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PubMed1981

[Pseudospontaneous movements in patients with petit-mal seizures (author's transl)].

The videotape analysis showed in 26 patients (42% of the investigated patients) ictal motor phenomena which, in the routine clinical examination, could be easily misinterpreted as voluntary spontaneous movements of nervous tics. Such pseudospontaneous movements are differentiated according to the composition of the fundamental movement program into elementary, complex, and scenic seizure phenomena. Moreover, the videotape analysis reveals that pseudospontaneous movements occur in the same patient during petit mal seizures with characteristic EEG changes, as well as during intervals without recognizable EEG changes. It is therefore assumed that small "masked" motor seizures occur more often than conventional EEG methods would suggest. Minimal pseudospontaneous movements are integrated so well into the course of voluntary motor behavior that they are often only detected by a subtle investigate technique (SDA) as an indication of an organic-functional brain disturbance. The occurrence of some pseudospontaneous movements during petit mal seizures appears to be caused by paroxysmal participation of extrapyramidal systems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Adaptive changes in postural strategy selection in chronic low back pain.

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients achieve postural stability during challenging stance conditions by increasing sway speed. We investigated the mechanisms underlying this behavior, and whether postural strategy selection may be influenced by short-term experience of postural perturbation. Thirteen CLBP patients and thirteen age-matched controls underwent posturography tests. Subjects were asked to stand quietly: (a) with eyes open and eyes closed, and (b) while expecting a series of four backward translations of the support surface. Data from condition (a) was subjected to sway density analysis (SDA). This computes the number of consecutive spaces and respectively time samples during which center of pressure (COP) displacements remained inside a 2.5 mm radius. Three parameters of this analysis were considered: the mean number of peaks (MP), reflecting the time spent by COP in regions of stability, the mean time between peaks (MT) relating to the rate of production of posturographic commands, and the mean spatial distance (MD), reflecting the distance between stable regions. In condition (b) the mean COP positions were analyzed during the time (500 ms) preceding each translation. The MD was significantly increased in the CLBP group as compared to controls (P < 0.01), while the MP and MT did not present any significant difference. The expectation of backward translations initially produced a different COP positioning between the two groups (P < 0.0001) which decreased with repetition of platform translations (controls: PDelta1-4 < 0.002; patients: PDelta1-4 < 0.005). The findings show that the timing and the rate of the balance motor commands is comparable between the two groups. On the other hand, there is greater distance between regions of stability in the patient group. Such modification of motor control patterns might be the consequence of a reweighting of sensory input, possibly due to a deterioration of its reliability. Platform translation findings show that both groups aimed at optimizing their posture selection strategy based on prior testing experience. CLBP patients make use of a different postural motor strategy to maintain quiet stance. This is probably the consequence of an imprecise internal estimate of body sway, due to reduced accuracy in the sensory integration process.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Mutagenesis studies on the N-terminus and Thr54 of Naja naja atra (Taiwan cobra) chymotrypsin inhibitor.

Ala-screening mutagenesis studies on Arg1, Pro2, Arg3, Phe4 and Thr54 of Naja naja atra (Taiwan cobra) chymotrypsin inhibitor showed that inhibitory potency and gross conformation of the mutants were not significantly different from those of wild-type inhibitor. Nevertheless, the R1A mutant had an appreciable decrease in the structural stability underlying thermal unfolding and urea-induced denaturation. Alternatively, deleting the first three residues at the N-terminus caused a reduction in structural stability as well as inhibitory potency. In sharp contrast to wild-type and other mutated inhibitors, R1A mutant and truncated mutant completely lost their inhibitory activity when the inhibitors were incubated with chymotrypsin for periods of up to 3 h. The loss of activity correlated with chymotryptic cleavage of inhibitors as evidenced by SDA-PAGE. Taken together, these results reflect that the globally structural rigidity of N. naja atra chymotrypsin inhibitor functionally affects the sustainable period in inhibiting chymotrypsin activity, and that the intact N-terminus might contribute to this event.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of dermatomycoses in Lanzhou district of northwestern China.

The skin mycoses, perticularly dermatophytoses, in Lanzhou district, Northwestern China, was investigated during July 2002-June 2003. The specimens from patients suspected of having dermatomycoses were examined microscopically in KOH preparations and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). Among 1443 suspected cases, 594 were KOH positive and 221 cultures of fungi were isolated. The most frequently isolated fungi were Trichophyton rubrum (43.9%) Trichophyton mentagrophytes (29.4%) and Candida species (14.0%). The frequency of tinea pedis, onychomycosis and tinea manuum were 38.7, 27.8 and 13.5%, respectively. In Lanzhou district, tinea pedis is the most commonly seen dermatophytoses, and T. rubrum is the most frequent etiologic agent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Activation of mesocortical dopaminergic system in the rat in response to neonatal medial prefrontal cortex lesions. Concurrence with functional sparing.

Neonatal lesions of the medial part of the rat prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (performed at the age of 6 days) resulted in a sparing in the performance of spatial delayed alternation (SDA) and an increase in dopaminergic (DA) innervation. The increased DA innervation was primarily observed in the remaining part of the mPFC. The DA fibre density was considerably higher in the non-ablated part of the mPFC, and the fibres were thicker with more large varicosities compared with sham-operated controls. Biochemical measurements showed a 3.5-fold increase in DA concentration in the remaining part of the mPFC of the animals with neonatal lesions when compared with the mPFC of sham-operated animals. In addition the DA metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were increased. The metabolite/transmitter ratios, indicating DA utilisation, did not significantly differ from controls. The increased DA innervation and the increased concentration of DA and its metabolites in the animals with neonatal lesions further support our hypothesis that the mesocortical DA system is involved in the neural mechanism of sparing of function observed after neonatal mPFC lesions. However, sparing of function in animals with no discernable mPFC forces us to conclude that this DA response cannot be the only factor involved in the mechanism of sparing of function.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The interaction of bilingualism and stuttering in an adult.

The relation between bilingualism and stuttering was examined in a bilingual adult who stutters. Language ability in English and Afrikaans was assessed through the use of cloze and language proficiency tests. Anticipation, adaptation and consistency of stuttering were investigated. Frequency, distribution and nature of disfluencies on narrative and procedural tasks were analyzed according to a modified version of the Systematic Disfluency Analysis (SDA) (Campbell & Hill, 1987). Results indicated that language ability influenced frequency, distribution and nature of disfluencies. The subject was more proficient and stuttered less in his predominant language. Implications for the interaction of language and stuttering were discussed. Clinical strategies for dealing with bilingual stutterers were considered.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

Glycogen synthesis versus lipogenesis after a 500 gram carbohydrate meal in man.

The respiratory exchange and urinary nitrogen excretion of 6 healthy male subjects (age 21 +/- 1 yr; body weight 70 +/- 2 kg; means +/- SD) were followed for 10 hr after ingestion of a large amount of carbohydrates (CHO) in the form of bread, jam, and fruit juice, equivalent to 479 g of starch. Peak values for blood glucose (6.6 +/- 0.6 mM; mean +/- SEM) and plasma insulin (139 +/- 26 microU/ml) were reached after 90 min at which time the nonprotein respiratory quotient (NP-RQ) had risen to 0.97. During the next 8 hr glucose levels remained near 5.5 mM while insulin declined gradually to 22 +/- 7 microU/ml. The average NP-RQ remained in the range of 0.91 to 0.98, though individual values exceeding 1.0 for very short periods were observed. The increase in energy expenditure above basal rates corresponded to a specific dynamic action (SDA) of 5.9 +/- 0.6%. Assuming the CHO load to be completely absorbed after 5 hr, and allowing for glucose oxidation calculated from the gas exchange data, the glycogen content of the subject's body tissue had then increased by 408 +/- 19 g. During the 10 hr after the meal, 133 g CHO, 17 g fat and 29 g protein were oxidized, providing respectively 66%, 19% and 15% of caloric expenditure, and leaving a gain in glycogen stores estimated at 346 +/- 12 g. The data imply that: (1) The capacity for glycogen storage in man in larger than generally believed, and (2) Fat synthesis from CHO will not exceed fat oxidation after one high-carbohydrate meal, even if it is uncommonly large. When a single high-carbohydrate meal is consumed, dietary CHO merely has the effect of reducing the rate of fat oxidation. These findings challenge the common perception that conversion of CHO to fat is an important pathway for the retention of dietary energy and for the accumulation of body fat.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Development and optimization of plaque assays for rat coronaviruses.

Plaque assays under Sephadex or agarose overlays are described for rat coronaviruses (RCVs) grown in L2 mouse fibroblasts. A plaque assay using Sephadex was simple; however, viable plaques could not be collected for propagation, and fixation was necessary before evaluation. Plaque formation under agarose was optimized using diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-D) in the pre-treatment and absorption media and trypsin added to the absorption media and agarose overlay. The use of DEAE-D alone, trypsin alone or trypsin combined with DEAE-D significantly increased plaque numbers and visibility. Plaque numbers were highest when pre-treatment media contained DEAE-D, absorption media contained DEAE-D and trypsin, and the agarose overlay contained trypsin. The assay was useful for plaque isolation and quantification of sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDA), Parker's rat coronavirus (PRCV) and other coronavirus isolates from rats and its specificity was demonstrated by plaque-reduction neutralization testing. These methods will facilitate production of cloned virus stocks for study of RCV biology and virus quantification for in vitro and in vivo studies of RCVs.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Metabolic utilization of diets by polyploid rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

1. Nitrogen (NH4) excretion and oxygen consumption were measured in four groups of juvenile rainbow trout (36-40 g): triploids obtained by a heat shock treatment (3n); triploids obtained by mating diploid females with tetraploid males (3n/4n); tetraploids (4n) and a diploid control (2n). 2. No differences in daily N excretion patterns and in N excretion rate measured as a percentage of N intake were detected between groups. 3. Oxygen consumption of the 2n group was significantly inferior to that of the 3n and 4n groups but not to the 3n/4n group. 4. SDA, specific dynamic action (measured as a percentage of the energy intake), ranged from 5.6 to 8.6% and was not different between groups. 5. Protein energy catabolism measured as per cent of total energy expenditure was significantly higher in the 2n group than in polyploid groups.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1996

Healthy volunteer effect in a cohort study: temporal resolution in the Adventist Health Study.

The healthy volunteer effect was studied by comparing 6 years of mortality data for 31,124 participants from the Adventist Health Study (AHS) who responded to both a relatively brief census questionnaire (CQ) in 1974 and a detailed life-style questionnaire (LQ) in 1976 (responders), to mortality data for 8,762 individuals who did not respond to the second questionnaire. The rate ratio (RR) comparing LQ nonresponders to responders for all cause mortality decreased from 2.5 (2.2-2.9) in 1977 to 1.4 (1.2-1.7) in 1982 (p for trend = 0.02); for ischemic heart disease mortality from 2.3 (1.8-3.0) to 1.3 (1.0-1.7); and for all sites cancer mortality from 1.8 (1.3-2.5) to 1.5 (1.1-2.0). The death rate decreased markedly among nonresponders and increased slightly among responders during the study. Similar results were seen for age and gender subgroups. Multivariate analysis controlling for confounding variables confirms these results, except that the apparent effect of education is probably due to effect modification by age. The RR decreased to about one after 3 years of follow-up in young subjects but remained elevated (> 2) in older subjects. Available sociodemographic information reveals that a higher proportion of responders are married, have college education, are SDA church members, and use medical services less than nonresponders during the previous year. Because the risk remains elevated at the end of the study in some but not all subgroups, it seems reasonable that the elevated risk in nonresponders may be due in part to a less healthy life style and in part to exclusion of individuals who did not feel well during enrollment. The results suggest that for internal comparisons no bias is likely to occur; but descriptive statistics for certain subgroup comparisons, and external comparisons, may be biased by the healthy volunteer effect.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Structure-activity relationship study of flavone compounds with anti-HIV-1 integrase activity: a density functional theory study.

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 integrase (HIV-1 IN) is an essential enzyme for effective viral replication. Flavone compounds have been very much studied due to their activity during the inhibition process of HIV-1 IN. In this study, we employed density functional theory (DFT) using the B3LYP hybrid functional to calculate a set of molecular properties for 32 flavonoid compounds with anti-HIV-1 IN activity. The stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA), principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) methods were employed to reduce dimensionality and investigate possible relationship between the calculated properties and the anti-HIV-1 IN activity. These analyses showed that the molecular hydrophobicity (ClogP), charge on atom 11 and electrophilic index (omega) are responsible for the separation between anti-HIV-1 IN active and inactive compounds.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMed2005

Interactions between bacteria and Candida in the burn wound.

In order to understand whether the presence of some bacterial species affects the growth of Candida sp. in the wounds of burn patients, we have studied the effect of various bacterial species, collected from burn wounds on the growth of Candida sp. on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) slants. A total of 300 burn patient samples were analyzed over a period of 2 years. Results of this analysis revealed that Pseudomonas sp. when present alone or in combination with other bacterial species invariably inhibited Candida sp. growth. Thus, we conclude that the absence of Candida sp. in burn wounds, where Pseudomonas sp. is present, is due to the inhibition of Candida growth by this bacterial species.

Antibiosis↗
PubMed2005

Biochemical composition of algivorous freshwater ciliates: you are not what you eat.

The focus of our study was to determine whether the biochemical composition of two algivorous ciliates, both fed the same alga, resembles that of their diet. By comparing both ciliated protozoa we intended to identify species-specific differences in the metabolic features of these ciliates. Carbon- and cell-specific concentrations of fatty acids and essential amino acids were investigated for the ciliates Balanion planctonicum and Urotricha farcta grown on the cryptomonad Cryptomonas phaseolus. Stepwise discriminant analyses (SDA) indicated differences in the biochemical composition between ciliates and their diet and between the two ciliated protozoa. Carbon-specific fatty acid concentrations were usually higher in the ciliates than in their diet, especially concentrations of monounsaturated and some polyunsaturated fatty acids. Except for tryptophan, valine, and lysine, amino acid concentrations were higher in the ciliates than in C. phaseolus. Furthermore, differences in the polyunsaturated fatty acids accounted for the largest discrepancies between the two ciliated protozoa. The higher concentrations in the ciliates compared to their diet suggest that these species are capable of efficiently ingesting, assimilating or possibly synthesizing some fatty acids and amino acids. We conclude that dietary fatty acid and amino acid composition influences the composition of the two ciliated protozoa to a minor extent, and that species-specific differences in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism may be more important determinants of the biochemical composition of the studied ciliates. Moreover, the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids seems to differ more profoundly between the two ciliated protozoa than the metabolism of other fatty acid classes or amino acids.

Amino Acids, Essential↗
PubMed2005

Nutrition influences growth and virulence of the insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae.

Nutrition influenced growth, sporulation and virulence of the insect pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae. Virulent conidia were produced on susceptible insect hosts, 1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, osmotic stress medium (OSM) and CN 10:1 medium. Several strain independent markers were identified that could be used to predict the virulence of M. anisopliae conidia. Virulent conidia typically had high levels of spore bound Pr1, an important cuticle degrading protease, and high germination rates. We also show for the first time that virulent conidia have an endogenous CN ratio below 5.2:1. Real Time PCR revealed that virulent conidia from insects contained significantly higher levels of transcripts of pr1 A and other pathogenicity-related genes than inoculum from artificial media. Of the artificial media studied, 1% yeast extract medium yielded the most virulent conidia, these had higher levels of transcripts of these pathogenicity-related genes than the least virulent conidia from the high conidia yielding CN 35:1 medium (=SDA), however, the levels were significantly lower than those in insect-derived conidia. Our study shows for the first time that the passaged inoculum is virulent irrespective of the original culture medium or insect host. Virulent conidia were consistently produced on OSM even though growth and sporulation were poor. We postulate that starvation conditions, whether in vivo or in vitro, results in de-repression of Pr1 and that elevated levels of this enzyme enhance fungal virulence.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Antidermatophytic activity of extracts from Psoralea corylifolia (Fabaceae) correlated with the presence of a flavonoid compound.

Extracts obtained from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia showed several degrees of antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum and Microsporum gypseum by the disc diffusion method on a Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) medium. Methanol extract of the seeds at 250 microg exhibited the maximum inhibition with a halo of 28 mm diameter. Six different bands were obtained when the methanol extract was subjected to TLC. 13C NMR and Mass spectra revealed that the active compound would be a flavonoid, 4'-methoxy flavone. MIC of the active compound along with standard miconazole was carried out using tube dilution technique.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2005

Rapid and reliable determination of illegal adulterant in herbal medicines and dietary supplements by LC/MS/MS.

In recent years, dietary supplements and herbal medicines are increasing in popularity all over the world. However, it is problematic that some manufacturers illegally included synthetic drugs in their products. Due to the extremely complex matrices of those products, most existing methods for screening illegal adulterations are time-consuming and liable to false positive. In this paper, a robust LC/MS/MS method for the high-throughput, sensitive and reliable determination of illegal adulterations from herbal medicines and dietary supplements was established. Minimal LC separation was employed and MRM was used to simultaneously monitor the three transitions under their respective optimal collision energy for each compound. Positive results were determined only if well-defined peaks appeared at all of the three transitions and the ratios among the peak areas were within given threshold. In this study, the method had been applied for the screening of nine most commonly adulterated therapeutic substances, such as sildenafil (Viagra) and famotidine, and the lower limits of detection of these compounds ranged from 0.05 to 1.5 ng/ml. Little sample preparation was needed for this method and the analysis time was less than 5 min/sample. The reliability has been demonstrated by the test with blank matrix. Over 200 products that were under suspicion by SDA of China had been assayed and till now no false negative or positive result was found. This method is rapid, simple, reliable and capable of screening multiple adulterants in one run.

Capsules↗
PubMed2004

Effects of serotonin-dopamine antagonists on prepulse inhibition and neurotransmitter contents in the rat cortex.

Perospirone is a serotonin-dopamine antagonist (SDA) recently developed in Japan as an atypical antipsychotic to be used in the treatment of schizophrenia. The amines and amino acids in the cortex are assumed to play an important role in the cognitive dysfunction of schizophrenia. To investigate the acute effect of perospirone on cognition, we compared perospirone to risperidone and haloperidol by assessing their influence on prepulse inhibition (PPI). Moreover, we studied the effects of these drugs on amine and amino acid contents in the rat cortex. Perospirone had a significant influence: PPI, dopamine turnover and glycine contents increased statistically and serotonin decreased statistically in comparison to control levels. Our results suggest that, of the three antipsychotic drugs, only perospirone promotes cognition, and this ability is associated with increase in dopamine turnover, reduction in serotonin turnover and increase in glycine contents.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The shortened dental arch: a review of the literature.

The functional demands of patients are highly variable and individual, requiring dental treatment to be tailored to the individual's needs and adaptive capability. The World Health Organization indicates that a functional, esthetic, natural dentition has at least 20 teeth, while the literature indicates that dental arches comprising the anterior and premolar regions meet the requirements of a functional dentition. The English-language peer-reviewed literature pertaining to the short dental arch (SDA) was identified through the Medline search engine covering the period between 1966 and the present and critically reviewed. This treatment option for the partially dentate patient may provide oral functionality, improved oral hygiene, comfort, and, possibly, reduced costs.

Dental Arch↗