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PubMedDate not supplied

Cushing's way.

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Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Samuel D. Gross: the nestor of American surgery.

Samuel David Gross (1805-1884) represented the most notable surgeon of his generation and was honored with the title of "The Nestor of American Surgeon" by surgeon biographer Isaac Minis Hays. Of Pennsylvania Dutch stock, he was born on the family farm near Easton, Pennsylvania. He attended Wilkebarré Academy and Lawrenceville High School, noted private institutions of the day. He apprenticed under Doctor Joseph K. Swift of Easton and later with Professor George McClellan while in Philadelphia. In 1828, he graduated from Jefferson Medical College and remained for a short time in Philadelphia. Professor Gross focused his professional pursuits in the cities of Easton (1830-1833), Cincinnati (1833-1840), Louisville (1840-1856), and Philadelphia (1856-1882). He retired from Jefferson Medical College two years before his death in 1884. Samuel D. Gross' contributions to surgery were numerous and diverse. He was recognized as a prolific author of classic texts of pathology, surgery, and history, an educator, a leader, a surgical researcher, and a pioneer surgeon practitioner. His influence in national affairs was immense, and his recognition as a respected surgeon was unmatched. He remains the most distinguished surgeon of his times. History values him as a hard working, honest, highly competent, and committed individual. His capacity for work and his dedication to a single cause were unrivaled. Doctor Gross integrated the best that surgery could give to future generations of surgical professionals.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2005

Misreading pictures: Fabricius Hildanus (1560-1634) and the cure of spinal dislocation.

In 1646, Fabricius Hildanus accompanied his description of a new way to apply a setaceum (seton) in the neck with a nicely carved woodcut. In 1951, this same woodcut was used by an author of the History of Neurological Surgery to illustrate Hildanus's method of "reducing cervical dislocation." In 1997 this striking misreading found its way into the History of Neurosurgery in its Scientific and Professional Contexts. The paper discusses how this ahistoric interpretation was possible and why it was perpetuated for nearly half a century.

Cervical Vertebrae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Weygandt's On the Mixed States of Manic-Depressive Insanity: a translation and commentary on its significance in the evolution of the concept of bipolar disorder.

Wilhelm Weygandt's Uber die Mischzustände des manisch-depressiven Irreseins (On the Mixed States of Manic-Depressive Insanity) describes and conceptualizes mixed states of mood, behavior, and thinking commonly found in manic-depressive disorders. These ideas emerged from Weygandt's service in the 1890s at the Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Heidelberg, directed by Emil Kraepelin. In the sixth (1899) edition of Kraepelin's influential textbook, the concept of manic-depressive illnesses underwent a fundamental shift from a complex group of syndromal subtypes to a single integrated disorder, widely known from the 1921 English translation of the eighth (1920) edition. In the 1899 edition, Kraepelin acknowledged Weygandt for a new section on mixed manic-depressive states within the new integrated view of manic-depressive disorder. We provide biographical notes on Weygandt, a little-known but historically important figure, as well as the first English translation of his monograph and interpretive summaries of his findings. We also consider whether Weygandt's important insight that the same person could be both manic and depressed not only at different times but even at the same time served as an important stimulus to Kraepelin's unified manic-depressive disorder concept, which survives as bipolar disorder a century later.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2003

Vitamin E.

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Animals↗
PubMed2000

Sources of information for acute poisoning in accident and emergency departments in Dublin, Ireland.

BACKGROUND: Access by accident and emergency staff to up-to-date information on poisoning is essential for optimal management of acute poisoning. Apart from the National Poisons Information Centre, other information sources can be used. The objectives of the study were to identify sources of information on acute poisoning in accidents and emergencies and satisfaction with their use. METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey of medical staff of accidents and emergencies in Dublin in 1997, data were collected by interviewer-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: All 11 accidents and emergencies participated, with a staff response rate of 95%. One hundred and twenty-eight respondents were included. Ninety-seven percent had managed cases of poisoning (median 3 per week). The National Poisons Information Centre had been used by 93% of respondents, textbooks by 80%, paper database by 63%, and disc database (CD-ROM) by 10%. Of those managing cases, the National Poisons Information Centre would always be contacted by 23% and by 53% in most cases. The National Poisons Information Centre and CD-ROMs were rated the most useful sources of information. Information provided by the National Poisons Information Centre was considered sufficient by 98% of respondents. Thirty-three percent considered that advice should always be confirmed by fax. Limitations with the National Poisons Information Centre were described by 55% (e.g., manual transcription), with textbooks (e.g., limited content) by 83%, with paper databases (e.g., incompleteness) by 85%, and with CD-ROMs (e.g., time-consuming) by 54%. CONCLUSION: For the optimal management of acute poisoning, direct access to computerized information databases in accidents and emergencies combined with telephone access to the National Poisons Information Centre is required, with information available in hard copy.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed1985

Textbook treatments of the genetics of intelligence.

Genetics textbooks have been remarkably unaffected by the discovery of fraud in the work of British psychologist Sir Cyril Burt or by the resulting critical review of other classic studies on the genetics of intelligence. Although Burt's name has nearly vanished from current textbooks, his results continue to be cited in textbook discussions of the heritability of intelligence, as do the results of other studies now recognized as methodologically inadequate. Moreover, genetics textbooks consistently employ confused or misleading definitions of the concept of heritability that, together with the reporting of discredited data, perpetuate a fundamentally inaccurate understanding of the genetics of intelligence. This situation is largely attributable to the practice--generic to textbook writing but in this case taken to an extreme--of authors' liberal borrowing from one another or from a few apparently authoritative works (including earlier textbooks). The extent to which authors rely on these sources for their discussions of the genetics of intelligence is apparently a function both of the controversiality of the subject and of authors' technical insecurity, perhaps reinforced by prior assumptions about the influence of genes on variations in intellectual performance.

Genetics, Behavioral↗
PubMed2006

History from the ground up: bugs, political economy, and God in Kirby and Spence's Introduction to Entomology (1815-1856).

William Kirby and William Spence's Introduction to Entomology is generally recognized as one of the founding texts of entomological science in English. This essay examines the ideological allegiances of the coauthors of the Introduction. In particular, it analyzes the ideological implications of their divergent opinions on animal instinct. Different vocational pursuits shaped each man's natural history. Spence, a political economist, pursued fact-based science that was shorn of references to religion. Kirby, a Tory High Churchman, placed revelation at the very heart of his natural history. His strong commitment to partisan sectarianism cautions against reference to a homogeneous "natural theology" that was an agent of mediation. Fissures in the "common intellectual context" reached beyond the clash between natural theologians and radical anatomists to render the intellectual edifice of natural theology structurally less sound for the future.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

Content on end-of-life care in major pharmacy textbooks.

The quantity and quality of end-of-life-care (EOLC) information in commonly used pharmacy textbooks were studied. EOLC content in each of eight best-selling pharmacy textbooks was assigned to 1 of 13 domains; there were a total of 104 possible domains for all eight books. Every mention of EOLC was given a score of 2 for "helpful content present" or 1 for "minimal content present." The quantity of EOLC content was assessed by tabulating the raw number of entries. The average number of EOLC-related entries per book ranged from 1.0 (ethics) to 27.5 (natural history). Eighty-one domains (78%) had fewer than 10 entries, 66 (63%) had 5 or fewer entries, and 28 (27%) had 1 entry or none. The overall quality of content was low, especially in the domains of spiritual issues, ethics, and context of care. The results were consistent with findings for medicine and nursing textbooks. A review of eight commonly used pharmacy textbooks revealed inadequate coverage of EOLC.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1997

Educating students for a changing health care environment: an examination of health care practice course content.

Social work educators are confronting new challenges in preparing students for health care practice. Given the changing environment in which health care social workers practice and the changing nature of practice itself, it is surprising that there have been no surveys of health care curricula since the 1980s. This study, which is based on an analysis of the outlines for graduate-level health care practice courses from 53 accredited schools, attempts to determine what students are taught to prepare them for this altered practice environment. Content reflective of current practice issues was infrequently included in course outlines. Implications for social work education and practice are discussed.

Accreditation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An analysis of the human genetics content of 13 general biology textbooks.

Professionals in genetics, medicine, and biology education have in recent years called for placing greater emphasis on human genetics in the education of the nation's citizenry. Since a large collegiate audience for such education is found in the general biology classroom, we elected to analyze 13 current and widely used general biology textbooks to determine their human genetics content. The analyses revealed that from 6.68 to 15.51 percent of the books' pages were devoted to genetics, but only 0.75 to 3.44 percent of the pages dealt specifically with human genetics. The number of human genetic traits discussed in the books ranged from four to 24, with a mean of 15.77. Nine different chromosome aberrations were cited, with Down, Klinefelter, and Turner syndromes being mentioned most often. Twenty autosomal dominant, fifteen autosomal recessive, and seven X-linked traits were used as examples in the various textbooks. Most frequently cited single-gene conditions were the ABO blood groups, sickle cell anemia, phenylketonuria, hemophilia, and red/green colorblindness. The books varied considerably in the emphasis given to social applications of medical genetics. Based on the findings of this study, we offer several recommendations for the improvement of the human genetics content of general biology textbooks and courses.

Books↗