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PubMed1980

Morphometric study of the effects of insulin on the rat submandibular gland.

After administration of an overdose of insulin, the following effects on the rat submandibular gland were observed: increased gland weight and acinar cell size, with increased cytoplasmic acidophilia and a larger number of secretory granules. The granular ducts showed higher cells and increased nuclear volume. The above data were confirmed by morphometric techniques. The total protein values for the submandibular gland were higher in rats 30 and 60 minutes after insulin overdose, when compared with those for control rats. Administration of an overdose of insulin caused a lowering of the glycemic level during the entire experimental period.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Blood flow of the right and left submandibular gland during unilateral carotid artery occlusion in rat: role of nitric oxide.

UNLABELLED: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of unilateral carotid artery occlusion on the blood flow of submandibular gland in anesthetized rats and identify the role of nitric oxide (NO) in blood flow changes after the artery occlusion. L-NAME (N omega-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester; 10 mg/kg/day, per os) dissolved in tap water was used to block nitric oxide synthase. Glandular blood flow was measured using Sapirstein's indicator (86Rb) distribution technique. In the control animals the blood flow of left (ligated side) submandibular gland was lower than in the right (unligated side) one (right: 76.4+/-15.4 ml/min/100 g, 64.1+/-13.4 ml/min/100 g, p<0.01). The blood flow of submandibular glands decreased in NOS blocked group versus control. The vascular resistance after L-NAME treatment was elevated (control: 11+/-2.3 R/kg, L-NAME: 17.5+/-4.1 R/kg, p<0.001). In L-NAME group the difference between blood flow value of the left and right submandibular gland was significantly lower than in the control group (control: -16%, NAME: -8%, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The maintenance of the blood flow in the left submandibular gland during ligation of the left common carotid artery could be due to the good vascular anastomotic system at these regions and adaptation of the submandibular vessels to the decreased perfusion pressure. Nitric oxide may have a role in the regulation of blood flow tinder this condition.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

"Paralytic' secretion after parasympathectomy of rabbit submandibular glands includes a cholinergic component.

Chronic parasympathetic decentralization of submandibular glands in rabbits has been studied after 3 weeks, in acute experiments under urethane anaesthesia. A "paralytic' secretion occurred from the supersensitive denervated glands and it was not attributable to an increase in the "spontaneous' flow, that is present in normal glands. The "paralytic' secretion was completely inhibited by atropine, after which a "spontaneous' flow, that was similar to the contralateral glands, persisted. The alpha-adrenergic blocker dihydroergotamine, when given before atropine, reduced the "paralytic' secretion by 50-75% but when this drug was given after atropine it had no additional effect. The beta-adrenergic blocker propanolol did not cause a reduction in the "paralytic' secretion. Superior cervical ganglionectomy, in contrast, did not give rise to a significant "paralytic' flow. The results suggest that acetylcholine, released spontaneously from terminals of postganglionic parasympathetic nerves, plays an essential part in the "paralytic' secretion that occurs from rabbit submandibular glands after preganglionic denervation. Circulating catecholamines make a secondary contribution, acting synergistically with the acetylcholine on the supersensitive secretory cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The use of sialodochoplasty in the treatment of benign inflammatory obstructive submandibular gland disease.

One of the most common causes of submandibular gland enlargement is benign inflammatory disease. The usual cause is ductal outflow obstruction due to either a calculus or stenosis allowing stasis and retrograde movement of the saliva into the acinar structures leading to an inflammatory response and gland enlargement. Faced with a submandibular mass, a work-up that will rule out neoplastic causes of submandibular enlargement is instituted. This includes clinical assessment, probing of the gland, radiocontrast sialography, and CT scanning. The treatment should reflect the obstructive nature of the disease. Plastic reconstruction of the duct allows the removal of calculi, shortening of the duct, and enlargement of the outflow opening preventing recurrence and allowing healing of the gland. The procedure is performed intraorally as an outpatient, does not disrupt oral functioning, or subject the patient to the risks of gland removal or loss of that organ's function. Our experience with 27 patients over a 7-year period is presented with a detailed description of the technique and an analysis of the results. The procedure was successful in 22 of the 27 patients.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1987

Immunohistochemical detection of human epidermal growth factor in submandibular glands and their tumors using a polyclonal antiserum and a monoclonal antibody.

We applied immunohistochemical procedures to detect hEGF in salivary glands and pleomorphic adenomas of salivary-gland origin using a polyclonal hEGF antiserum and a monoclonal antibody against hEGF synthesized by applying the synthetic gene technique using Escherichia coli. In normal salivary glands, hEGF was mainly localized in the ductal system (i.e., intercalated, striated, and excretory ducts). The staining intensity and intracellular localization exhibited some variation depending on the fixative used. When a polyclonal hEGF antiserum was used for immunostaining, slight background staining was observed in sections prepared using the fixatives tested. Therefore, precise localization of hEGF was obtainable only in formalin-fixed sections using the monoclonal antibody against hEGF. In pleomorphic adenomas, positive hEGF staining was seen on the luminal side of tumors and in cells of ductal origin; no reactivity was present on the outer side of tumors or in cells of myoepithelial origin. Occasionally, long, spindle-shaped tumor cells and chondroidally changed tumor cells also exhibited positive staining for hEGF.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1985

[Sialochemical and morphology studies of the submandibular gland of the diabetic patient--a contribution to diabetic sialadenosis].

Sixty-four sialochemical and six morphological examinations were carried out on diabetics with swollen glandula submaxillaris. The significant decrease of the sodium content, the significant increase of potassium content as well as the significantly decreased amylase content of submaxillary saliva speak for diabetogenous sialadenosis. The microscopical and ultramicroscopical findings in needle biopsies confirm the morphological pattern of sialadenosis in the diabetic submaxillary gland.

Amylases↗
PubMed2004

A quantitative study of nerve fiber density in the submandibular gland of rats.

The route and three dimensional distribution of nerve terminals in the submandibular gland were investigated in rats using immunohistochemistry for the protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, as a marker of neuronal elements. Thick fiber bundles were found along the wall of the excretory duct. Many fine fibers from these thick bundles were distributed each lobule of the submandibular gland. A large number of single fibers terminated in the area around the striated, intercalated ducts and the acini. The densities of PGP 9.5 immunoreactive terminals were measured by a computer aided analysis system in the three areas: the striated duct, the intercalated duct, and the acini, whose densities (microm/microm2) were 0.23, 0.39 and 0.05 respectively. The relatively high density of nerve terminals in the intercalated duct suggests that the duct system probably plays an unexpectedly important role in the functional aspects.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Immunochemical analysis of laminin in duct-ligated submandibular glands of rats.

Immunochemical methods have been used to study the expression of laminin during experimental atrophy of the submandibular gland of rats caused by ductal ligation. In normal submandibular glands, laminin immunoreactivity appeared as continuous linear staining around acini and ducts. In the ligated glands, it exhibited an irregular pattern and intensity. Staining was usually stronger around small ducts and acini, which were most prominent in glands ligated for 30 days. Immunoblot analysis showed that the laminin of the rat submandibular gland contains bands that correspond to the EHS alpha 1, beta 1 and gamma 1 chains, and that the composition of the laminin chains does not change during the atrophy.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Diseases of the submandibular gland as demonstrated using high resolution ultrasound.

In this review the high resolution ultrasound appearances of the normal anatomy and pathology involving the submandibular gland are demonstrated. The submandibular gland is affected by a number of disease processes that may be difficult to distinguish clinically. Its superficial location makes it ideal for ultrasound evaluation and a useful adjunct to clinical examination. In the assessment of submandibular pathology ultrasound allows intraglandular and extraglandular lesions to be localized and differentiated. These lesions can be further characterized as being benign or malignant and the extent of any extraglandular extension determined. Ultrasound is the first-line investigation in the assessment of sialolithiasis due to its high specificity and sensitivity. In severe infective sialadenitis ultrasound can confirm the presence and guide drainage of abscesses. Ultrasound also has an important role in the assessment of chronic inflammatory disorders such as sarcoidosis and Sjogren's syndrome.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Structural and functional changes by Ciprofloxacin of rat submandibular gland.

In the present study, the effects of Ciprofloxacin (Cipro), a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, on rat submandibular gland structure and function were examined in an acute experiment. Cipro was administered intraperitoneally at various doses (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg). Pure submandibular saliva was collected intraorally by micropolyethylene tubes under anaesthesia using a dissecting microscope. After collection of saliva, submandibular glands were removed and weighed. Flow rate, amylase activity, total protein and electrolyte concentrations were measured in saliva. Concentrations of DNA and protein were measured in the gland. All doses of Cipro (20, 40, 80 mg/kg) reduced salivary flow rate. Concentrations of salivary total protein and calcium and gland DNA were reduced by all doses of Cipro. Treatment by Cipro (80 mg/kg) induced an increase in salivary sodium and potassium concentrations. Histopathological examination of glands revealed that Cipro at doses of 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg induces morphological changes in the glands including irregular shape of the cerous and mucous bobbles, lack of nucleus in some cells, damage of the cytoplasmic and cell walls and presence of oncocytes in secretory ducts. It is concluded that Cipro inhibits rat submandibular gland functions consistent with structural damages to the gland that might be observed as a side effect in humans. Properties of fluoroquinolones to alter intracellular cAMP and their ability to suppress DNA and protein synthesis of acinar cells might be possible reasons for observed changes.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

MR imaging of squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth. Appearance of the sublingual and submandibular glands.

PURPOSE: To determine the diagnostic value of MR imaging for tumors of the floor of the mouth and the effects of the tumors on the sublingual and submandibular glands. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with proven squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth underwent MR imaging, including unenhanced T1-weighted, T2-weighted, dynamic, and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. The appearance of the tumor and the sublingual and submandibular glands was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. RESULTS: All tumors demonstrated replacement of the normal signal intensity in the adjacent sublingual gland. Twenty-one patients (57%) had abnormal signal intensity of the submandibular gland without tumor invasion, presumably secondary to submandibular duct obstruction by the tumor. Unenhanced T1-weighted images provided high contrast between tumor and sublingual gland. Tumors limited within the gland were well detected on unenhanced T1-weighted images. Large tumors extending beyond the gland were well delineated on dynamic images, but no better than on T2-weighted images. CONCLUSION: At MR imaging for tumor of the floor of the mouth, one must carefully evaluate the appearance of the sublingual and submandibular glands. Contrast-enhanced studies are unnecessary when the tumor is limited within the sublingual gland on precontrast MR images.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Effect of chronic administration of haloperidol on secretory response mediated by cholinergic receptors in rat submandibular glands.

Administration of haloperidol influences peripheral non-dopaminergic receptors. The sialagogue response of the submandibular glands of the rats to methacholine was enhanced by chronic administration of haloperidol. The binding of [3H]QNB to muscarinic receptors in the submandibular glands was not changed by chronic haloperidol. The supersensitivity of postsynaptic cholinergic receptors to drugs in haloperidol treated rats is not related to changes in the number or affinity of such receptors. This paper confirmed the sialagogue supersensitivity to adrenergic drugs related to an increase in alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the submandibular glands of haloperidol injected rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The influence of gender on parasympathetic vasodilatation in the submandibular gland of the rat.

Parasympathetic vasodilatation in the rat submandibular gland is mediated by nitric oxide-dependent and -independent mechanisms (prostacyclin and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)). The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of gender on the relative contributions of each pathway to nerve-stimulated vasodilatation. Absolute increases in perfusion (laser Doppler flowmetry) were similar in male and female rats (in arbitrary perfusion units: 6159+/-4530 and 5601+/-3877 at 2 Hz; 15645+/-6830 and 14848+/-6118 at 5 Hz; and 22418+/-7660 and 18878+/-5864 at 10 Hz). However, expressed as a percentage increase above resting values, stimulated perfusion was higher in males than in females (P<0.05). In males both Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and indomethacin partly blocked parasympathetic vasodilatation at all frequencies tested (P<0.05). In female rats significant reductions in nerve-stimulated perfusion were observed only at 2 and 5 Hz, but the effects of L-NAME were greater than in males (-64 compared with -45% at 2 Hz and -45 compared with -33% at 5 Hz, P<0.05). Indomethacin by itself had no apparent effect in females. The combined effects of L-NAME and indomethacin were dependent on the order of administration and on gender. Following L-NAME, indomethacin had no further effect in males or females. L-NAME reduced indomethacin-resistant vasodilatation in males and females, but the added effect of indomethacin was more pronounced in males. Finally, atropine-resistant vasodilatation was partly blocked by L-NAME, and the remaining vasodilatation was abolished by spantide I (substance P receptor antagonist). We conclude that NO, products of cyclo-oxygenase activity and EDHF all play a role in parasympathetic vasodilatation, but that NO and EDHF are the major endothelium-derived vasodilators in the rat submandibular gland. In addition, when other pathways are blocked EDHF makes a greater contribution in females. Lastly, both vasoactive intestinal peptide and substance P contribute to the atropine-resistant vasodilatation.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Removal of the submandibular glands increases the acute hypotensive response to endotoxin.

We investigated the roles of the submandibular glands and of their sympathetic innervation on the acute hypotensive response induced by the i.v. injection of endotoxin (10 mg/kg; Salmonella typhosa) into rats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Endotoxin given to unoperated and sham-operated rats induced a transient 30-40 mm Hg drop in blood pressure. Rats that had their submandibular glands removed (sialadenectomy) or bilateral resection of the superior cervical ganglia (ganglionectomy), exhibited significantly larger drops in blood pressure (approximately 65 mm Hg) that were maintained for the 60 min of the experiment. This increased responsiveness to endotoxin in sialadenectomized and ganglionectomized animals was not related to changes in haematocrit, white blood cell counts, or neutrophil activity. Pretreatment of rats with pentoxifylline (PTX) produced substantial protection against the hypotensive effects of endotoxin in ganglionectomized and sialadenectomized rats, although this xanthine did not affect the responses of sham-operated rats. These results suggest that the submandibular gland elaborates a factor that protects against acute hypotension induced by endotoxin and that this factor is under the control of the cervical sympathetic nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Androgenic actions of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol in rat submandibular gland.

To evaluate the action of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol(3 alpha-diol) in rat submandibular gland, 5 alpha-reductase, 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 alpha-HSD) and oxidative 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 alpha-HSDO) activities, and trypsin-like protease activities, were assayed in control, castrated and 3 alpha-diol injected rats. 3 alpha-Diol (1 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously in castrated male rats daily for 7 days. A 47% decrease of 5 alpha-reductase activity in the nuclei and a 30% decrease of 3 alpha-HSD(O) activities in the cytosol were shown after castration. 3 alpha-Diol restored the 5 alpha-reductase and 3 alpha-HSD(O) activities to 82 and 140% of the control submandibular gland, respectively. 3 alpha-Diol raised the trypsin-like protease activity to near control values in the submandibular gland of castrated rats. Morphological observations also revealed a distinct effect of 3 alpha-diol on the number of granules of granular duct cells. It is concluded that 3 alpha-diol has an androgenic action in the rat submandibular gland. It stimulates the 3 alpha-HSD(O). The 3 alpha-HSD(O) in its turn may be responsible for DHT accumulation in the cells.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗