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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

The safety and efficacy of switching timolol maleate 0.5% solution to timolol hemihydrate 0.5% solution given twice daily.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the safety and efficacy of switching patients treated with timolol maleate to timolol hemihydrate. In patients with ocular hypertension or chronic open-angle glaucoma treated with beta-blockers for at least three months, we prescribed timolol maleate solution 0.5% given twice daily for one month. We then switched each patient to timolol hemihydrate solution 0.5% (Betimol, Ciba Vision Ophthalmics) given twice daily for three months. This study found over the first three months in 30 completed subjects, using a worse eye analysis, that the intraocular pressure changed from 18.3+/-2.1 mm Hg on timolol maleate to 18.8+/-2.3 mm Hg on timolol hemihydrate (P=0.10) 12 hours after dosing. There was no difference in the overall incidence of unsolicited anterior segment side effects between timolol maleate (4 cases) versus timolol hemihydrate (3 cases) (P=0.69). One patient exited the study because of pain and burning in both eyes while on timolol maleate. No patient was discontinued due to loss of intraocular pressure control after switching to timolol hemihydrate. It was concluded that switching from timolol maleate to timolol hemihydrate is safe and effective in maintaining control of the intraocular pressure.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Trimethoprim-polymyxin B ophthalmic solution in the treatment of presumptive bacterial conjunctivitis--a multicentre trial of its efficacy versus neomycin-polymyxin B-gramicidin and chloramphenicol ophthalmic solutions.

Two-hundred and thirty patients with a diagnosis of presumptive bacterial conjunctivitis were assessed in a randomized double-blind multicentre trial. In two of the centres the patients had been treated with either trimethoprim-polymyxin B or neomycin-polymyxin B-gramicidin ophthalmic solution. In the other two centres the patients had been treated with either trimethoprim-polymyxin B or chloramphenicol ophthalmic solution. All of the preparations used were shown to be effective and very few adverse reactions were encountered. No significant difference in clinical efficacy could be demonstrated between trimethoprim-polymyxin B and neomycin-polymyxin B -gramicidin but trimethoprim-polymyxin B was found to be significantly better (P = 0.03) than chloramphenicol in reducing signs and symptoms.

Chloramphenicol↗
PubMed2006

Aluminium rhizotoxicity in maize grown in solutions with Al3+ or Al(OH)-4 as predominant solution Al species.

The rhizotoxicity of aluminium at low-pH with Al(3+) and at high pH with Al(OH)-(4) as the main Al species was studied. Aluminium reduced root growth to similar levels at pH 8.0 and pH 4.3, although the mononuclear Al concentration at pH 8.0 was three times lower than at pH 4.3. Al contents of root apices were much higher at pH 8 than at pH 4.3. Callose was induced only marginally at pH 8 and the formation was confined to the epidermis, whereas it proceeded through the cortex with time at pH 4.3. Well-documented genotypical differences in callose formation and Al accumulation could not be found at pH 8. The largest fraction of the root-tip Al was recovered in the cell-wall fraction independent of the solution pH. A sequential extraction of isolated cell walls suggests that most of the cell-wall Al was precipitated Al(OH)(3) at pH 8.0. This can be explained by a drastic pH reduction in the root apoplastic sap to 6.2, whereas at bulk solution pH 4.3 it rose to 5.6. Al precipitation was also confirmed by the microscopic localization of Al. At pH 8, Al could mostly be found in the epidermis, but in the apoplast of the outer cortex at pH 4.3. It is proposed here that at pH 4.3, Al(3+) inhibits root growth through binding to sensitive binding sites in the apoplast of the epidermis and the outer cortex. At pH 8, Al(OH)(3) precipitation in the epidermis causes a mechanical barrier thus impairing the root-growth control of the epidermis.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1999

The effect of intravenous lactated Ringer's solution versus 0.9% sodium chloride solution on serum osmolality in human volunteers.

UNLABELLED: Animal studies have shown that large volumes of IV lactated Ringer's solution (LR) decrease serum osmolality, thereby increasing cerebral water. These studies have led to recommendations to limit LR to avoid cerebral edema in neurosurgical patients. Eighteen healthy human volunteers aged 20-48 yr received 50 mL/kg LR over 1 h on one occasion and 0.9% sodium chloride (NS) on another. Venous samples were taken at baseline (T1), at infusion end (T2), and 1 h after T2 (T3). Time until first urination was noted. With LR, serum osmolality decreased by 4+/-3 mOsm/kg from T1 to T2 and increased insignificantly with NS. At T3, osmolality returned almost to baseline in the LR group. Blood pH increased from T1 to T2 with LR by 0.04+/-0.04 and decreased with NS by 0.04+/-0.04. These pH changes persisted at T3. Subjective mental changes occurred only with NS. Abdominal discomfort was more common with NS. Time until first urination was longer with NS (106+/-11 min) than with LR (75+/-10 min) (P < 0.001). In healthy humans, an infusion of large volumes of LR, but not NS, transiently decreased serum osmolality, whereas acidosis associated with NS persisted and urinary output was slower with NS. IMPLICATIONS: Large volumes of lactated Ringer's solution administered to healthy humans produced small transient changes in serum osmolality. Large volumes of sodium chloride did not change osmolality but resulted in lower pH.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of mung bean (lentil) and pop rice based rehydration solutions in comparison with the standard glucose electrolyte solution.

Children with acute diarrhea and moderate dehydration between 3 months and 5 years of age were randomly assigned to receive treatment with standard WHO oral rehydration solution (ORS) (n = 33) and two other solutions in which the 20 g/L glucose was substituted by 50 g/L of pop rice (n = 31) and 60 g/L of mung bean (lentil) powder (n = 29). Satisfactory oral rehydration, as assessed clinically and by changes in PCV and total serum solids (TSS), was achieved in 90.9% with WHO ORS, 96.8% with pop rice, and 96.6% in the mung bean ORS treated group (p greater than 0.05). The purging rates (ml/kg/h) until recovery were 2.49 +/- 1.5 (pop rice); 2.91 +/- 2.0 (WHO), and 3.41 +/- 1.7 in the mung bean group (p greater than 0.05). The percentage of patients recovering from diarrhea within the 72 h study period was 58.0 (pop rice), 48.4 (WHO), and 44.8 for mung bean group (p greater than 0.05). Though differences in stool volumes and duration in the three groups were not statistically different, there was a trend toward improvement in efficacy with the pop rice ORS in several parameters: greater weight gain, higher percentage decline in TSS, higher urine output despite lower ORS intake, and lower purging rates. The intake of semisolids in the 24-72 h study period was also higher in the pop rice group as compared to the other two groups (p less than 0.05). The number of breast feeds and intake of artificial milk was however similar in all groups (p greater than 0.05).

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of the effects of varying solute content on the efficacy of oral rehydration solutions in a rat model of secretory diarrhoea.

A series of in vivo steady-state perfusion studies in cholera toxin-induced secreting rat intestine were carried out to investigate net water, sodium, and potassium absorption and water influx and efflux from a range of oral rehydration solutions (ORSs) in which the glucose content had been partially replaced by amino acids or food supplements and the sodium content had been reduced to 60 mM. The reference solution used was the World Health Organization formula. There was a significant correlation between the osmolality of the ORS and the net water absorption (r = -0.911; p < 0.02). The greatest net water absorption occurred using comminuted chicken- and tapioca-supplemented ORS.

Absorption↗
PubMed1991

Hypertonic citrate solution as an alternative to modified Euro-Collins' solution for lung preservation.

In a canine model of acute ischemic lung injury, a hypertonic citrate solution (HTC) widely used for renal preservation in the United Kingdom, was compared with modified Euro-Collins' solution (ECS) currently the most widely clinically used pulmonary perfusate. Ten beagle dogs underwent left thoracotomy and exclusion of the left lung in situ. The lung was flushed with 30 ml/kg of either HTC or ECS and subjected to 60 min of warm ischemia. The circulation to the lung was then restored, the contralateral lung excluded, and the animal ventilated at a fixed FiO2 of 0.4 for 4 hr. Lung function was assessed by arterial oxygenation and hemodynamic measurements and, following sacrifice, by lung weight gain, bronchoalveolar lavage, and ultrastructural studies. Flush perfusion with HTC was associated with significantly less severe reperfusion injury, as determined by superior arterial oxygenation (PaO2 at 1 hr: HTC--152 mmHg [(95% confidence interval) CI] [122-182], ECS--59 [47-70]; PaO2 at 4 hr: HTC--124 [100-149], ECS--51 [42-61]), lower pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI at 4 hrs: HTC--838 dynes sec cm-5m-2 [651-1075], ECS--1233 [963-1588]); and lower lung weight (HTC--85 g [66-107], ECS--146 [114-184]). Bronchoalveolar lavage studies demonstrated an influx of neutrophils following reperfusion that was significantly less marked in the HTC group (increase in % neutrophils: HTC 24 [19-29], ECS 77 [72-82]). Lung injury assessed by electron microscopy tended to be less severe in the HTC animals. We conclude that HTC may offer an alternative superior to ECS for lung preservation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A three-month, multicenter, double-masked study of the safety and efficacy of travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution compared to travoprost 0.004% ophthalmic solution and timolol 0.5% dosed concomitantly in subjects with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

PURPOSE: The primary objective of this study was to compare the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy of travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% fixed combination to the concomitant administration of travoprost 0.004% (TRAVATAN) and timolol 0.5% in subjects with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. METHODS: This was a randomized, multicenter, double-masked, active-controlled, parallel group study. Three hundred sixteen patients with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension were randomly assigned to travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution fixed combination once daily in the morning or concomitant administration of timolol 0.5% once daily in the morning and travoprost 0.004% ophthalmic solution once daily in the evening. The efficacy and safety of the fixed combination were compared with concomitant therapy over three months. The primary efficacy outcome measure was mean intraocular pressure. RESULTS: Both travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% fixed combination and the concomitant administration of travoprost 0.004% and timolol 0.5% produced statistically significant reductions from baseline in IOP, with mean IOP ranging from 15.2 to 16.5 mm Hg in the patients using travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% fixed combination compared with 14.7 to 16.1 mm Hg in the concomitant group. The upper 95.1% confidence limit for the differences in mean IOP (fixed combination minus concomitant) was < or =1.5 mm Hg at 7 of 9 visits, including all three 8 AM time points, 24-hours post-dose. Mean IOP reductions from baseline ranged from 7.4 to 9.4 mm Hg in the fixed combination group compared with 8.4 to 9.4 mm Hg with concomitant therapy. Safety analysis demonstrated equivalent safety between the two treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: A fixed combination of travoprost 0.004% and timolol 0.5% produced clinically relevant IOP reductions in patients with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension that were comparable to concomitant therapy with its components. Safety and tolerability of the fixed combination were also equivalent to concomitant therapy. Travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% fixed combination offers IOP reduction equivalent to concomitant therapy, with potential benefits that include convenience (fewer bottles and drops per day), improved compliance, cost savings (based on fewer co-payments), and elimination of potential washout effects.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution and University of Wisconsin solution for organ preservation in clinical pancreas transplantation.

BACKGROUND: University of Wisconsin (UW) solution is currently the standard preservation solution used for abdominal organ transplantation. This study assesses the efficacy of histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) compared with UW in pancreas transplantation. METHODS: Between October 2002 and August 2003, 20 pancreas transplants were performed. Patients were divided into two groups: UW (n=10) and HTK (n=10). Donor and recipient demographics were similar in both groups. The mean cold ischemia time for both groups was 11 +/-3 hr. RESULTS: There was an anticipated difference between total preservative volumes used (HTK: 4.5 +/- 1.2 L vs. UW: 3.4 +/-0.8 L; P =0.03). Patient and graft survivals to date were 100% in both groups. Serum fasting blood glucose, peak amylase, and serial amylase levels remained comparable at all intervals posttransplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Within this range of cold ischemia time, UW and HTK demonstrate similar efficacy in pancreas preservation.

Adenosine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A double-blind, randomized comparative trial: flutrimazole 1% solution versus bifonazole 1% solution once daily in dermatomycoses.

In a double-blind, randomized study the efficacy and tolerance of flutrimazole 1% solution were compared with bifonazole 1% solution, applied once daily for 4 weeks, in 40 patients with culturally proven dermatophytosis or cutaneous candidosis. Forty patients with mycologically proven pityriasis versicolor were treated with once-daily application for 1 week. The four groups of patients and distribution of target lesions were similar, although in the flutrimazole group more patients had cutaneous candidosis (n = 8 versus n = 1). The distribution of the sum of clinical scores was also similar in both groups. At the end of therapy the proportion of patients with negative microscopy and culture was 85% in the flutrimazole group and 65% in the bifonazole group. There was a significant difference (P = 0.022) in terms of efficacy, since 80% of patients in the flutrimazole group versus 40% in the bifonazole group were judged to have received effective treatment. At the assessment 6 weeks after the end of therapy the percentages of flutrimazole- and bifonazole-treated patients with negative mycology were 75% and 65% respectively. There were two relapses (one in each group), which represents a 5% rate. Fifteen flutrimazole-treated patients (75%) compared with 12-bifonazole-treated patients (60%) had overall effective therapy. Two patients treated with bifonazole (10%) and one treated with flutrimazole (5%) had a premature termination due to adverse events attributable to the medication. On assessment 3 weeks after the end of treatment, the patients with pityriasis versicolor were all clinically and mycologically healed with negative fluorescence, including the patients who withdrew from the full course of treatment (one in each group). Nine weeks after the end of therapy all the patients remained cured, with no relapses. The overall incidence of adverse events (mild local reactions such as irritation, burning and itching) was one and seven cases for bifonazole and flutrimazole respectively. One patient in each group had to abandon treatment owing to severe intolerance.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of clinical outcome between histidine-triptophan-ketoglutalate solution and cold blood cardioplegic solution in mitral valve replacement.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to compare the effect of histidine-triptophan-ketoglutalate solution (HTK) with that of cold blood cardioplegic solution (CBC) in mitral valve surgery. METHOD: Forty-six patients who underwent mitral valve replacement between January 1994 and December 1996 were enrolled in this study. Twenty patients received HTK (HTK group), while 27 patients had CBC (CBC group) as myocardial protection. HTK was given as a single high dose, whereas CBC was used in the usual multidose format. RESULT: The doses of inotropic agent at the end of extracorporeal circulation did not differ between the HTK group and the CBC group. Creatine kinase values (units) on day 1 and day 2 were 1140+/-412, 921+/-436 for the HTK group and 904+/-335, 816+/-420 for the CBC group, respectively (p = NS). Spontaneous defibrillation occurred in 26% of the CBC group and 90% of the HTK group (p < 0.05). Pacing was temporarily used in 20% of the HTK group and 44% of the CBC group after extracorporeal circulation (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that HTK provided more adequate myocardial protection in mitral valve surgery.

Blood↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of the topical ocular antiallergic efficacy of emedastine 0.05% ophthalmic solution to ketorolac 0.5% ophthalmic solution in a clinical model of allergic conjunctivitis.

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical efficacy of emedastine ophthalmic solution to that of ketorolac ophthalmic solution using a conjunctival allergen challenge model. METHODS: The conjunctival allergen challenge model was used in this randomized, double-masked, single center, crossover study. The titer of allergen that elicited a positive allergic reaction was selected. After at least 14 days, 36 subjects were randomized into two groups of 18 to receive either emedastine in one eye and placebo in the contralateral eye, or ketorolac in one eye and placebo in the contralateral eye. Ten minutes after drug instillation, subjects were challenged with antigen. At 3, 10 and 20 minutes following challenge subjects graded ocular itching and were assessed for hyperemia in conjunctival, ciliary, and episcleral vessel beds. Approximately 14 days later, subjects received the alternate treatment in one eye and placebo in the contralateral eye. They were again challenged with allergen and their responses were rated in the same manner. Ocular discomfort was assessed by the subjects after administration of each study drug. RESULTS: Emedastine significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited ocular itching and redness in vascular beds following topical ocular administration. In contrast, ketorolac failed to significantly inhibit ocular itching or redness in this study. Patient assessment of comfort indicated emedastine was significantly (p < 0.05) more comfortable than ketorolac upon topical ocular administration. CONCLUSION: Emedastine is superior to ketorolac in controlling itching and redness, the cardinal symptom and sign of allergic conjunctivitis.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed1999

Comparative evaluation of olopatadine ophthalmic solution (0.1%) versus ketorolac ophthalmic solution (0.5%) using the provocative antigen challenge model.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of olopatadine ophthalmic solution (0.1%) with ketorolac ophthalmic solution (0.5%) in a clinical model of acute allergic conjunctivitis. Olopatadine is a dual acting H1 histamine receptor antagonist and a mast cell stabilizer, shown to be effective in treating allergic conjunctivitis. Ketorolac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved in the United States for the relief of ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. METHODS: The provocative antigen challenge model was used in this randomized, double-blind, single-center, crossover study. The allergen and concentration that consistently elicited a positive allergic reaction was used for challenge. After at least 14 days, subjects were randomized to receive either olopatadine in one eye and placebo in the contralateral eye, or ketorolac in one eye and placebo in the contralateral eye. Twenty-seven minutes after drug instillation subjects were challenged with allergen. At 3, 10, and 20 minutes following allergen challenge, subjects graded ocular itching and were assessed for hyperemia in conjunctival, ciliary, and episcleral vessel beds. Approximately 14 days later, subjects received the alternate treatment in one eye and placebo in the contralateral eye. They were again challenged with allergen and their responses were rated in the same manner. RESULTS: Olopatadine significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced both ocular itching and hyperemia in all three vessel beds compared to placebo at all time points tested following allergen challenge. Ketorolac did not significantly reduce itching and showed a trend of increased hyperemia compared to placebo. Olopatadine was significantly (p < 0.001) more effective than ketorolac in reducing hyperemia and ocular itching at all time points and was also significantly (p < 0.05) more comfortable than ketorolac as reported by subjects immediately following drug instillation. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that olopatadine is effective and safe in preventing and treating ocular itching and hyperemia associated with acute allergic conjunctivitis and is more effective and more comfortable than ketorolac.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ciprofloxacin ophthalmic solution versus rifamycin ophthalmic solution for the treatment of conjunctivitis and blepharitis.

The efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin (0.3%) ophthalmic solution and rifamycin (1%) ophthalmic solution for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis and blepharitis was compared in this randomized, double-masked, parallel-group study. Forty-one patients, 19 on ciprofloxacin and 22 on rifamycin, were culture-positive on admission and evaluated for efficacy. There was clinical improvement in more than 90% of patients in each group at the end of the seven-day treatment period. However, clinical cure rates on day 7 appeared to be higher with ciprofloxacin (53%) than rifamycin (23%; p = 0.061, Mann-Whitney test). Bacteriological eradication rates were comparable: the infecting organisms were eradicated in 68% of patients on ciprofloxacin and 77% with rifamycin. There were no serious adverse reactions to either treatment. One patient in each group was withdrawn on account of a mild allergy. In conclusion, topical ciprofloxacin was effective and well tolerated and would be a particularly useful agent for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis and blepharitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

Prediction of adsorption from multicomponent solutions by activated carbon using single-solute parameters.

The adsorption of 3 barbiturates--phenobarbital, mephobarbital, and primidone--from simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), without pancreatin, by activated carbon was studied using the rotating bottle method. The concentrations of each drug remaining in solution at equilibrium were determined with the aid of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system employing a reversed-phase column. The competitive Langmuir-like model, the modified competitive Langmuir-like model, and the LeVan-Vermeulen model were each fit to the data. Excellent agreement was obtained between the experimental and predicted data using the modified competitive Langmuir-like model and the LeVan-Vermeulen model. The agreement obtained from the original competitive Langmuir-like model was less satisfactory. These observations are not surprising because the competitive Langmuir-like model assumes that the capacities of the adsorbates are equal, while the other 2 models take into account the differences in the capacities of the components. The results of these studies indicate that the adsorbates employed are competing for the same binding sites on the activated carbon surface. The results also demonstrate that it is possible to accurately predict multicomponent adsorption isotherms using only single-solute isotherm parameters. Such prediction is likely to be useful for improving in vivo/in vitro correlations.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1990

Effect of potassium solution on rehydration in rats: comparison with sodium solution and water.

Thermally dehydrated rats were given isotonic KCl, NaCl solution, or tap water ad libitum for 17 h and the differences of the restoration rate in fluid and cation were compared between the groups to elucidate the effect of Na+ and K+ ions on the replacement of each body fluid compartment during rehydration. When rats were provided with NaCl solution, the gains of fluid and Na+ exceeded the amounts lost during the dehydration period, while in the isotonic KCl and tap water groups fluid gain was 70% of the fluid lost during the dehydration period. The recovery of extracellular fluid (ECF) volume was 178% of the loss in the NaCl group and 50% in the KCl group. The Na+ concentration of the ECF was regulated closely in all groups. The recovery in intracellular fluid (ICF) volume did not differ significantly between groups and never exceeded the control level, but tended to be higher in the KCl group than in the NaCl group. These results indicated that in the ECF the regulation of Na+ concentration preceded that of volume while in the ICF, volume regulation had priority. In addition, the effect of K+ supplementation on the recovery of ICF volume after thermal dehydration was shown to be modest, unlike the effect of Na+ on the recovery of ECF volume.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A comparison between two hypotonic irrigating solutions used in transurethral resections of the prostate: sorbitol (2%)-mannitol (1%) and 1.5% glycine solutions.

Two hypotonic but non-haemolysing irrigating solutions, sorbitol-mannitol (2% + 1%) and glycine (1.5%), were compared in 40 TURP cases using a continuous resection technique. Ethanol (1%) was added to the irrigating fluid as a marker to make possible early detection of fluid absorption by breath analysis. Mannitol and sorbitol were determined in plasma and urine; glycine and ethanol were determined in plasma. Apparent absorbed fluid volumes were calculated from the immediate postoperative plasma concentrations of ethanol, mannitol, sorbitol and glycine and from the elimination of mannitol in urine during 24 hours following the operation. The use of a continuous operating technique with a suprapubic trocar resulted in very small absorptions (less than 1 l) in this series. The concentrations of the two solutes in the sorbitol-mannitol irrigating fluid were balanced so that the plasma concentrations immediately postoperatively were of the same order when absorption occurred. The sorbitol concentration declined more rapidly than the mannitol concentration in conformity with previous findings. In most cases the peak plasma level was observed immediately postoperatively but in some cases at a later time (during the interval 0-2 hours), indicating absorption from a depot of fluid accumulated extravesically in addition to direct intravenous absorption. The best estimate of fluid absorption seems to be obtained from the urinary elimination of mannitol, followed by estimates based on the plasma mannitol concentration immediately postoperatively. The plasma ethanol level determined at the same time gave an estimate of the same order, whereas plasma sorbitol and glycine levels gave lower estimates (owing to rapid redistribution and metabolism).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1980

The solution to the challenge--CAP clinical standard solutions program.

Quality assurance is a major concern and goal of clinical laboratories, the scope of which extends to all phases of clinical laboratory operation. The CAP Clinical Standard Solutions are an integral component of the quality assurance system. These primary volumetric working standards assist the laboratory in assuring the reliability of individual clinical laboratory results. This article reviews the rationale, content, and application of the CAP Clinical Standard Solutions Program.

Laboratories↗