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PubMed1987

The epistemology of "addictive disease": the Lincoln-Douglas debate.

This research was conducted to examine the social perception of "addictive disease." This study provided an opportunity to gain insight into a representative sample of terms and phrases that were denotative of disease and then factor analyzed how these items clustered to reveal a spectrum of underlying factors that contribute to the perception of disease. It was expected and confirmed that subjects could discriminate between behavioral and biological disorders. In addition, the results support the view that the addictive "disease" model is a symbolic substitute for the moral turpitude model which it replaced. Finally, the findings support the view that non-physicians are capable of making fine distinctions among a number of biologically related "diseases." These results suggest that it may be important for health care providers to carefully and instrumentally apply their language to facilitate patient compliance with treatment protocols.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Emotion differentiation. A correlate of symptom severity in major depression.

The relationship of emotion differentiation to symptom severity in depression was investigated. The subjects were 25 patients diagnosed with unipolar major depression. Subjects were clinically assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia and the Hamilton rating scales for anxiety and depression. In addition, subjects completed a number of self-report measures of symptoms and attitudes. Twelve basic emotion terms were incorporated into free-response attribute lists which subjects used to rate aspects of themselves and of other significant people in their lives. A clustering algorithm (HICLAS) was used to derive a social perception structure from this data for each subject. The differentiation of negative emotion within an individual's structure (NES) was measured by dividing the number of attribute categories containing negative emotions by the total number of categories in that person's structure. The results indicated that NES is a significant correlate of depressive symptomatology independent of self-esteem and other variables. Relatively undifferentiated emotion structure (low NES) was associated with significantly higher levels of depressive symptomatology.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Activating transference without consciousness: using significant-other representations to go beyond what is subliminally given.

Two studies examined nonconscious transference in social perception, defined as inferences about a new person based on a subliminally triggered significant-other representation (e.g., S. M. Andersen & S. W. Cole, 1990). In a nomothetic experimental paradigm involving idiographic stimuli, participants believed they were playing a computer game with another participant while exposed to subliminal descriptors from either their own, or a yoked participant's, significant other. In an impression-rating task, participants were more likely to infer that their "game partner" had significant-other features not subliminally presented when the subliminal cues described their own, rather than a yoked participant's, significant other. Another control condition in Study 1 ruled out self-generation effects. A subliminality check confirmed that stimuli were nonconscious. Hence, subliminal activation of significant-other representations and nonconscious transference occur.

Consciousness↗
PubMed1998

Mental representations of the self, significant others, and nonsignificant others: structure and processing of private and public aspects.

Using prior research on self and social inference (e.g., S. M. Andersen, 1984) and significant-other representations in social perception (S. M. Andersen & S. W. Cole, 1990), the present study examined a dual-factor conceptualization of self-other differences based on perspective differences and emotional-motivational relevance. Both factors were assumed to contribute to how private versus public aspects of the self, significant others, and nonsignificant others are structured in memory. In an idiographic-nomothetic design, participants' response latencies in completing sentences to characterize private and public aspects of each person were measured, and participants rated how well a pooled, randomized set of these predicates described each aspect of each person. Evidence showed differences in featural richness (availability), distinctiveness, and free-retrieval latency (accessibility) supporting the dual-factor conceptualization of self-other differences.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Lay dispositionism and implicit theories of personality.

Lay dispositionism refers to lay people's tendency to use traits as the basic unit of analysis in social perception (L. Ross & R. E. Nisbett, 1991). Five studies explored the relation between the practices indicative of lay dispositionism and people's implicit theories about the nature of personal attributes. As predicted, compared with those who believed that personal attributes are malleable (incremental theorists), those who believed in fixed traits (entity theorists) used traits or trait-relevant information to make stronger future behavioral predictions (Studies 1 and 2) and made stronger trait inferences from behavior (Study 3). Moreover, the relation between implicit theories and lay dispositionism was found in both the United States (a more individualistic culture) and Hong Kong (a more collectivistic culture), suggesting this relation to be generalizable across cultures (Study 4). Finally, an experiment in which implicit theories were manipulated provided preliminary evidence for the possible causal role of implicit theories in lay dispositionism (Study 5).

Female↗
PubMed1996

Working models of attachment: implications for explanation, emotion and behavior.

Two studies examined attachment style differences in social perception. In Study 1, participants wrote open-ended explanations for hypothetical relationship events and described how they would feel and behave in response to each event. Compared with secure participants, preoccupied participants explained events in more negative ways; they also reported more emotional distress and behaviors that were likely to lead to conflict. Avoidant participants also provided negative explanations, but did not report emotional distress. Path analysis indicated that attachment style differences in behavior were mediated by explanation patterns and emotional distress. Study 2 was designed to replicate Study 1 and test the relative importance of attachment style and relationship quality to predicting each outcome. Results indicated that both variables were significant predictors of explanations, but only attachment style predicted emotional responses. These findings are consistent with the idea that adults with different working models of attachment are predisposed to think, feel, and behave differently in their relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Ambulatory management during the transformation process--a survey of physicians in new German districts].

The transformation of the health care system in the former GDR is demonstrated empirically on the basis of postal surveys conducted in 1990/91 with reference to the following spheres: 1. Routine problems. In diagnosis and therapy, the central problem was that the equipment required was often either lacking or defective. 2. Social perception. Female doctors regarded themselves as more understanding, progressive, sensitive, and friendly than their male colleagues. 3. Dynamics of transformation. The percentage of doctors with a practice of their own increased from 1990 to 1991 from 4.2 to 61.4%. 4. Reasons for starting a private practice. For male doctors the motives of greater latitudes in defining working hours and work routines as well as long-term expectations of increasing income were significantly more important than for female doctors. 5. Initial problems. Three aspects proved to be the most significant: too little time for family, work load too high, accounting problems. 6. Job satisfaction. In the course of time, the greatest increase in satisfaction was found to be related to possibilities of advanced professional training and income. A significant trend toward decreasing satisfaction was noted for dimensions such as work load, relationship between work and leisure, as well as secretarial work and accounting.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Impressions of people created by age-related qualities of their gaits.

Drawing on the ecological theory of social perception, we investigated the impact of age-related gait qualities on trait impressions. In Study 1, subjects observed 5- to 70-year-old walkers depicted in point-light displays, and rated the walkers' traits, gaits, and ages. Younger walkers were perceived as more powerful and happier than older walkers. A composite of youthful gait qualities predicted trait impressions regardless of the walkers' masculine gait qualities, sex, and perceived age. In Study 2, subjects observed young adult walkers depicted in point-light displays and rated their traits, gaits, and ages. Consistent with the effects of real age found in Study 1, young adults with youthful gaits were perceived as more powerful and happier than peers with older gaits, irrespective of their masculine gait qualities, sex, and perceived age. Study 3 replicated Study 2 using displays showing walkers' full bodies and faces. A youthful gait predicted trait impressions even when subjects could discern the walkers' age and sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A review of emotion deficits in schizophrenia.

Emotion deficits in schizophrenia have been described since the time of Kraepelin. However, no comprehensive review of clinical emotion studies has ever been conducted. In this work, studies that used diagnostic criteria and were published in English were selected from an extensive PubMed search. Fifty-five studies on emotion expression repeatedly showed that individuals with schizophrenia (IWSs) display fewer overt expressions than nonpatient comparison subjects (NCSs) in verbal, facial, and acoustic channels. No clear differences were found between IWSs and depressed subjects. Sixty-nine studies examined emotion experience in schizophrenia. IWSs report higher anhedonia, and they tend to show more negative emotions in real-life event studies. In evocative studies, they report a similar degree of pleasantness and a similar or higher degree of unpleasantness. From 110 studies, it can be concluded that emotion recognition is impaired in schizophrenia in all channels. These deficits in social perception are correlated with neurocognitive deficits and some social skills. IWSs show dysfunction in the three domains of emotion expression, emotion experience, and emotion recognition, and these dysfunctions appear to be independent of each other across domains. These deficits in basic emotion processing may be linked to psychopathology and functional outcomes.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1996

Eliciting facial affect, motivation, and expectancies in transference: significant-other representations in social relations.

Recent research has demonstrated transference in social perception, defined in terms of memory and schema-triggered evaluation in relation to a new person (S. M. Andersen & A. B. Baum, 1994; S. M. Andersen & S. W. Cole, 1990; S. M. Andersen, N. S. Glassman, S. Chen, & S. W. Cole, 1995). The authors examined schema-triggered facial affect in transference, along with motivations and expectancies. In a nomothetic experimental design, participants encountered stimulus descriptors of a new target person that were derived either from their own idiographic descriptions of a positively toned or a negatively toned significant other or from a yoked control participant's descriptors. Equal numbers of positive and negative target descriptors were presented, regardless of the overall tone of the representation. The results verified the memory effect and schema-triggered evaluation in transference, on the basis of significant-other resemblance in the target person. Of importance, participants' nonverbal expression of facial affect when learning about the target person (i.e., at encoding) reflected the overall tone of their significant-other representation under the condition of significant-other resemblance, providing strong support for schema-triggered affect in transference, through the use of this unobtrusive, nonverbal measure. Parallel effects on interpersonal closeness motivation and expectancies for acceptance/rejection in transference also emerged.

Affect↗
PubMed2005

Psychosocial effect of mastectomy versus conservative surgery in patients with early breast cancer.

PURPOSE: To compare the quality-of-life (QoL) and psychosocial changes in a group of patients with early breast cancer who underwent conservative surgery (BCS) or modified radical mastectomy(MRM). METHODS: Self-administered questionnaire assessing body image perception, social habits, sexual attraction and self-consciousness with relatives/friends, was randomly assigned to 125 patients (61 BCS, 64 MRM; aged 53 +/- 8 and 50 + 9 years, respectively, p = NS). RESULTS: MRM patients reported a significantly higher frequency of changes in body image perception and other related social behaviour such as avoiding going to the beach or using low-cut clothes, and reticence with friends. Conversely, no differences were found regarding sexuality, denial of the disease by the husband/partner, or concealing the disease from family members. Also, no significant differences were found between patients above and below the age of 50 years, for all variables studied after adjustment for surgical procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Modified radical mastectomy has a negative effect on body image perception and in social behaviour patterns of patients and with a concomitant decrease in QoL. The sexuality of the patient is not significantly affected.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Mediators of neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation and quality of life.

OBJECTIVE: We examined associations between neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation and health-related quality of life, and estimated the mediating effects of individual-level lifestyle, housing, and perception of the neighbourhood environment. METHODS: Two different data sources were used: 1) neighbourhood- level objective socioeconomic indicators, and 2) individual-level questionnaires from a community survey (response rate: 48%) to assess quality of life, neighbourhood perceptions, housing variables, and lifestyle. Multilevel analyses were conducted using both neighbourhood-level and individual-level data. RESULTS: Neighbourhood-level socioeconomic deprivation was associated with two aspects of individual-level quality of life: mental health and perceived health. Individual-level neighbourhood perceptions regarding social cohesion mediated these associations. Lifestyle also had mediating effects. CONCLUSION: Neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation variables may impact on the individual through cognitive mechanisms that are associated with appraisal of the wider social environment.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Veganism as status passage: the process of becoming a vegan among youths in Sweden.

In a town in northern Sweden, 3.3% of the 15-year-old adolescents were vegans in 1996. This study describes the process of becoming a vegan among adolescents and interprets the informants' descriptions by constructing categories, which later on were related to relevant theories. Group interviews were conducted with three vegans and in-depth interviews were performed with three other vegan adolescents. The methodology was grounded theory and the adolescents' perceptions were analyzed in the framework of symbolic interactionism. Three types of vegans were identified: the Conformed Vegan, the Organized Vegan, and the Individualistic Vegan. The decision to become a vegan was reported to be influenced by perceived internal reasons such as ethics, health, distaste for meat, and preference for vegetarian food. In addition, friends, family, school, media, and music influenced the decision to become a vegan. The perceived consequences of becoming a vegan were positive as well as negative and differed between the three types of vegans. Veganism as a new type of status passage with specific characteristics was illustrated. No modifications or new properties were discovered that add to the theory of status passage which indicates that the general model is applicable also in a vegan context.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Women's perception of changes in the social network after a spinal cord injury.

PURPOSE: To describe how women with a spinal cord injury (SCI) perceived changes in the social network, and how these changes affected their ability to participate in occupation. METHOD: Thirteen women, aged 25 to 61 years, with a SCI were interviewed twice. The interviews focused on their ability to participate in occupation, their relations with individuals within the social network, and changes in the social network following the SCI. The analysis was carried out using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: The women described an emotional need for social support after the SCI to participate in occupation. This was a new experience that required time to adapt to. The women also described a need for practical social support from the social network members to manage meaningful occupation. After the SCI, the women had developed new habits through close cooperation with members in the social network. The women felt that they had become more responsible for the development of their relations. Many relations had improved after the SCI, while some had decreased. The women had also developed new relations with other persons with disabilities. CONCLUSIONS: The women perceived substantial changes in the social network following the SCI, which in several ways affected their ability to participate in occupation. To adapt to their new life situation, the women gradually developed different strategies. The results point out the need to identify persons in the social network that women with SCI develop relations with, and integrate them in the rehabilitation process.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Individual predictors of posttraumatic distress: a structural equation model.

OBJECTIVE: Recent research has called into question the "dose-effect" model of understanding response to trauma and has turned attention to the contribution of personality and environmental factors. This research seeks to model the interrelation of relational capacity (a component of personality), perceptions of social support, and posttraumatic distress. METHOD: A group of firefighters (n = 164) completed questionnaires that addressed exposure to traumatic events, social support, current level of distress, and relational capacity. Structural equation modelling was used to develop a framework for understanding traumatic reactions. RESULTS: The overall fit of the hypothesized model was excellent. Relational capacity had a significant negative effect on support, indicating that perceived social support decreased as disturbances in relational capacity increased. Perceived social support had a significant negative effect on level of distress. CONCLUSION: While some emotional response to disturbing events may be normal, the severity of symptoms covaries with the ability of the individual to develop and sustain supportive relationships to buffer the impact of events.

Adolescent↗