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Results for “THORACIC NERVES”

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PubMed1984

[Modulation of reflex discharges in the respiratory nerves of the cat upon stimulation of superior laryngeal afferents].

Cyclic changes of reflex discharges in phrenic, external and internal intercostal and lumbar nerves evoked by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve were investigated in cats under light nembutal anaesthesia. Intensity of discharges and their latency varied in different nerves during the respiratory cycle. Reflex discharges of the greatest intensity with the shortest latency appeared at the end of the inspiratory or at the beginning of the expiratory phase in lumbar and internal intercostal nerves. Significant or complete depression of reflex discharges was observed before the inspiratory phase in these nerves. In contrast, reflex discharges in the phrenic and external intercostal nerves appeared only during the inspiratory phase and their intensity increased towards the end of this phase. Pronounced modulation of reflex discharges depended directly on changes in the respiratory centre excitability.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Winging of the scapula.

Common neurogenic causes of scapular winging are serratus anterior, trapezius and rhomboid palsy. Deformity is minimal in serratus anterior palsy (long thoracic nerve); winging is accentuated by forward elevation and pushing with outstretched arms. In trapezius palsy (spinal accessory nerve), the shoulder droops and winging is accentuated by arm abduction at the shoulder level. Rhomboid weakness (dorsal scapular nerve or C5 root) is best demonstrated by slowly lowering the arms from the forward elevated position.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Principles of surgical management of breast cancer.

Until recently surgical ablation was the primary treatment of choice for operable breast cancers. Increasingly, this position has been challenged by concepts of lesser surgical procedures coupled with radiotherapy. The trend of recurrence rates suggests that wide local excision of the primary tumor followed by irradiation may give as good results as more extensive surgical procedures. Long-term evaluation of morbidity, treatment time, and costs, must also be included in these comparisons. One of the more attractive features of these lesser procedures is the improved cosmetic result. Good cosmetic results after modified radical mastectomy require a greater appreciation of the importance of the anterior thoracic nerves to prevent atrophy of the pectoral muscles. Adjuvant therapy after mastectomy needs to be evaluated in greater detail. Radiotherapy prevents local recurrence but does not affect the tumor-free interval or survival rates. Adjuvant chemotherapy prolongs the tumor-free interval but its effect on survival rates is not yet known.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1995

Cumulative trauma disorder: a primary care provider's guide to upper extremity diagnosis and treatment.

This article gives an overview of the nonmedical aspects of cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) such as workers' compensation and hazard evaluation. The pathophysiology and presenting symptoms of CTDs are addressed, including entrapment neuropathies of the median, ulnar, and radial nerves; thoracic outlet syndrome; and tendinitis of the elbow, shoulder, wrist, and thumb. History and specific examination techniques are discussed. There is a focus on primary care treatment options, which includes ergonomic interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The anatomy of the lower serratus anterior muscle: a fresh cadaver study.

Forty fresh cadaver dissections were studied to determine variations in the anatomy of the lower portion of the serratus anterior muscle. In all cases, the lower three to five slips of the serratus anterior muscle were supplied by one to three branches from the thoracodorsal artery, the so-called serratus branches. Three vascular patterns were identified: type I with one branch (40 percent), type II with two branches (50 percent), and type III with three branches (10 percent). The mean dimensions of the lower serratus anterior flap were 18.0 x 9.0 cm (range 12.0 x 8.0 cm to 21.0 x 15.0 cm). The mean pedicle length was 11.3 +/- 2.8 cm (range 7.3 to 13.3 cm). A crow's foot landmark has been identified to facilitate flap dissection. This landmark marks the juncture of the long thoracic nerve and the dominant serratus branch. This juncture can be found at the superior border of the sixth or seventh rib. The lower serratus anterior flap is ideal for reconstruction of small to moderate-sized defects because of its flat, broad dimensions and its long vascular pedicle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Neurotization procedures for brachial plexus injuries.

The author presents three methods for neurotization procedures. The methods were developed for different reconstructive purposes. Nerve transfer is often the only option to restore basic or total function.

Accessory Nerve↗