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PubMedDate not supplied

Behavioral teratology as the study of early brain damage: considerations for the assessment of neonates.

Research in early traumatic brain damage indicates that, because of recovery-of-function, the behavioral effects of teratogenic agents and experiences may be easier to detect in younger animals. This makes early assessment desirable in behavioral teratogenicity screens, but requires careful consideration of the unique capabilities of the neonate and the assessment of behaviors more sophisticated than relatively gross motor behaviors. Several behaviors are discussed as examples of tests appropriate to the early assessment of CNS integrity. These tests may prove valuable as powerful, cost-effective discriminators of teratogenicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Experimental study of the first suckling episode: rat pups ingest fluids through a surrogate nipple.

The present study reported a new technique in which pups ingested fluids from a surrogate nipple. Cesarean-delivered pups tested before suckling experience showed oral grasp responses and ingested milk from the surrogate nipple. Pups ingested equal amounts of distilled water and milk and rejected saline. After ingesting milk from the surrogate nipple, pups remained attached to an empty surrogate nipple, while pups exposed to distilled water or saline did not show sustained attachment. Brief experience with milk from an oral cannula or from a surrogate nipple elicited sustained attachment to an empty nipple. Pups ingesting milk from a surrogate nipple showed increased intake of water and saline from the nipple when tested subsequently. The surrogate nipple provides a new technique for experimental study of early suckling behavior. The results suggest that initial experiences with milk may reinforce components of early suckling behavior.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Breast feeding and neonatal behavioral state.

18 normal newborn infants were studied at the age of 5-6 days. Each infant was given breast or bottlefeeding in 2 different sessions on the same day. The newborn assessment was also done in these 2 3-hour sessions, in which sucking and behavioral state were determined. 10 of 18 infants were found to fall asleep soon after the breastfeeding, and to have more quiet sleep and less waking than after bottlefeeding. All of the mothers showed good breast-milk secretion when examined. The other 8 infants, who were not given enough milk, did not show the abovementioned tendency. These results suggest that breastfeeding exerts good influences on neonatal behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Oral capture and grasping of an artificial nipple by rat fetuses.

Although born blind and deaf, newborn rats exhibit a remarkable capacity to recognize and gain access to the nipples of the lactating mother. However, it is well-known that full-term rat neonates will not attach to an artificial nipple. In the present study, an artificial nipple fashioned from soft vinyl was presented to rat fetuses from E17-E21 of gestation. Fetuses showed side-to-side head movements that resulted in oral capture of the nipple on E18 and exhibited a direct nipple-grasping response from E19 through term. Frame-by-frame analysis of videotape records of E21 rat fetuses revealed that tactile contact with the artificial nipple elicited mouthing, licking directed at the nipple, forelimb treadling, and grasping of the nipple. Fetuses also exhibited components of aversive behavior, including facial wiping and head turning, that appeared to terminate oral contact with the nipple. Morphine pretreatment reduced the expression of aversive responses and promoted licking and grasping of the artificial nipple. In addition to documenting the prenatal ontogeny of this important neonatal behavior, these findings imply a role for endogenous opioids in the newborn rat's first suckling episode.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

An optimality score for the neurologic examination of the term newborn.

We describe the application of a revised version of the Dubowitz neurologic examination of the newborn in 224 low-risk, term newborn infants. The method has been updated by eliminating less useful items and including new items evaluating general movements and patterns of distribution of tone. An optimality score is included to make the evaluation more quantitative and for comparison with sequential examinations with neurophysiologic and imaging findings. The score is based on the distribution of the scores for each item in the population of low-risk term infants. We defined not only the most common pattern for each item but also the variability of the findings by using 10th and 5th centiles. Because most of the items assessing tone and the Moro reflex varied with gestational age between 37 and 42 weeks, the changes were incorporated in the scoring system. The total optimality score was the sum of the optimality scores of individual items. Although the association of 4 or more deviant scores was found in less than 10% of our infants, deviant results on 1 or 2 single items could be observed in a third of this normal population, suggesting that isolated deviant signs have little diagnostic value. In contrast, an abnormal distribution of tone patterns, which we have commonly observed in infants with brain lesions, was not found in this cohort.

Arm↗
PubMed1989

Dopamine D-2 receptor mediation of response suppression learning of young rats.

In three experiments, the effects of augmenting or blocking dopamine (DA) D-2 receptor activity on the ontogeny of response suppression learning of preweanling rat pups were determined. In the initial experiment, rat pups were trained to traverse a straight alley for nipple attachment to an anesthetized dam. When footshock (0.2 mA, 0.5 sec) was made contingent on responding, younger (11- and 13-day-olds) rat pups were deficient to older (17- and 19-day-olds) pups at withholding punished responding. In the subsequent experiments, response suppression learning was assessed after injecting 11- and 17-day-old rat pups with the specific DA D-2 agonist, LY 171555 (0.005-, 0.01-, and 0.1-mg/kg, i.p.), or the specific DA D-2 antagonist, sulpiride (5.0-, 15.0-, and 50.0-mg/kg, i.p.). LY 171555 enhanced the punished responding of both the 11- and 17-day-old rat pups; whereas, sulpiride increased the punished responding of the 17-, but not the 11-day-olds. In four additional experiments, the effects of LY 171555 and sulpiride on the locomotor activity, nociception, and reinforcement processes of 17-day-old rat pups was assessed. Rat pups given LY 171555 (0.01 mg/kg, i.p.) exhibited enhanced locomotor activity and a trend towards hyperanalgesia using a hot plate task. Sulpiride (15.0 mg/kg, i.p.) completely antagonized LY 171555's activity enhancing effects and had hyperalgesic properties. In two experiments, sulpiride did not affect the nonpunished appetitive responding of the 17-day-olds; whereas, haloperidol-treated pups responded on fewer reinforced trials than did saline-treated pups. Therefore, these results indicate that the response suppression learning of 17-day-old rat pups is mediated, at least partially, by a DAD-2 receptor system, and that D-2 receptors are also involved in the locomotor activity and nociceptive responses of young rat pups.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of the breastfeeding patterns of mothers who delivered their babies per vagina and via cesarean section: an observational study using the LATCH breastfeeding charting system.

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding has many advantages for both mothers and infants. Several factors related to the mother and the baby, however, have a negative effect on the initiation of breastfeeding. Mode of delivery is one of these factors. When delivery takes place by cesarean section, the mother becomes a surgical patient with all the inherent risks and problems. Cesarean delivery under general anesthesia rates are currently rising our country, but the effects of this factor on the initiation and duration of breastfeeding are unclear. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the breastfeeding process in mothers who had cesarean deliveries (CD) with those who delivered vaginally (VD). DESIGN: This study is an observational and comparative study. SETTING: The environment of the research was the private hospital in Istanbul. PARTICIPANTS: The samples in the research were volunteer participant mothers who were delivered of healthy neonates. There were 118 incidents of CD under general anesthesia and 82 of VD chosen for the study. METHODS: Data was obtained using an "Introductory Information Form" which was prepared as suggested by related literature, and by using the "(LATCH) Breastfeeding Charting System." RESULTS: According to the LATCH Scoring System, the average score for the first breastfeeding was 6.27 and 8.81 for the third in CD mothers and 7.46 for the first breastfeeding and 9.70 for the third in VD mothers. Statistically meaningful differences were defined between the first (t=10.48; p<.001), second (t=7.82; p<.001), and third (t=7.12; p<.001) breastfeeding sessions in both CD and VD mothers. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that the pattern of delivery affects breastfeeding and that CD mothers need more support and help as compared to VD mothers. CD mothers were seen to need more support, particularly in positioning their babies for breastfeeding.

Abbreviations as Topic↗
PubMed1992

The development of eating behavior in childhood.

Eating behavior must be viewed as a complex phenomenon involving the coordination of motor, cognitive, social and emotional development, all under the regulation of both central and peripheral factors. Eating provides not only the necessary biologic substrate for human growth and normal physiologic function but is strongly involved in the full range of social interaction from the formation of the mother-infant relationship to later social interaction. Eating is associated with a variety of pleasurable and painful affective experiences. The pediatrician, working closely with the parents, can facilitate the development of healthy attitudes toward eating and healthy eating behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Opioid control of the fetal stretch response: implications for the first suckling episode.

Upon their first experience with milk, fetal rats express a stretch response that is similar to the postnatal behavior exhibited by infant rats at the nipple. Fetuses also possess a functional opioid system that is activated by prenatal milk exposure. The opioid receptor antagonist naloxone and the specific kappa antagonist nor-binaltorphimine blocked the stretch response and prevented the increase in rearlimb activity that is typically induced by milk. The mu antagonist beta-funaltrexamine blocked the stretch while permitting the expression of rearlimb activity. The kappa agonist U50,488 promoted rearlimb activity in the absence of milk, whereas the mu agonist [D-Ala2,NMe-Phe4,Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) exerted little influence on fetal behavior. Fetuses pretreated with U50,488 stretched to nonmilk stimuli (saline or lemon), but fetuses pretreated with DAMGO did not. Opioid activation is part of a chain of events that culminates in the fetal stretch response and may be important in promoting milk ingestion during the newborn's first suckling episode.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Prenatal cocaine alters social competition of infant, adolescent, and adult rats.

This series of experiments examined whether gestational cocaine exposure alters later social behavior exhibited during competition for biologically relevant stimuli. Rat offspring were derived from dams that received subcutaneous injections of 40 mg/kg/3cc cocaine HCl daily on gestational Days 8-20, pair-fed dams injected with saline, or nontreated control dams. Offspring competed with peers for access to a nipple in infancy, and to water in adolescence or adulthood. Prenatal cocaine exposure resulted in a decreased ability of cocaine-exposed infant rats to compete successfully for a nipple. Although adolescent and adult cocaine-exposed rats were no less successful than controls when competing for water, they exhibited a notable increase in aggression toward competitors during testing. Data provide evidence of alterations in social behavior and social competition as a result of prenatal cocaine exposure.

Aggression↗