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PubMed2005

[Terminology and the medical issues in the early (1931-1939) works by Michał Choromański].

Michał Choromański (1904-1972) was a very popular author before the II World War outbreak. The works dating from that period are full of medical issues and terminology. The works reflect the author's long-standing battle against his disease and the observations made during his stay in hospitals. The subject of the author's analysis is the correctness of the applied medical terminology used by Choromański in his works in accordance with medical knowledge and legally binding laws of that time.

Famous Persons↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mothers' comprehension of terminology associated with the care of a newborn baby.

To determine mothers' level of comprehension of terminology used by health care providers when discussing the care of a newborn baby. Sixty patients on a postpartum unit in a general hospital who gave birth to healthy newborns were asked to define 56 terms related to the care of newborn babies that were commonly used by health care providers. Mothers' knowledge of terms was examined by level of education, number of children, previous experience caring for newborns, and age. Analyses of variance results revealed significant differences among mothers for age and level of education. Mothers who were 30 years or older and who had more than a high school education demonstrated the more overall knowledge of terms than younger mothers with less than a high school education. An individual needs assessment must be done for every mother who is a patient on a postpartum unit to determine their learning needs as well as their understanding of common terminology.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Anatomic terminology from the historical aspect].

The author analyzes the work Onomatologia anatomica by J. Hyrtl describing and evaluating the changes and development in anatomical terminology. On assessing anatomical terminology from the historical point of view, this microsystem exhibits a vocabulary whose components are derived from different stages of the development of the Latin language. Along with words which have been part of the vocabulary for centuries there appear also neologisms. Several terms are pointed out as having been taken over from the common language and adapted by broadening or narrowing the meaning, metaphorically or otherwise altering the significance.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1987

Joints and movements of the foot: terminology and concepts.

In this paper a critical comment is given on the generally accepted terminology for the structural and functional description of the tarsal joints and their motions. Attention is given to the terms established in the officially canonized Nomina Anatomica (NA) of the IANC as well as to the widely used terms in clinical literature. This terminology has been reviewed in the light of underlying kinematic concepts developed by investigators of tarsal joint motions as found in the original papers and in a number of widely used handbooks. Conflicting points of these concepts are briefly discussed while referring to the results of recent biomechanical research.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

The adaptation in various languages of standardized periodontal terminology to recent acquisitions.

Before nomenclatorial translation can be begun, an approved definition of the term concerned is required, as is a systematic classification of related designations. Existing sources are bi- or multi-lingual dictionaries and glossaries but relatively few of these cover oral biology and dentistry in adequate detail. Much of the terminology developed for specialized fields of medicine is applicable to dentistry in general and periodontology in particular but the proliferation of new terms in English/American cannot always be matched appropriately in other languages. Examples of a uniform periodontal terminology in English, French and German--prepared for the impending revision of the FDI Dental Lexicon--are tabulated.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1983

Recommendations for using the standardized terminology of respiratory physiology in radiation research.

A succinct review of the terminology and of correlations between basic quantities in respiration physiology is given with special regard to oxygen as the gas of topical interest in radiation research and tumor pathophysiology. The role of the oxygen partial pressure gradient as the driving force of O2 diffusion is emphasized. It is generally recommended that the O2 partial pressure be considered when investigating oxygen diffusion and distribution problems. During those studies the physical boundary conditions, in particular the temperature, the barometric pressure, and the water vapor saturation, have to be considered and should be indicated. During equilibration of suspensions containing oxygen-consuming sites the impact of geometry and fluid agitation on the efficiency of gas exchange has to be taken into account. Reviews on solutions of diffusion equations, on numerical data for relevant constants to be considered, and on terminology and units in respiration physiology are included.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Federal drug policy and terminology: foes or allies?

A myriad of reasons exists for the persistence of drug use as a social phenomenon. To demonstrate one source of much of the controversy in drug issues and federal drug policy, an examination of the definitions applied to the terms "drug," "drug abuse," and "drug dependence" is conducted. Emphasis is placed on the implications of this terminology on US government drug policy development. Based on this examination, the author finds that many of the definitions applied to the above terms are vague and the basis for many misconceptions. In many cases, legal considerations take precedence over therapeutic evaluations. Furthermore, the informational systems which utilize these findings suggest that further development of drug terminology and data acquisition systems, upon which federal drug policy must depend, is sorely needed.

Drug Information Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Lung auscultation: an old skill with new interpretation and terminology].

The lung sound auscultation is a part of everyday practice of most physicians. This skill used to be in practice in antique times, but it did not gain any particular attention until the beginning of the 19th century when Laennec systematized his observations, so that the method became generally accepted as the means of examining the patient. Today the stethoscope has almost become the symbol of medical profession, and without it no worthy caricature on behalf of a physician is possible. In this article except short historical review of the lung auscultation, the new technical innovations, including the use of computers which have led to new insights into the characteristics of the lung sounds in health and disease have been shown. Indeed, the technical innovations have insured more accurate measurement of all characteristics of lung sounds, and in connection with this enabled the coining of new terms, especially for adventitious lung sounds. As the whole civilized world has agreed upon the terminology, in the radiance of the above mentioned we are also proposing new terminology for adventitious lung sounds.

Auscultation↗
PubMed1994

[The use of the Bethesda-terminology cytological system in clinical practice. A pilot study].

The aim of the present study is to summarize the one-year experience in applying the Bethesda terminological system (BTS) for assessment of cervical cytology. The study was based on 164 women, aged from 18 to 45, of which 98 with early pregnancy and 66 not pregnant. The materials for cytological examination were prepared by classical techniques and then coloured with hemalaun-eosin. Cytological findings were interpreted according to the revised BTS (1991), and an assessment of the adequacy of smears, possible infectious and reactive changes was made. Intraepithelial lesions were classified in two categories--low and high grade lesions. The advantages and shortcomings of the proposed new terminological, cytological classification system for assessment of the uterine cervix are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Lexical methods for managing variation in biomedical terminologies.

Access to biomedical terminologies is hampered by the high degree of variability inherent in natural language terms and in the terminologies themselves. The lexicon, lexical programs, databases, and indexes included with the 1994 release of the UMLS Knowledge Sources are designed to help users manage this variability. We describe these resources and illustrate their flexibility and usefulness in providing enhanced access to data in the UMLS Metathesaurus.

Biology↗
PubMed1995

Multilingual natural language generation as part of a medical terminology server.

Re-usable and sharable, and therefore language-independent concept models are of increasing importance in the medical domain. The GALEN project (Generalized Architecture for Languages Encyclopedias and Nomenclatures in Medicine) aims at developing language-independent concept representation systems as the foundations for the next generation of multilingual coding systems. For use within clinical applications, the content of the model has to be mapped to natural language. A so-called Multilingual Information Module (MM) establishes the link between the language-independent concept model and different natural languages. This text generation software must be versatile enough to cope at the same time with different languages and with different parts of a compositional model. It has to meet, on the one hand, the properties of the language as used in the medical domain and, on the other hand, the specific characteristics of the underlying model and its representation formalism. We propose a semantic-oriented approach to natural language generation that is based on linguistic annotations to a concept model. This approach is realized as an integral part of a Terminology Server, built around the concept model and offering different terminological services for clinical applications.

Language↗
PubMed1995

Arden syntax and GALEN terminology support: a powerful combination to represent medical knowledge.

Arden syntax is an ASTM standard defined a few years ago to represent rule-based knowledge in the medical domain in an application- and implementation-independent way. Knowledge is expressed as Medical Logic Modules (MLMs). So far, it has mainly been used for providing critique and reminders in data driven, medical decision support systems, where typically rules are evoked by certain database operations (e.g., "store systolic blood pressure"). The syntax is an important step towards a general medical knowledge representation, with version control, maintenance information, arithmetic operations, logic rule syntax, and temporal operations, but it is not yet complete. The standard does not define how medical concepts (e.g., "systolic blood pressure") are to be referenced. Existing coding schemes such as SNOMED and ICD10 may be used for this, but they have generally failed to provide the required level of detail. The use of Arden syntax to transfer knowledge between centers in the form of MLMs has been shown to be non-trivial [1,2]. GALEN (Generalized Architecture for Languages, Encyclopedias, and Nomenclatures in Medicine) is an EC AIM project aiming at a machine-readable system to represent medical concepts in a semantic network. The network allows for the combination and specialization of concepts to the required level of detail. The project has resulted in a notation (GRAIL: GALEN Representation and Integration Language) and several tools, such as browsers for manipulating medical concepts. In a GALEN subproject, we are exploring the potential utility of combining Arden syntax with semantics from the GALEN terminology, and we are developing tools to facilitate the creation of MLMs with terminology support. Our impression is that the combination is very useful: GALEN tools allow a domain expert to express her knowledge in purely medical terms, independent of an actual or intended patient database structure and data representation. They can also help a knowledge engineer or quite possibly an automatic interpreter to translate a well defined medical concept (expressed in GRAIL) to actual database queries (in SQL or other notation). This translation can be facilitated by a Data Dictionary describing the local patient database.

Expert Systems↗
PubMed1995

Terminological reference of a knowledge-based system: the data dictionary.

The development of open and integrated knowledge bases makes new demands on the definition of the used terminology. The definition should be realized in a data dictionary separated from the knowledge base. Within the works done at a reference model of medical knowledge, a data dictionary has been developed and used in different applications: a term definition shell, a documentation tool and a knowledge base. The data dictionary includes that part of terminology, which is largely independent of a certain knowledge model. For that reason, the data dictionary can be used as a basis for integrating knowledge bases into information systems, for knowledge sharing and reuse and for modular development of knowledge-based systems.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1995

Smart Classification System (SmaCS): design, implementation, and application for congenital heart disease terminology.

The development of a generic Smart Classification System (SmaCS) for the design, construction, maintenance, and use of complex controlled terminologies is described. SmaCS is used to create a knowledge-base containing more than 2,500 items for the description of abnormalities, treatments, complications, etc. within the domain of congenital heart disease. The purpose of the combination of domain specific knowledge and terminology is to provide a tool useful for both data entry and the subsequent analysis of the data collected.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1995

Automatic recognition of medical terminology (immunology).

This paper discusses a novel approach to automatically recognizing medical terminology, applied to Immunology texts. This approach is based on a computational linguistic analysis of medical terminology which for the first time accounts satisfactorily for the neoclassical lexicon in English.

Allergy and Immunology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sjögren's syndrome: terminology.

In spite of our continuously improved pathobiological understanding, there is still no consensus on terminology and disease criteria in Sjögren's syndrome (SS). This survey points out discrepencies in the current description of the syndrome, and argues for a new classification model. We suggest that the present nomenclatures for the global disease (Sjögren's disease) and disease subsets (primary and secondary SS) be retained until additional pathobiological insights give rise to new and descriptive terms. We do find evidence, however, to support a new terminology and classification of the main immunoinflammatory manifestations of primary SS. Accordingly, three "exocrine" and four "non-exocrine" subgroups of disease manifestations are here defined. The usefulness of the proposed model should be evaluated in clinical studies and in a debate engaging all of the medical specialities involved.

Autoimmune Diseases↗
PubMed1996

A design for a World Wide Web decision-support system using a controlled medical terminology.

We have developed a medical decision-support system based on Arden Syntax for Medical Logic Modules and hypertext using the World Wide Web. The two representations are integrated to provide a better platform for decision support. To manage the integration a controlled medical terminology has been used as a well-defined interface between the representations. The terminology is also used to facilitate communication between specialists and non-specialists.

Artificial Intelligence↗