[Contribution to the study of the perception of brief durations: comparison of empty periods and full periods].
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Humans↗
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THE FOURTH DIMENSION OF THE PATIENT'S CONTINUUM.
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Existentialism↗
[DATA ON TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTURBANCES IN SOME PSYCHOSES].
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Humans↗
[The influence of reinforcement on the development of certainty and decision time in perceptive judgement].
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Adolescent↗
Representation of time by neurons in the posterior parietal cortex of the macaque.
The neural basis of time perception is unknown. Here we show that neurons in the posterior parietal cortex (area LIP) represent elapsed time relative to a remembered duration. We trained rhesus monkeys to report whether the duration of a test light was longer or shorter than a remembered "standard" (316 or 800 ms) by making an eye movement to one of two choice targets. While timing the test light, the responses of LIP neurons signaled changes in the monkey's perception of elapsed time. The variability of the neural responses explained the monkey's uncertainty about its temporal judgments. Thus, in addition to their role in spatial processing and sensorimotor integration, posterior parietal neurons encode signals related to the perception of time.
Action Potentials↗
A preliminary study of the cognitive mechanisms supporting time estimation.
Evidence from neuropsychological studies has suggested that verbal and visuospatial abilities might be differentially involved in time perception and that, because there is specialised competence, the two brain hemispheres might play different roles in time-keeping mechanisms. Reported are results of three experiments in which the time estimates of normal adults were tested using a prospective paradigm while they were engaged in concurrent secondary tasks requiring visuospatial or verbal memory and attention. Analysis showed no convincing evidence in support of a differential role of either verbal or visuospatial abilities in time estimation. The greatest disruption in time accuracy was detected when participants performed the time estimation tasks concurrently with secondary working memory tasks. These findings emphasize the importance of the involvement of specific cognitive systems rather than cognitive domains in the processing of temporal information.
Adult↗
Time-shrinking: the process of unilateral temporal assimilation.
Our previous research on auditory time perception showed that the duration of empty time intervals shorter than about 250 ms can be underestimated hugely if they are immediately preceded by shorter time intervals. We named this illusion 'time-shrinking' (TS). This study comprises four experiments in which the preceding interval, t1, was followed by a standard interval, t2. When t1 < or = 200 ms, and t1 < or = t2, the underestimation of t2 came into view clearly. The absolute difference between t2 and t1 was the crucial factor for the illusion to appear. The underestimation increased when t2 increased from t1 to t1 + 65 ms, stayed at about 45 ms when t2 was between t1 + 65 ms and t1 + 95 ms, and disappeared suddenly when t2 exceeded t1 + 95 ms. This pattern of results was observed across all values of t1 < or = 200 ms. A model was fit to the data to elucidate the underlying process of the illusion. The model states that the perceived duration difference between t1 and t2 is reduced by cutting mental processing time for t2; in other words, that t2 assimilates to t1.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Understanding monochronic and polychronic individuals in the workplace.
Patterning of time is a frequently ignored aspect of human behavior. Individuals handle time durations differently. Responses to time durations were first outlined in the classic work of Hall (in 1959) and include urgency, activity, variety, and whether multiple or isolated tasks are attempted in the same time duration. When patients or other staff vary from the nurse in the way in which time or time perception is handled, difficulty can occur. Understanding the way individuals handle time can assist in dealing with patients and colleagues and is of particular significance in interacting with people from other cultures and races.
Humans↗
Parental perception of waiting time and its influence on parental satisfaction in an urban pediatric emergency department: are parents accurate in determining waiting time?
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether parental perception of waiting time in an urban pediatric emergency department (ED) is accurate and whether the actual waiting times or their perception of waiting times impact on parental satisfaction. METHODS: A prospective convenience sample study in which the on-duty emergency physicians randomly administered a questionnaire at the time of the ED visit was used. During a 3-week period from December 15, 1999, through January 7, 2000, 500 parents or legal guardians of children who visited our ED were questioned about their perceived waiting time, and the responses were compared with the actual waiting time. The parents or guardians were also asked if they were satisfied with the waiting time. RESULTS: The majority (84%) of parents overestimated waiting time in the ED (median difference, 26 min; interquartile range, 9-50 min). Parents with perceived or actual waiting times that exceeded 2 hours were significantly more likely to be dissatisfied than parents with actual or perceived waiting times that were 1 hour or less (P < 0.001). Satisfaction was not related to the age (P = 0.35), sex (P = 0.30), race/ethnicity (P = 0.90), or mode of arrival (P = 0.28). CONCLUSION: Parents tend to overestimate waiting time. Both perceived and actual waiting times that exceed 2 hours were associated with parental dissatisfaction. ED administrators may need to keep this in mind when arranging ED staffing patterns to match peak patient hours to achieve optimal parental satisfaction.
Adolescent↗
Differential involvement of internal clock and working memory in the production and reproduction of duration: a study on older adults.
The present study uses the inter-individual variability in time perception of a group of elderly participants to differentiate the processes underlying time production and time reproduction. Participants performed duration production and reproduction tasks. They were also administered working memory tests and a spontaneous motor tempo task. The findings suggest that duration production and duration reproduction involve different mechanisms. Correlational analyses revealed a double dissociation: production was only correlated with spontaneous motor tempo and reproduction only with working memory measures. These findings suggest that the internal clock rate modulates the production of duration and that reproduced duration varies according to working memory capacities.
Aged↗
Macropsia, micropsia, and episodic illusions in Japanese adolescents.
The prevalence of episodic macropsia, micropsia, and distortions of time perception was examined by questionnaire in 3,224 high-school students aged 13 to 18 years. About 9% of the students reported having experienced one or more types of episodic illusion within the past 6 months. The prevalence of probable migraine was more than three times higher in students with episodic illusions than in those with no episodic illusions. Experiencing more than one type of illusion was found to be associated with probable migraine. Illusions appeared only during fever or while falling asleep in 25% of a subsample of 1,315 students.
Adolescent↗
Shortened time horizons and insensitivity to future consequences in heroin addicts.
AIMS: To investigate whether heroin addicts demonstrate shortened time horizons and decreased sensitivity to future consequences of their behavior compared to non-drug users. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-four heroin addicts enrolled in a buprenorphine treatment clinic and 59 non-drug-using controls completed a personality questionnaire and two laboratory tasks. MEASUREMENTS: The Stanford Time Perception Inventory (STPI) personality questionnaire assessed orientation to the future, and the Future Time Perspective (FTP) task elicited predictions of the timing and ordering of future events. The Bechara card task measured preferences for decks of cards that range in magnitude and probability of delayed and immediate rewards and punishers. FINDINGS: Heroin addicts scored significantly lower than controls on the STPI scale indicative of future orientation. In the FTP, heroin addicts were less likely to predict events far into the future and less likely to systematically organize events in the future. In the card task, heroin addicts were less likely to win money than controls. They were more likely to play from a deck that contained greater immediate gains but that resulted in large, delayed punishers and overall net losses. They also made fewer selections from a deck that provided an overall net gain via relatively low immediate rewards and frequent small punishments. CONCLUSIONS: Shortened time horizons and decreased sensitivity to delayed consequences may explain drug abusers' persistent use of drugs, despite the long-term negative consequences associated with drug use.
Adolescent↗
The development of children's understanding of cyclic aspects of time.
Developmental psychological approaches to the study of time have fallen into 3 categories: studies of time perception; studies of logical, reconstructive abilities; and studies of the understanding of conventional time systems. The present work examines problems spanning the latter 2 categories--the development of children's understanding of temporal cycles and the relationship between cyclic concepts and cognitive development. 62 children, ranging in age from 4 to 10 years, were administered Piagetian tests of classification and seriation and a variety of specially designed cyclic tasks. Results show major progress in the representation of cyclic order and recurrence during the age period examined. For a variety of particular cycles, order responses were shown before continuity responses. The ability to produce a correct order is related to seriation performance but not classification performance when the variance attributable to age is partialed out. Continuity responses appear to be unrelated to performance on either of the Piagetian tasks tested when age is controlled.
Age Factors↗
[A study of visual function in congenital nystagmus--mechanism of visual improvement after stereotactic superior colliculectomy].
The clinical features of congenital nystagmus (CN) were studied statistically in 106 cases of CN. The point of the nystagmus at which the patients could best see the targets was detected in some patients. The effects of superior colliculectomy on their visual disturbance and the mechanism will be discussed. The study population comprises 106 patients, 79 males and 27 females, aged from one to 64 (mean 19.4 years). Patients with jerky type classified on ENG were found in 53 cases (50%), pendular type in 39 cases (37%), and mixed type in 14 cases (13%). Patients with jerky type showed significantly good visual acuity (mean 0.69 +/- 0.31, p less than 0.005). They showed significant abnormalities during pregnancy and delivery (p less than 0.01) and had a neutral point (p less than 0.01). Patients with pendular type, on the other hand, showed poor visual acuity (mean 0.26 +/- 0.30) and had significant frequency of family history (p less than 0.05), head tremor (p less than 0.01) and strabismus (p less than 0.01). Thirteen cases (12%) had ocular diseases which involved the retina, cornea and optic nerve. Visual function was elaborated on such parameters of ENG as perception, peak variation and plateau time. Perception, which means the ability to detect the dim flashes during the appearance of the nystagmus, was manifested by pushing a button when patients could detect flashes presented at random on the screen. At the turning point from the quick phase to the slow phase, the detection was executed most successfully. It is thought that in CN, a target is usually gazed upon at a point, changing the direction from the quick phase to the slow phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
Repetitive TMS of cerebellum interferes with millisecond time processing.
Time processing is important in several cognitive and motor functions, but it is still unclear how the human brain perceives time intervals of different durations. Processing of time in millisecond and second intervals may depend on different neural networks and there is now considerable evidence to suggest that these intervals are possibly measured by independent brain mechanisms. Using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), we determined that the cerebellum is essential in explicit temporal processing of millisecond time intervals. In the first experiment, subjects' performance in a time reproduction task of short (400-600 ms) and long (1,600-2,400 ms) intervals, were evaluated immediately after application of inhibitory rTMS trains over the left and right lateral cerebellum (Cb) and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). We found that rTMS over the lateral cerebellum impaired time perception in the short interval (millisecond range) only; for the second range intervals, impaired timing was found selectively for stimulation of the right DLPFC. In the second experiment, we observed that cerebellar involvement in millisecond time processing was evident when the time intervals were encoded but not when they were retrieved from memory. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the cerebellum can be considered as an internal timing system, deputed to assess millisecond time intervals.
Adult↗
The evolution of brain activation during temporal processing.
Timing is crucial to many aspects of human performance. To better understand its neural underpinnings, we used event-related fMRI to examine the time course of activation associated with different components of a time perception task. We distinguished systems associated with encoding time intervals from those related to comparing intervals and implementing a response. Activation in the basal ganglia occurred early, and was uniquely associated with encoding time intervals, whereas cerebellar activation unfolded late, suggesting an involvement in processes other than explicit timing. Early cortical activation associated with encoding of time intervals was observed in the right inferior parietal cortex and bilateral premotor cortex, implicating these systems in attention and temporary maintenance of intervals. Late activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex emerged during comparison of time intervals. Our results illustrate a dynamic network of cortical-subcortical activation associated with different components of temporal information processing.
Adult↗
Temporal judgments, hemispheric equivalence, and interhemispheric transfer in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
This study investigated temporal processing abilities, hemispheric asymmetry, interhemispheric transfer, and stimulant medication effects in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Pairs of light emitting diodes in a visual half-field display (i.e., bilateral and unilateral presentations) were presented to examine medication effects, temporal judgments, hemispheric asymmetry, and interhemispheric transfer in male adolescents with ADHD and matched controls on age and gender. Participants responded (YES/NO) whether pairs of spatially separated diodes were illuminated simultaneously. Stimulant medication did not have an affect on temporal judgments, hemispheric equivalence, or interhemispheric transfer. No group differences in temporal judgments in any of the paired conditions were revealed. Both the ADHD and control groups demonstrated hemispheric equivalence for temporal judgments. Unexpectedly, the ADHD group demonstrated significantly faster interhemispheric transfer times when compared to the control group. The overall findings indicate that the reported deficit in time perception among individuals with ADHD may be restricted to tasks that involve response inhibition, reaction time, and/or motor movements (e.g., replicate durations of stimuli by pressing a lever).
Adolescent↗
Duration judgments in children with ADHD suggest deficient utilization of temporal information rather than general impairment in timing.
Clinicians, parents, and teachers alike have noted that individuals with ADHD often have difficulties with "time management," which has led some to suggest a primary deficit in time perception in ADHD. Previous studies have implicated the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and frontal lobes in time estimation and production, with each region purported to make different contributions to the processing and utilization of temporal information. Given the observed involvement of the frontal-subcortical networks in ADHD, we examined judgment of durations in children with ADHD (N = 27) and age- and gender-matched control subjects (N = 15). Two judgment tasks were administered: short duration (550 ms) and long duration (4 s). The two groups did not differ significantly in their judgments of short interval durations; however, subjects with ADHD performed more poorly when making judgments involving long intervals. The groups also did not differ on a judgment-of-pitch task, ruling out a generalized deficit in auditory discrimination. Selective impairment in making judgments involving long intervals is consistent with performance by patients with frontal lobe lesions and suggests that there is a deficiency in the utilization of temporal information in ADHD (possibly secondary to deficits in working memory and/or strategy utilization), rather than a problem involving a central timing mechanism.
Adolescent↗