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PubMed1991

Research note: evaluation of the Report Salmonella visual immunoassay for detection of salmonellae on raw poultry carcasses.

Two trials were conducted to compare the standard culture procedure and the Report Salmonella Visual Immunoassay for detection of salmonellae in rinse fluid recovered from raw poultry carcasses. Both assays were evaluated with and without preenrichment in lactose broth prior to enrichment in selenite cystine broth. Live birds were inoculated via the drinking water prior to processing to ensure a high degree of carcass contamination. Prechill carcasses were sampled using 200 mL of sterile water. Results indicated that lactose preenrichment was not necessary for salmonellae evaluation using standard culture procedures. However, the Report assay produced fewer false-negative results if lactose preenrichment was utilized.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

A new Salmonella serovar: Salmonella itami (9,12:1,z13:1,2).

A new Salmonella serovar, here names Salmonella itami, was isolated from a traveller suffering from gastroenteritis, who had just returned from Thailand. The isolate belonged to the subgenus I of Salmonella, and the antigenic formula was determined to be 9,12:1,z13:1,2.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Equivalence of Visual Immunoprecipitate Assay (VIP) for Salmonella for the detection of motile and nonmotile Salmonella in all foods to AOAC culture method: collaborative study.

Six foods representative of a wide variety of processed, dried powder processed, and raw food types were analyzed by the Visual Immunoprecipitate Assay (VIP) for Salmonella and AOAC INTERNATIONAL culture method. Paired samples of each food type were simultaneously analyzed; one sample by the VIP method and one by the AOAC culture method. A total of 24 laboratories representing federal government agencies and private industry, in the United States and Canada, participated in this collaborative study. Food types were inoculated with species of Salmonella with the exception of raw ground chicken, which was naturally contaminated. No statistical differences (p < 0.05) were observed between VIP for Salmonella interpretation and the AOAC culture method for any inoculation level of any food type or naturally contaminated food. The method was adopted Official First Action status by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of VIDas immuno-concentration Salmonella/VIDAS salmonella immunoassay method for detection of Salmonella in selected foods: collaborative study.

The VIDAS Immuno-concentration Salmonella ICS)/VIDAS Salmonella (SLM) immunoassay method for the detection of Salmonella was compared to the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM)/AOAC culture method in a collaborative study. Thirty-two laboratories participated in the evaluation. Each laboratory tested one or more of the 6 test products: milk chocolate, nonfat dry milk, dried whole egg, soy flour, ground black pepper, and ground raw turkey. The 2 methods were in agreement for 1,266 of the 1,440 samples. Of the 174 samples not in agreement, 69 were VIDAS CS/SLM-positive and BAM/AOAC-negative and 105 were VIDAS ICS/SLM-negative and BAM/AOAC-positive.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Mapping of the genetic determinant controlling Salmonella K-antigen synthesis. II. Nonmotile mutants of Salmonella typhimurium].

According to the preliminary data, S. typhimurium K-antigen is located in the area of minutes 40-44 on the Salmonella chromosome map. The formation of nonmotile mutants from motile Salmonella strains was induced by the action of nitrosoguanidine. Two main groups of mutants differing in their reaction of agglutination with H- and K-antisera were obtained: Mot-H-K- (motA or motB mutants) and Mot-H-K- (H1- or fla- mutants). The transduction transfer of the sign of motility by phage P22HT to H-K- mutants and to H1- and flaE- mutants led to the restoration of agglutination ability with respect to H- and K-antisera in all Mot+ transductants under study simultaneously. The restoration of H+K+ phenotype was also observed in spontaneous motile revertants obtained from H-K- mutants. Thus, the gene controlling the synthesis of K-antigen in Salmonellae was shown to be incorporated into the Fla operon, the regulatory system of the operon controlling the expression of this gene.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1977

[Intergeneric conjugational hybridization of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. 1. Obtaining a salmonella hybrid possessing greater recipient activity in crosses with Escherichia coli].

Intergeneric hybrids were selected from mating HfrH Escherichia coli with F- Salmonella typhimurium. The hybrid obtained from E. coli leu+ and pro+ genes possessed the increased recipient ability in the mating with E. coli HfrR1 (O--ilv--metE--ara). This hybrid lacked the ability to restrict the phage P1 DNA propagated on E. coli K-12. The replacement of mutated uvrA gene of Salmonella for uvrA+ gene of E. coli restore uvr+ phenotype of Salmonella mutant.

Coliphages↗
PubMed1979

[Salmonella freiburg: a new salmonella-serotype (3,10:1,Z13:1,2) (author's transl)].

A new Salmonella serotype (S. 3,10:1,Z13:1,2) was isolated from a stool specimen of a 13 year old immigrant from Narpan, USSR. The strain was finally identified as a new Salmonella, Subgenus I, on August 10, 1975 by Prof. Le Minor, International Salmonella Centre, Paris. The organism was introduced into the Kauffmann-White-Scheme, Supplement XX, as S. freiburg.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Epidemiological studies on salmonella in a certain area ("Walcheren project") III. The presence of salmonella in man, insects, seagulls and in foods, chopping-block scrapings from butcher's shops, effluent of sewage treatment plants and drains of butcher's shops.

For a period of three months in a relatively small area (Walcheren), various materials (meat and meat products, insects, seagull droppings, chopping-block scrapings from butcher's shops, effluent of sewage treatment plants, drains from butcher's shops and stools of patients) were examined again for the presence of Salmonella as a continuation of previous investigations. As had been the case in previous studies, S. typhimurium (27.5%), S. panama (22.2%) and S. brandenburg (9.2%) were the three most frequently isolated serotypes. The three most frequently isolated phage types of S. typhimurium were II 505 (62.1%) II 502 (5.3%) and I 650 (4.2%). The serotypes and phage types were present in almost all the materials examined which again emphasizes the fact that there are contamination cycles of Salmonella. These studies show that the route of contamination divides in the butcher's shops. Salmonella organisms carried with the meat from the slaughter-house find their way into the drains on the one hand, and through meat and meat products, to the consumer on the other. Moreover, the high degree of contamination of effluent is not in accordance with the small number of cases of salmonellosis in man.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Salmonella landwasser: a new serotype of Salmonella subgenus I (3,10:z:z6)].

A new Salmonella serotype (3,10:z:z6) was isolated from a fecal specimen of a lizard (Lacerta viridis) imported from Northern Italy. The strain was accepted as a new Salmonella, Subgenus I, on January 11, 1980, by Prof. Le Minor, International Salmonella Centre Paris. The organism was introduced into the Kauffmann-White-Scheme, Supplement XXIII as S. landwasser in referring to the first isolation in a Veterinary Research Institut in Landwasser, a suburb of Freiburg (FRG).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Egg contamination by Salmonella serovar enteritidis following vaccination with Delta-aroA Salmonella serovar typhimurium.

The efficacy of an aroA Salmonella serovar typhimurium modified live vaccine to decrease internal egg contamination after oral challenge of hens with egg-contaminating Salmonella serovar enteritidis was assessed. Challenge was with a mixed phenotype of S. enteritidis that had virulence characteristics previously associated with enhanced oral invasiveness and egg contamination in chickens. Immunized birds had fewer positive ovary/oviduct pools and lower cfu g(-1) cecal contents than did non-immunized birds, but the differences were not significant. The number of positive intestinal (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) and organ (spleen, kidney, liver) pools following challenge from each treatment group were equivalent. Most importantly, immunization did not decrease egg contamination. These results suggest that the ability of modified live vaccines to reduce internal egg contamination by S. serovar enteritidis can be assessed using characterized strains for challenge.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Laboratory-based surveillance of salmonellosis of humans in Germany--safety of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis live vaccines].

The Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, in Germany has been licensed different live vaccines of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis for use in the veterinary medicine since I the 90s. The Robert Koch Institute has established a lab-based surveillance system for these live vaccine strains for an evaluation of recent public health safety. Since 2000 all strains of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis from humans were investigated in respect to their phage types and other vaccine markers. 3676 S. Typhimurium strains and 4489 S. Enteritidis strains mainly from Salmonellose patients were investigated after phage typing according to their auxotrophic or antibiotic resistance markers. The live vaccine strains of Zoosaloral, TAD Salmonella vacT or TAD Salmonella vacE and Salmovac SE could not be found from infections in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[On the frequency of occurrence of salmonella species. An analysis of 1.5 millions trains of salmonellae isolated in 109 countries during the period 1934-1975 (author's transl)].

1 542 257 strains of Salmonellae isolated in 109 countries during the period 1934-75 were analysed to determine the relative frequency of the 1864 species currently recognized. In addition to the absolute numbers of strains isolated, the "age" of the species and the numbers of reports were used to compute a frequency quotient (QF). It is proposed, on the basis of occurrence, that species be classified as most frequent, frequent, uncommon, rare and very rare. The Salmonella species most frequently isolated from man, food animals, other animals, foods, feeding stuffs, and water including sewage are listed in tables.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella typhimurium invasion, intracellular growth and localization in cultured human epithelial cells.

Invasion of the cultured epithelial cell lines HeLa, Henle-407, and Caco-2 (polarized and nonpolarized) by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella typhimurium were compared using conventional gentamicin invasion assays. Additionally, the mechanisms of invasion and intracellular trafficking by S. typhi and S. typhimurium were compared in HeLa cells using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. S. typhi strain Ty2 was invasive in all human cell lines tested, including apical uptake into polarized Caco-2 cell monolayers. This strain also replicated at levels similar to S. typhimurium strain SL1344 inside HeLa and Henle-407 cells. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed that S. typhi, like S. typhimurium, induced membrane ruffles and cytoskeletal rearrangements upon contact with HeLa cell surfaces. Ruffling induced by S. typhi and S. typhimurium was accompanied by macropinocytosis of the fluid phase endocytic marker fluorescein-dextran-sulphate and by aggregation of cell surface class I MHC heavy chain. Intracellular lysosomal trafficking of S. typhi and S. typhimurium in HeLa cells was also studied. The lysosomal membrane glycoprotein marker h-lamp-2 colocalized with S. typhi-containing vacuoles, as previously shown for S. typhimurium. The soluble lysosomal enzyme marker cathepsin D also was found within S. typhi-containing vacuoles to the same extent as previously published for S. typhimurium. The results from this study suggest that S. typhi and S. typhimurium use similar mechanisms for invasion and intracellular trafficking in cultured human epithelial cells.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed2006

Identification of putative ancestors of the multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium DT104 clone harboring the Salmonella genomic island 1.

The origin of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium) harboring the Salmonella Genomic Island 1 (SGI1), which was detected for the first time in the mid-1980s is unknown. In this study, we performed microarray genomotyping of four multidrug-resistant SGI1 positive strains and found that unlike the S. typhimurium LT2 strain, the multidrug-resistant strains lacked genes STM0517-0529 allowing the utilization of allantoin as a sole nitrogen source. We extended this observation by PCR screening of additional 120 S. typhimurium field strains and found that this locus was absent in all SGI1 positive and also in 24% of SGI1 negative strains, which were proposed to be the original recipients of SGI1. To prove this hypothesis, we compared the STM0517-0529 negative strains (with or without the SGI1) by PFGE and PCR prophage typing and found that 8 out of 11 of the SGI1 negative strains and 17 out of 22 SGI1 positive strains were of identical PFGE pattern and PCR prophage pattern, while this specific pattern was never observed among STM0517-0529 positive strains. We therefore propose that a lineage of the S. typhimurium DT104 sensitive strain first lost the ability to metabolize allantoin and then acquired SGI1.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Resuscitation of the viable but non-culturable state of Salmonella enterica serovar Oranienburg by recombinant resuscitation-promoting factor derived from Salmonella Typhimurium strain LT2.

A gene encoding the resuscitation-promoting factor (Rpf) from Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 was cloned and characterized. The amino acid sequence encoded by S. Typhimurium LT2 rpf gene shares 24.2% homology with Micrococcus luteus Rpf, which is secreted by growing cells, and required to resuscitate from viable but non-culturable (VNC) state. The S. Typhimurium LT2 rpf gene is 696 bp long, and shared a conserved segment with Salmonella enterica serovar Oranienburg (99.4%). Recombinant Rpf (rRpf) proteins of S. Typhimurium LT2 after expression in E. coli BL21 harboring the pET15-b plasmid was approximately 25 kDa. Since S. Oranienburg cells are relatively quick to enter the VNC state just after incubating in the presence of 7% NaCl at 37 degrees C for 3 days, we evaluated the biological effect of rRpf by using S. Oranienburg VNC cells. The rRpf not only promoted proliferation but also induced resuscitation of VNC cells to the culturable state in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, rRpf may be useful for detection of bacterial contaminants present in the VNC form in food samples and the environment.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1979

The effect on the virulence and infectivity of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella gallinarum of acquiring antibiotic resistance plasmids from organisms that had caused serious outbreaks of disease.

Antibiotic resistance plasmids from organisms that had caused serious epidemics, including those responsible for epidemics of chloramphenicol-resistant typhoid fever and dysentery in Central America, were transferred to a strain of Salmonella typhimurium and of Salmonella gallinarum. The virulence and infectivity of these R(+) forms were then compared with the R(-) parent forms in orally inoculated chickens.None of the R(+) forms were more virulent than their R(-) parent forms. The mortality rates they produced were either the same as or less than that of their R(-) parent forms. The mortality rates were not increased by feeding the chickens on diets containing antibiotics against which the plasmids provided resistance.The removal of the plasmids from some R(+) forms of decreased virulence was not accompanied by any alteration in virulence, indicating that they were less virulent mutants of the parent strain that had conjugated preferentially. In other cases their virulence was increased, indicating that the very possession of the plasmid was involved in their decreased virulence. Of four forms of the S. gallinarum strain harbouring the plasmid that had been incriminated in the Central American dysentery outbreak, one was as virulent as the parent R(-) form and the other three were less virulent. Preferential conjugation by an avirulent mutant was responsible for the lack of virulence of one of them but the very possession of the plasmid appeared responsible for the decreased virulence of the other two. The decreased virulence of de-repressed F(+) and I(+) forms of the S. typhimurium strain was increased to that of repressed F(+) form and of the parent form by plasmid removal.Organisms of the R(+) forms of the S. typhimurium strain were not excreted in larger amounts or for longer periods of time by infected chickens than organisms of the R(-) parent form were. Neither did organisms of the R(+) forms of this strain or the S. gallinarum strain spread more rapidly or more extensively from infected chickens to in-contact chickens than organisms of the R(-) parent forms did. When antibiotics against which the infecting R(+) organisms provided resistance were included in the diet of these chickens the R(+) organisms were usually excreted in greater amounts, for longer periods of time and spread more rapidly and more extensively from the infected chickens to the in-contact chickens.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1997

Characterization of Salmonella dublin and Salmonella typhimurium (Copenhagen) isolates from cattle.

Eight Salmonella typhimurium (Copenhagen) and eight Salmonella dublin isolates from cattle were compared by their antibiotic resistance patterns, by their production of colicin, aerobactin, haemolysin and capsule, by their possession of transmissible R plasmids and the spvC gene, and by their ability to invade and replicate within cultured epithelial cells. The two groups differed in their antibiotic resistance profiles, with more of the host-adapted S. dublin isolates resistant to tetracycline than were the non-host-adapted S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) group, but more of the S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) isolates resistant to the other antibiotics tested. None of the isolates produced colicin, but all produced aerobactin. One isolate in each group was encapsulated. All of the S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) and S. dublin isolates contained plasmids, and all of them contained the spvC-homologous sequences. Four of the S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) isolates were able to transfer an R plasmid to a recipient organism by conjugation. One of the five S. dublin isolates, which showed resistance to some of the antibiotics tested, was able to transfer an R plasmid by conjugation. Both groups of isolates invaded cultured epithelial cells to a similar degree after 1 h, but the S. dublin isolates reached significantly higher levels within the cells than did S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) after 9 h. This ability may, in part, explain the association of S. dublin with more severe forms of salmonellosis and prolonged carrier states. Further study of the intracellular growth of these isolates seems warranted.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Evolution of susceptibility of non-typhi Salmonella in a Spanish hospital (1992-1994) and report of a Salmonella ser. Typhimurium isolate resistant to quinolones.

We report the evolution of the antimicrobial resistance of non-typhi Salmonella (1992-1994) in a Spanish hospital in relation with a case of infection due to a fluoroquinolone-resistant strain of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium. None of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. The resistance to ampicillin has increased from 20.6% (1992) to 29.5% (1994) whereas no significative differences in chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole susceptibility were noted.

Anti-Infective Agents↗