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The communicative function hypothesis: an operant behavior perspective.
The suggestion that all problem behaviors may serve a communicative function is explored from an operant perspective. An analysis of the environmental functions of operant behavior involves an understanding of two sets of relations: (1) two types of reinforcement contingencies (positive and negative) and (2) two types of operant behaviors (verbal and non-verbal). Such an operant analysis reveals that not all problem behaviors may currently serve a communicative function. However, often an alternate replacement behavior can be developed that would achieve the same environmental effect as the problem behavior through social mediation and thereby be communicative in nature. A theoretical classification system for identifying the type of function a problem behavior may serve is advanced. Implications for prescribing behavioral treatments based on this model are presented.
Social skill assessment and training for children: an evaluative review.
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Overnight "guesting" of day hospital patients.
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Antisocial behavior of the elderly.
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Creating a healthy institutional environment for the elderly via behavior management: The nurse as a change agent.
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Amygdalectomy in the free-ranging vervet (Cercopithecus aethiops).
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Involvement of the pituitary-adrenal axis in socio-behavioral disturbances after short-term isolation.
Short-term social isolation increased socio-explorative behavior of pairs of adult male Wistar rats. Hypophysectomy or adrenomedullectomy did not prevent this increase in social behavior. No differences between 7-day isolated (I) and non-isolated (socially housed, S) animals were observed in basal plasma corticosterone levels and these levels increased to the same level in I- and S-rats during individual exposure to the observation cage. The increase in corticosterone levels found immediately after the social interaction test was higher in I- than in S-rats. When I- and S-rats were tested together, a negative correlation was present between plasma-corticosterone levels and frequencies of social interactions. Blood pressure and heart rate were not affected by the isolation procedure. ACTH1-24 (5 micrograms/100 g) did not affect the frequencies of social interactions, neither in I- nor in S-rats. Although a role for corticosterone in "basal" social behavior could not be excluded, it seems that pituitary-adrenal hormones are not important for the development and expression of socio-behavioral disturbances due to short-term isolation.
Ilness: deviant behaviour or conformity.
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Medical and social work students perceptions of deviant conditions and sick role incumbency.
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Construct validity of two tests of social cognition in schizophrenia.
The construct validity was examined of two measures of social cognition in schizophrenia: (1) a measure of differential deficit in concrete versus abstract social cue perception and (2) a measure of differential deficit in concrete versus abstract situational feature recognition. A significant relationship between the two difference scores would be expected if both measured differential cognition of abstract and concrete social information. This correlation would be expected to remain significant even after the influence of a generalized deficit in social cognition was partialed out. Twenty-three subjects with DSM-III-R diagnoses of schizophrenia completed a videotaped measure of social cue perception and a pencil-and-paper measure of situational feature recognition. Results showed that standardized residual scores representing the difference in abstract and concrete cue perception and representing the difference in abstract and concrete situational feature recognition were significantly associated. Implications of these strategies for understanding and remediating the social cognitive deficits of schizophrenia are discussed.
An economic analysis of the resettlement of people with mild learning disabilities and challenging behaviour.
New models of care are needed following the closure of long-stay mental handicap hospitals. Based on an evaluation of a recently established assessment and treatment service in south-east England, this paper is concerned with the costs and likely benefits of different patterns of services for people with mild learning disabilities and severely challenging behaviour. Different models of provision are compared in terms of their costs and quality of life opportunities for clients. The assessment and treatment services provided a better understanding of the care needs, and achieved a reduction in challenging behaviours. It was therefore possible to give access to care settings closer to a normal life. For approximately 25% additional expenditure, 20 out of 34 clients who received the service moved to community placements, including three who had been referred following a breakdown in the community. If community care is to be implemented as a policy for clients with learning disabilities and serious challenging behaviours, it is necessary to recognise the financial implications. Better quality of life opportunities for this client group are associated with higher costs. When seen in the dynamic context of the costs and quality of life opportunities of the subsequent care, a high cost assessment and treatment service may be a good investment. On current evidence, the additional benefits of community homes, with a closer association with the local community, and greater freedom for clients is bought only at quite a high cost.
The ethics of intervention: informed consent in a drinking driver intervention program.
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Components of personal competence and community integration for persons with mental retardation in small residential programs.
This study identifies components of personal competence and community adjustment in a national sample of persons with mental retardation living in residential facilities of six or fewer residents. Factor analysis of 65 variables yielded an 8 principal component solution that accounted for approximately half the total variance in the observed variables (49%). The eight identified components of personal competence and community adjustment were labeled (1) Self Care and Functional Personal Living Skills, (2) Community Living Skills, (3) Home Living Skills, (4) Problem Behavior, (5) Community Training Goals and Objectives, (6) Recreation/Leisure Activity, (7) Family Contact/Relationships, and (8) Community Assimilation and Acceptance. The implications of reducing potentially hundreds of indicators of personal competence and community adjustment into relatively few broad internally consistent composite constructs are discussed.
Specialized group homes for persons with severe or profound mental retardation and serious problem behaviour in England.
Thirteen people with severe or profound mental retardation identified by their local service agencies as presenting the most serious problem behaviour were transferred from institutional care to specialized group homes. A multiple time-series design and direct observation were used to evaluate whether there was any change in their level of participation in meaningful activity; social interaction and problem behaviour were also observed. Participation increased significantly on transfer and included a wider range of activities. The majority of participants did not increase their major problem behaviour. The results support the view that individualised community-based placements can replace institutions for this group of clients.
Perceived academic performance and alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use: longitudinal relationships in young community adolescents.
OBJECTIVE: To study longitudinal relationships between perception of academic performance (PAP) and alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use at age 13 and 15 years. METHOD: Self-report data from students in 27 schools in South Australia (n=1579) was analysed with ANCOVA and logistic regression, controlling for confounding factors (socio-demographic, parenting, depressive symptoms, anxiety, self-esteem, antisocial behaviour). RESULTS: Persistent or increasing perception of academic 'failure' (self-rated failing or below average performance), compared to improving or stable perception of average (or above) performance, from age 13 to 15 years, predicts more than weekly alcohol and tobacco use at age 15 (3- to 4-fold risks), in addition to increased risks from early substance use (e.g., 12- to 15-fold for triple combinations), controlling for confounders. Increased risks for more than weekly marijuana use at age 15 are 3-fold in those with increasing perception of failure; though relationships are fully mediated by antisocial behaviour in those with persistent perceptions of failure. CONCLUSION: Interventions to maintain or improve academic self-esteem in early adolescence may reduce risks for accelerating substance use in mid-adolescence.
Isolation and the stress of being bullied.
Approximately one-third of children report being victims of bullying, and this victimization has been linked to a number of negative psychological outcomes. In the present study, we examined the effects of perceived isolation on the link between victimization before and during high school and stress symptoms during college. Consistent with our predictions, victimization appears to do the most damage to those who felt isolated during high school. These results suggest that schools should reframe their approach to the bullying problem, and devote more resources to helping students feel less isolated.
Caring for patients with dementia in an acute care environment.
Although hospital nurses are skilled in meeting the acute health needs of the elderly, they may not have the expertise required to manage the behavioral disturbances typically seen in this population. Using the Progressively Lowered Stress Threshold Model (PLST), this article helps identify factors that may precipitate undesirable behaviors in the acute care setting and suggests strategies to help nurses prevent or control them.