group, the weight loss of materials D and T was lower (P < .05) than that of L. No differences among materials were found after postpolymerization treatments (P > .05). The weight loss of material T (control = 0.5 mg) was significantly increased (P < .05) after postpolymerization treatments (water bath = 1.9 mg; microwave = 1.8 mg). For materials K and T, the toothbrushed surface roughness was higher (P < .05) after microwave and waterbath postpolymerization treatments. Material L showed increased surface roughness after microwave postpolymerization treatment. CONCLUSION: The toothbrushing wear resistance of L was not superior to the reline resins. The postpolymerization treatments did not improve the toothbrushing wear resistance of the materials and produced an increased surface roughness for materials L, K, and T.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1990

[Comparative effectiveness of the Interplak electric rotary toothbrush].

The purpose of this study was to compare the Interplak rotary electric toothbrush with conventional toothbrushing for its effectiveness in controlling supragingival plaque and gingival inflammation. Twenty subjects, received the same hygiene instructions, were selected and divided into two equal groups. One group used conventional toothbrushing (Control group) and the other one used only the rotary electric toothbrush (Test group) for a 4 weeks study period. The plaque index (PLI), the plaque index limited on proximal sides (PPLI), the bleeding index (PBI) and the periodontal destruction index (PDI) were recorded at base line and after 4 weeks. Test group had significantly improved scores for PLI, PPLI and PBI. No differences were found in control group. These results indicate that the rotary electric toothbrush (Interplak is more effective for plaque removal and control of gingival inflammation that classic manual brushing.

Dental Plaque↗
PubMed1995

Contaminated toothbrushes and their disinfection.

Twenty toothbrushes used by healthy subjects were screened for the presence of microorganisms. Microbes were dislodged from the brushes by vortexing, and an average of 4 x 10(3) CFU/mL were recovered from the suspending fluid. Bristles removed from the vortexed brushes still yielded confluent bacterial growth on brain-heart infusion agar medium. Virkon (one per cent), Listerine, Cepacol, Scope, and Plax were tested for their bactericidal effects on microorganisms sedimented from the suspending fluid, on toothbrush bristles and proxabrushes, and on various test species including Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. bovis, and Streptococcus mitis. Virkon and Listerine killed all the test species and virtually all the microorganisms on the toothbrush bristles and proxabrushes. Six volunteers tested the efficacy of a Listerine soaking regime to prevent the bacterial contamination of toothbrushes. Soaking the toothbrush head (bristles) in Listerine for 20 minutes after brushing was sufficient to eliminate bacterial contamination.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1994

Medium- and long-term effectiveness of a counterrotational electric toothbrush on plaque removal, gingival bleeding, and probing pocket depth.

This study analyzed the difference in effectiveness of a well-known manual toothbrush and a counterrotational electric toothbrush over medium- and long-term periods. Six dental students and six patients with moderate periodontitis participated in a split-mouth, single-blind experiment with repeated recordings of pocket depths and plaque and gingivitis indices. During the experiment, the use of interdental aids or mouth rinses was forbidden. At all intervals up to week 34, manual brushing resulted in significantly less plaque removal, especially at approximal sites. Use of the counterrotational electric toothbrush resulted in a significantly greater reduction in gingival inflammation and significantly increased pocket reduction, especially in the periodontitis group. A crossover experiment confirmed the inferiority of the manual cleaning. The long-term observations showed a slight decrease in efficiency of both brushes, thereby justifying the need for regular motivation reinforcement. The results of the current study demonstrate the long-term superiority of a counterrotational electric toothbrush over the manual toothbrush.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Thirty-day evaluation of the action toothbrush for clinical safety and efficacy.

A 30-day clinical investigation was undertaken in accordance with American Dental Association guidelines for evaluating toothbrush efficacy and safety. The test toothbrush was a unique design incorporating bristles mounted in base quadrants that have independent movements under brushing pressure. This toothbrush (Action) was tested against the Oral-B 35, an accepted ADA toothbrush, to evaluate safety, gingivitis reduction, bleeding on probing and plaque removal. Twenty-nine randomly assigned subjects in the Action group and 27 subjects in the Oral-B group completed the study under single-blind conditions. At baseline, day 15 and day 30 the subjects reported for the assessments after not having brushed for 12-14 hours. When the data were analyzed at the conclusion of the study, it was found that the Action brush significantly removed plaque from both buccal and lingual surfaces, whereas the Oral-B brush had significant plaque removal on buccal surfaces alone, at baseline and day 15. By the end of the study the two brushes were at parity and both demonstrated significant total plaque removal. On gingivitis, the Action group demonstrated a significant reduction on both buccal and lingual surfaces by the end of the study. The Oral-B group had a significant buccal surface reduction, however no reduction occurred on lingual surfaces. Both brushes demonstrated a significant reduction in bleeding on probing from baseline to day 30. No oral irritation was found throughout the study. The Action toothbrush was judged to be safe for regular use and to be effective in removing both buccal and lingual plaque, for reducing gingivitis and bleeding on probing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Clinical and computer-assisted evaluations of the stain removal ability of the Sonicare electronic toothbrush.

Two single-blind clinical studies investigated the stain removal properties of Sonicare, a new electronic toothbrush that combines sonic vibrations and dynamic fluid activity with mechanical scrubbing to clean tooth surfaces. In one study, 30 subjects used a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse (Peridex) for two weeks to accumulate stain, and then were assigned to either Sonicare or a manual toothbrush (Oral-B P-35). The subjects brushed with their assigned device for 2 minutes twice a day. In a second study, 19 subjects with extrinsic stain due to coffee, tea, or tobacco (CTT) causes were randomly assigned to either Sonicare or a manual toothbrush (Crest Complete). These subjects also brushed for 2 minutes twice a day, with additional brushing on the stained areas. Stain on the labial surfaces of the subjects' anterior teeth was evaluated with the Lobene index at the pretrial, 2-week, and 4-week periods. Clinical analysis indicated that use of Sonicare resulted in Peridex stain reductions of 54% and 50% after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively, and reductions in CTT stain of 39% and 82% at similar time points. The manual toothbrush resulted in stain increases of 4% and 24% in the Peridex study and CTT stain decreases of 41% and 39% after 2- and 4-week brushing periods. Computer image analysis was performed on photographic records from the CTT stain study and showed a high correlation with the Lobene index (r = 0.82). The results of these two independent studies indicate that Sonicare is superior to the manual toothbrushes studied in removing both Peridex and CTT stains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Effects of two toothbrushes on plaque, gingivitis, gingival abrasion, and recession: a 1-year longitudinal study.

Plaque removal is an important part of good oral hygiene. Many short-term studies have compared the effectiveness of an electric toothbrush in plaque removal to that of a conventional, manual toothbrush. Previous studies proved the electric toothbrush to be more effective on a short-term basis; however, little is known about its long-term effects. In a study that examined 32 patients over a 12-month period, the authors found electric toothbrushing to be more effective in plaque removal. The study measured the differences in abrasion, gingival recession, gingival bleeding, and plaque scores. The study also concluded that no significant gingival abrasion was caused by electric toothbrushing.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Clinical plaque removal performance of two manual toothbrushes.

A single-blind, cross-over design clinical study was conducted to compare the plaque removal efficacy of the Colgate Precision Full Head soft and the Crest Complete soft toothbrushes. A total of 72 adult male and female subjects who met the inclusion/exclusion criteria completed the study. Each subject refrained from brushing for 24 hours, and was screened for dental plaque on the facial and lingual surfaces of all natural teeth using the Rustogi, et al. refinement of the Modified Navy Plaque Index (Rustogi, et al. Index). Subjects were then stratified according to the MPI and randomly assigned to one of two groups. Subjects returned one week later having abstained from all oral hygiene procedures for a 24-hour period. At this visit, each subject was evaluated for plaque, then brushed with his/her assigned toothbrush for 60 seconds, and again scored for plaque after brushing. Subjects were instructed to resume their normal routine and return to the clinical site one week later. At this time, the alternate toothbrush was assigned to each group in a cross-over design. Plaque evaluations and toothbrushing procedures were again performed. Data were statistically analyzed, and the Colgate Precision toothbrush was demonstrated to be significantly more effective (p < 0.01) in removing whole mouth, gumline, and interproximal area plaque.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

A comparative clinical evaluation of the Wisdom Straight, Plaque Control and Angled toothbrushes compared to the Oral-B 35.

Three Wisdom toothbrushes, the Straight, Plaque Control and Angled, were compared to the Oral-B 35 toothbrush for clinical safety and efficacy. The 30-day testing protocol conformed to the American Dental Association's program guidelines for manual toothbrushes. No irritation was observed nor reported at anytime for any of the toothbrushes evaluated. All toothbrushes tested were effective in reducing plaque area, gingivitis and bleeding on probing over the 30 days of the study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Salivary fluoride content after toothbrushing with a sodium fluoride and an amine fluoride dentifrice followed by different mouthrinsing procedures.

The aim of the present study was to determine the salivary fluoride content after toothbrushing with a sodium fluoride and amine fluoride dentifrice followed by two different mouthrinsing procedures. Twenty-four dental students took part in this six-treatment, six-period study with a cross-over design. They brushed their teeth with an amine fluoride, a sodium fluoride, and a non-fluoridated dentifrice. After toothbrushing the subjects spat out the saliva/dentifrice slurry and underwent one of the following procedures: 1) mouthrinsing with 20 ml distilled water; 2) no mouthrinsing after spitting out. Whole saliva samples were collected before (baseline), 10 and 90 min after toothbrushing and mouthrinsing, respectively. Fluoride analysis was performed with a fluoride-sensitive electrode. Both dentifrices caused an elevated fluoride level in saliva after brushing. Use of the amine fluoride dentifrice resulted in higher salivary fluoride contents compared to the sodium fluoride toothpaste. However, this difference was statistically significant only 90 min after toothbrushing when preceded by mouthrinsing after brushing. Mouthrinsing with water after brushing led to significantly lower fluoride levels compared to the non-rinsing technique 10 min after brushing. Mouthrinsing after toothbrushing with fluoride dentifrices reduces the salivary fluoride concentration of both an amine and a sodium fluoride dentifrice.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Efficacy of the Sonicare toothbrush fluid dynamic action on removal of human supragingival plaque.

The fluid pressure and shear forces generated by the high frequency bristle motion of the Sonicare sonic toothbrush remove adherent colonies of cultured bacteria from model dental surfaces in vitro. These dynamic fluid effects can remove bacteria in vitro even at distances up to 4 mm beyond the tips of the bristles. To evaluate the efficacy of the Sonicare in removing actual human plaque deposits formed in vivo, an intraoral model was developed. Enamel sections were obtained from extracted human teeth and mounted on acrylic resin palatal prostheses, worn by two volunteers. Six enamel sections were arranged as three pairs at different locations on the prosthesis, and plaque was allowed to form overnight (approximately 16 h). The sections were removed, placed in phosphate-buffered saline, and exposed in vitro to the sonic toothbrush for 5, 10 or 15 seconds. The bristle tips were maintained at distances of 2 or 3 mm from the enamel surface. As a comparison, sections were also exposed to another electric toothbrush (Interplak) for 10 seconds using a distance of 3 mm between the bristles and the enamel. Following exposure to the toothbrushes, residual bacteria were removed from the sections by ultrasonication for 15 seconds, and total viable cell counts determined by serial dilution on blood agar plates. One section from each pair was used to measure total (baseline) microbial accumulation. At a distance of 3 mm between bristles and enamel, the sections exposed to Sonicare demonstrated significant (p < 0.001) plaque removal of 56-78% relative to non-treated controls. In contrast, the control electric brush did not demonstrate removal of plaque bacteria after 10 seconds exposure. These quantitative results were visually confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The findings demonstrate that the fluid dynamic activity generated by the sonic vibrations of the Sonicare toothbrush removed microbial plaque formed in vivo, even at a distance of 3 mm beyond its bristle tips.

Biofilms↗
PubMed1997

Effectiveness of the Sonicare sonic toothbrush on reduction of plaque, gingivitis, probing pocket depth and subgingival bacteria in adolescent orthodontic patients.

The Sonicare sonic toothbrush and a traditional manual toothbrush were compared for efficacy in improving periodontal health in young orthodontic patients with existing gingival inflammation. A 4-week, single-blind clinical trial was employed. Twenty-four subjects, ages 11-17 years, who were fully bonded and banded with fixed orthodontic appliances were selected. Subjects were randomly assigned to use either the manual or the Sonicare toothbrush, instructed in its use, and asked to brush each morning and evening for 2 minutes. Plaque index, gingival index, percentage of sites which bled on probing, pocket depth, and total gram-negative bacteria in a subgingival plaque sample were assessed at baseline and 4 weeks around the banded teeth. The results demonstrate that the Sonicare brush was significantly more effective than the manual brush in all clinical parameters. Sonicare was statistically superior to the manual brush in supragingival plaque reduction (57% vs. 10%, respectively; p < 0.001). Gingival Index scores fell by 29 percent in the Sonicare group, but only 3 percent in the manual group. Reduction of bleeding on probing was significantly greater in the Sonicare group than in the manual group (p < 0.001). The Sonicare group decreased from 78% bleeding sites at baseline to 24.5% after 1 month. In the manual group there was only a slight reduction in bleeding on probing (70% of sites at baseline and 64.6% sites after 1 month). Mean pocket depths were significantly reduced compared to baseline values in both the Sonicare and the manual groups (p < 0.001). Pocket depth reduction in the Sonicare group was, however, significantly greater than in the manual group (28% vs. 6%, respectively: p < 0.001). Total gram-negative bacteria in subgingival plaque samples from banded test teeth of a subset of patients were reduced in the Sonicare group (p < or = 0.05), but increased in the manual group. These results clearly demonstrate that the Sonicare sonic toothbrush is superior to a manual toothbrush in improving periodontal health in adolescent orthodontic patients with existing gingivitis.

Adolescent↗