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PubMed1990

Effect of an exercise program on the perception of exertion in males at retirement.

To describe the association between perception of exertion and exercise, 138 men at retirement, mean age 62.7 years, were studied before and after a one-year program of exercise. VO2max and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) using the Borg psychophysical scale were determined by a continuous exercise treadmill protocol to fatigue. The men were randomly assigned to an exercise program (n = 69) or control (n = 69). The program consisted of walking or jogging for 30 min, 3 times per week for one year. After training, the activity group showed a significant improvement in VO2max (12%). Linear regression analysis was used to relate RPE to selected physiological measurements for control and activity groups. The equations for the before and after training relationships were compared. Changes in the relationship of RPE vs VO2 and Ve, after training, were not significant for the activity group. However, the control group showed significant changes in these relationships at one year post retirement. For VO2 and Ve, ratings were 1-2 units higher than at time of retirement. Results indicate that perception of a physical task normally changes at retirement such that a given amount of exertion may seem subjectively greater. Results also suggest that a structured exercise program is successful at maintaining perception of task at pre-retirement levels. This maintenance of a low rating of perception may retard a reluctance to be physically active which often accompanies ageing.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Age retirement in women. II. Dietary habits and body composition.

Within the framework of a longitudinal study of municipally employed women in Malmö, Sweden, before and after retirement, comprising health, social, psychological, nutritional and odontological aspects, the dietary habits and body composition were evaluated. 116 women aged 62, 63 and 64 were included. A detailed dietary interview was performed by a nutritionist, anthropometric measurements were made, and body compartments were calculated after retirement with a new electrical impedance method. Average dietary intakes were relatively high, but variation was marked. Intake of energy and almost all nutrients showed a clear decreasing tendency from before to after retirement, despite an increase in body weight and waist measurement, indicating decreasing physical activity after retirement in these women. There was also an increasing consumption of pastry, potato chips and similar food items. One third of the women was below the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) regarding calcium and almost all women below the RDA regarding vitamin D. There are reasons to believe that the event of retirement in women might imply some dietary hazards.

Body Composition↗
PubMed1985

Characteristics of the longest job for new retired workers: findings from the New Beneficiary Survey.

This article describes the duration and type of employment, occupational and industrial classification, and pension coverage associated with the longest job ever held by new social security retired-worker beneficiaries and nonretired persons enrolled only for Medicare. The Medicare-only enrollees usually had their retired-worker benefits withheld because their earnings exceeded exempt amounts under the social security earnings test. They were more likely to be self-employed and to be in executive, administrative, managerial, or professional occupations. By contrast, new retired-worker beneficiaries closely resembled the general labor force with respect to occupation, industry, and employer type. Persons who claimed benefits before age 65 differed from older retirees in that they were more likely to be in service and blue-collar occupations and less likely to be self-employed. Both sexes increased their pension coverage between the late 1960's and the early 1980's. By the latter period, the majority of retired workers reported employee pension coverage and, of those covered, most received a monthly benefit. Fewer women than men indicated pension coverage. Married women who retired early were least likely to indicate pension coverage and, when covered, were more likely than other retirees to report the receipt of a lump sum payment in lieu of monthly payments.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

[Adjustment to retirement].

Rather frequently a person's commitment to his work is taken as one of the factors that thwart his adaptation to retirement. However, research has pointed out that people of different socio-economic classes do not in the same degree commit themselves to their work. Moreover a strong commitment to work does not necessarily lead to a negative attitude towards retirement, nor does a loose tie to one's work always lead to a positive attitude towards retirement. Factors that are more important to facilitate adaptation to retirement, are: to have sufficient means of subsistence, satisfying relationships, a good health, and the possibility to lead an active life. These requirements will be more frequently met with people of the higher and middle occupational level than with those of the lower level. Therefore, the former may be expected to show a better adaptation to retirement.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Social Security benefits of female retired workers and two-worker couples.

This article makes available for the first time actual program data on benefits of couples in which both spouses receive benefits as retired workers. Traditional data have always classified two retired workers married to each other as separate "worker-only" beneficiaries. In this study of 1976 data, however, the benefits of husbands and wives were linked. It was found that average benefits for all couples--those in which the wife received a benefit as a retired worker and those in which she received a benefit only as a spouse--were about 8 percent higher than the amount usually reported from administrative records. Average benefits for couples in which the wife received a retired-worker benefit were about 18 percent higher than those for couples in which she received only a spouse's benefit. This article also examines the benefit levels and entitlement status of never-married, divorced, and widowed female retired workers according to their marital status. This information is likewise not routinely available from administrative records. Widows were about as likely as wives to be entitled only on the basis of their own earnings. Among all women, benefits were found to be highest for dually entitled widows and lowest for wives entitled only to a spouse's benefit.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

[Sociological aspects of preparations for retirement as well as the spare time behaviour of pensioners (author's transl)].

On the basis of common experiences in the research cooperation in the gero-hygienic and social-gerontological fields the authors depict the sociological aspects of preparing for retirement and the spare time behaviour of old-age pensioners. The short-term preparation for retirement in the pre-retirement age of pensioners should be dealt with preferably by industrial medicine. Preparatory steps on reaching the retirement age must pass over into the territorial level. The transition to retirement age and spare-time behaviour are creative social processes in sociological respect. The sociopolitical and health measures in the USSR and in the GDR take this knowledge fully into account.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Social worker preparedness for retirement: gender and ethnic considerations.

A systematic, comprehensive analysis of preretirement attitudes and planning among social workers is clearly needed. This article describes research to examine the extent to which social workers adequately prepare for retirement. The analysis established controls for gender and ethnicity, specifically for African American, Puerto Rican, and white social workers, because earlier research indicates that these variables significantly affect how much and how well professionals prepare for retirement. Based on the findings, recommendations and a call for action are provided that will help social workers prepare better before they retire and struggle less during retirement. The need for social workers to conceptualize retirement as a process that has several stages is stressed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The economics of retirement: a nontechnical guide.

Concern about the economic consequences of the aging of the United States population has prompted considerable research activity during the past two decades. Economists have carefully examined retirement patterns and trends, and sought to identify and measure the determinants of the timing of retirement by older workers. Much of the published retirement research is fairly technical by nature and is somewhat inaccessible to nonspecialist audiences. This article provides a nontechnical overview of this research. In contrast to other reviews of the retirement literature, this exposition emphasizes the basic ideas and reasoning that economists use in their research. In the course of recounting how economists' views about retirement have evolved in recent years, the article highlights landmark pieces of research, point out the specific advances made by the various researchers, and assesses what has been learned along the way.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

[Dynamic observations on pulmonary function in retired miners exposed to nickel dust].

Pulmonary ventilation functions were determined dynamically in 34 retired miners exposed to nickel dust and 28 non-exposed ones in 1981, 1988 and 1995, respectively to study their damage and change patterns. Results showed that mean forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were lower in retired miners than those in controls at any time of determination. FVC and FEV1 lowered with time both in retired or control groups, with statistical significance. However, decrease of FVC and FEV1 in the retired was more than that in the controls whether during 1981 to 1988, or 1988 to 1995, or 1981 to and 1995. And, proportion of abnormal FVC and FEV1 increased more and extent of their abnormality was more severe in retired group than those in controls.

Dust↗
PubMed1976

[Problems associated with variable retirement age (author's transl)].

Problems associated with variable retirement age are very topical in all developed industrial countries, both capitalist and socialist ones. Roughly 15 per cent of the population are over 60 and according to statistics, they can expect to live another 15 to 20 years. We cannot fashion the content and the method of varying retirement age by copying them from the capitalist world without a critical analysis. We must give variable retirement age a new content that would correspond to our socialist society. We must give variable basically aimed at enabling people to stay active at old age rather than just retire. In fixing the time at which working life is to end, disposition and exposure criteria must be taken into consideration. Our views on varying retirement age are presented on the basis of recent studies in this field. Their objectives are in full conformity with the fundamental socialist aim fully to integrated the aged and the ageing into normal community life and to make sure that they are given an opportunity to lead a useful life in the economic or social sphere if they wish to do so. This aim is fully in keeping with the fundamental right to work and to a place of work and with the right to integration into social or intellectual and cultural life of the community.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

[Systematic industrial medical observation and care of ageing working people as a means of preparing for retirement age (author's transl)].

The elucidations start out from the "Principles for the continued improvement of medical care of the aged" published in the "Verfüngungen und Mitteilungen des Ministeriums für Gesundheitswesen" in March 1971. A study was made in which people approaching retirement age and people already retired were interviewed and examined according to a set system. These people were then given systematic geriatric observation and care. A catalogue of conditions based on the survey was drawn up. It appears that the main task is to introduce legislation giving people approaching retirement age reasonable working hours adjusted to their diminished working capacity. Such a measure is called for due to the scientifically confirmed fact that elderly people require rehabilitative treatment for which reason they should be given extra time off. Very positive results have been achieved with recreation holidays in the form of prophylactic cures in interprise-owned facilities. There is no reason why people approaching retirement age and those already retired should not be prescribed cures. Paragraph 95 of the Labour Code provides the basis for shortening the daily hours of work intermittently, for introducing temporary single-shift work or for changing over from piece-work to time-wages. Temporary assignment of lighter work can also be arranged. The importance of systematic job analyses and of creating conditions for proper health education and sports for ageing people is emphasized. Industrial medicine reports stress that the advanced age groups should not continue to be neglected. Finally the study states that preparatory measures with regard to changes of places of work of factory workers should be carried out with great care; such measures should be taken already between the ages of 45 and 55.

Aged↗
PubMed2007

Do cavity-nesting primates reduce scent marking before retirement to avoid attracting predators to sleeping sites?

The largest population of endangered golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia, GLTs) decreased from approximately 330 to 220 individuals between 1995 and 2000 due to a dramatic increase in predation at sleeping sites. We used behavioral data from eight social groups in this population to test two hypotheses: First, if GLTs attempt to mitigate the risk of predation at sleeping sites, they should reduce their rates of scent marking just prior to retirement. Second, if the benefits of scent marking prior to entering the sleeping site merit an increase in the rate of marking, then tamarins should increase their rate of pre-retirement scent marking during the breeding season, when such behavior would have its greatest impact on reproductive fitness. We used a generalized linear model (GLM) repeated-measures analysis to compare rates of daytime scent marking with rates of marking just prior to retirement for males and females. In addition, we compared scent marking prior to retiring in the nonbreeding season to marking rates before retirement in the breeding season for males and both sexes considered concurrently. Contrary to our expectations, GLTs significantly increased their rates of scent marking during the 30 min prior to entering their sleeping site-an observation driven by an increase in male (but not female) rates of marking. Rates of marking before entering the sleeping site were greater in the nonbreeding season compared to the breeding season, when both sexes were considered concomitantly and when males were evaluated alone. We conclude that GLTs do not attempt to minimize predation risk by decreasing scent marking in the period before they enter their sleeping site, and that tamarins do not scent mark at this time of day in order to transmit information about reproductive status or to control reproduction of subordinates. We speculate that scent marking in the 30 min prior to entering sleeping sites may serve to reduce predation risk by enabling tamarin groups to return quickly to favored sleeping sites in the evening when crepuscular predators are active.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Retired elite female ballet dancers and nonathletic controls have similar bone mineral density at weightbearing sites.

Elite female ballet dancers exhibit several risk factors for osteoporosis during their performing years. To study the long-term effect of this lifestyle, we compared the bone mineral density (BMD) of 101 retired elite female ballet dancers (mean age 51 years, SD = 14 years) and 101 normal controls, derived from a twin study, matched hierarchically for age, height, weight, and menopausal status. The dancers, who had been retired for a mean of 25.6 years (range 1-53 years) reported a greater prevalence of previous menstrual disturbance, greater lifetime alcohol intake and smoking, and a lower dietary milk intake in adolescence than controls (all p < 0.05). However, current exercise in the dancers was twice that of the controls (p < 0.01). The BMD of retired dancers did not differ from that of the controls at weightbearing sites. The mean +/- SE difference in BMD (dancers minus controls) was 0.009 +/- 0.013 at the total body, -0.009 +/- 0.018 at the total hip, 0.005 +/- 0.017 at the femoral neck, 0.014 +/- 0.018 at the femoral trochanter, 0.036 +/- 0.022 at the femoral intertrochanter and -0.017 +/- 0.021 at the lumbar spine. Retired dancers had lower mean (+/- SE) BMD at the nonweightbearing sites: ultradistal radius (-0.029 +/- 0.008) (p < 0.01) and at the midthird radius (-0.019 +/- 0.011) (p < 0.05). There was no difference in the proportion in each of the World Health Organization (WHO) categories of osteopenia (t score -1.0 to -2.5) and osteoporosis (t score < -2.5) at any of the measured sites. Regression analysis revealed that menstrual disturbance was negatively associated with BMD at the lumbar spine and the ultradistal radial sites, but not at the weightbearing femoral sites. This sample of retired elite ballet dancers who had multiple historical risk factors does not appear to have an increased risk for future hip or vertebral fracture based on WHO standards.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1996

Alcohol use in retirement communities.

OBJECTIVES: Anecdotal reports and two previous studies suggest that retirement communities have a particularly high prevalence of heavy drinking. The objective of this study was to verify or refute this finding and to identify characteristics associated with heavy drinking in retirement communities. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used a mailed survey to gather information from three retirement communities in suburban Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The questionnaire included alcohol use questions adapted from the Khavari questionnaire and the CAGE questionnaire to screen for alcohol abuse. RESULTS: Three hundred seventeen of 454 independent residents of the retirement communities completed and returned surveys for a response rate of 70%. Mean age of respondents was 83 +/- 6 years, 100% were white, 77% were female. Forty-seven percent used some alcohol, 15% had one to six drinks per week, 8% had seven or more drinks per week. Only two people screened positive on the CAGE questionnaire for abusive drinking. The majority of drinkers had decreased alcohol use since moving to the community. Male sex, socialization, lack of religious affiliation, and smoking were factors whose percentages increased significantly with increasing alcohol use. Although drinkers were more likely to smoke cigarettes, no indicators suggested that they were less healthy than abstainers. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the advanced age of this population, regular alcohol use was prevalent. In contrast to previous reports from retirement communities, heavy and abusive drinking were uncommon by our measures, perhaps because of the older age and female predominance of the sample. Drinking appears to be associated with more social contacts and, possibly, better health status.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Modulation of host resistance to metastasis in the lungs of aged retired breeder mice.

Pretreatment with a single injection of poly I.C inhibited lung colonization by tumor line 4T07 cells in mice regardless of age. However, preimmunization inhibited lung colonization by intravenously injected 4T07 cells in young mice (10-16 weeks of age) but not in retired breeders (median age greater than 72 weeks). Analysis of kinetics of clearance and expansion of the clonogenic tumor stem cell population revealed that the initial rates of clearance were similar for control young mice and retired breeders, but the subsequent rate of expansion in control retired breeders was half that in young mice. As in young mice, pretreatment of retired breeders with poly I.C increased the initial rate of clearance of intravenously injected 4T07 cells but did not inhibit growth measured between days 1 and 8. Preimmunization, which inhibits growth of neoplastic cells in young mice, did not inhibit expansion of the clonogenic population in the lungs of retired breeders.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of health on retirement behaviour: empirical evidence from West Germany.

In this paper, the relative importance of an individual's health status on retirement behaviour is analysed within the framework of a structural, discrete-time hazard rate model which is estimated using a balanced panel of elderly West German men. The results obtained reveal that the presence of chronic complaints or disability have a significant positive impact on the probability of early retirement. Moreover, the relative intensity of the individual preference for leisure appears to be, ceteris paribus, below average among public sector employees. Education, too, is shown to exert considerable influence on retirement behaviour, but the relationship between an individual's educational status and the probability of early retirement appears to be rather complex. A policy-related simulation experiment based on the estimates is carried out in order to assess the effects of changes in the incentive structure of the existing pension scheme.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Early retirement due to occupational injury: who is at risk?

BACKGROUND: As the workforce is rapidly ageing, research on the consequences of occupational injuries in older workers is becoming more important. One adverse outcome unique to older workers, early retirement, has significant negative social and economic consequences for workers and employers. Although linked to poor worker health, the roles of workplace factors and occupational injury have not been well-defined. METHOD: Changes in retirement plans attributed to an occupational injury were studied in a population-based sample of 1,449 New Hampshire workers aged <or=55, using a mailed survey. Questions addressed pre-and post-injury health, job satisfaction, work capacity, nature and severity of injury, medical care, employer response, work status, pain, and financial problems. RESULT: Eleven percent planned to retire earlier due to their work injury, and their outcomes were significantly worse. In a multivariate model, pre-injury dissatisfaction with the job and with medical care, and poor physical and mental health status were related to intent to retire early. CONCLUSION: These factors may represent opportunities for early identification and intervention with individuals at high risk for poor post-injury outcomes. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the importance of these preliminary findings.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

[The relation between work activity and retirement plans].

In the course of the research project "Work Activities and Retirement Plans" financed by the National Foundation of Research, a study was made to explore the consequences of longterm working activities on planning of the time of retirement. 200 persons at the age of 64 years, working on shop floor of enterprises in the metal industry were asked about their work, leizure and plans about the approaching retirement. It was hypothesized that plans are necessary for the successful coping of the retirement situation. For the setting up of plans it is required that social and cognitive competence can be acquired and constantly trained. It has been shown that the proportion of persons with none or unspecific plans rises with the span of action getting smaller. Furthermore the study showed that persons who could train their cognitive competence at work set up more plans with cognitive content than persons who could not: the analogical result has been found with the social competence.

Achievement↗