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PubMed2003

Children's face recognition memory: more evidence for the cross-race effect.

It is well established that own-race faces are recognized more accurately than cross-race faces. However, there are mixed results regarding the developmental consistency of the cross-race effect White and Black kindergarten children, 3rd graders, and young adults viewed a Black and a White target individual. One day later, recognition memory for each target was tested with a 6-person lineup. The interaction of race of participant by race of target face on Ag scores was significant, demonstrating an overall cross-race effect. The 2nd-order interaction with age did not approach significance; for each age group, own-race identification was more accurate than cross-race identification. The age consistency of the cross-race effect in light of the significant main effect of age suggests quantitative but not qualitative differences in face memory processing at various ages. For children, as well as adults, own-race faces are recognized more accurately than cross-race faces.

Child↗
PubMed2006

The effects of chronic administration of quetiapine on the methamphetamine-induced recognition memory impairment and dopaminergic terminal deficit in rats.

Previous studies have suggested that quetiapine, a new atypical antipsychotic drug, may have beneficial effects on cognitive impairment and be a neuroprotectant in treating neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of chronic administration of quetiapine on methamphetamine (METH)-induced recognition memory impairment and dopaminergic terminal neurotoxicity in rats. Rats were pretreated with METH (5 mg/kg; s.c.) four times at 2-h intervals while their body temperature was monitored. Fifteen minutes after the last METH injection, rats were administered quetiapine (10 mg/kg/day; i.p.) for 28 days. One day after the last quetiapine injection, rats were trained and tested on an object recognition task on days 29 and 30. Finally, on day 31, rats were sacrificed for immunohistochemistry, 1 day after the object recognition task. METH induced hyperthermia, recognition memory impairment and a decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the caudate putamen (CPu) of striatum. Quetiapine attenuated the METH-induced hyperthermia. Furthermore, chronic post-treatment of quetiapine reversed the METH-induced memory impairment and dopaminergic terminal deficit. These findings suggest that quetiapine may have therapeutic effects in the treatment of cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration induced by METH.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Recognition memory, and head injury.

Severely head injured adults were tested on a recognition memory procedure involving the identification of eight recurring shapes among a series of 160. Compared with a control group, the tested patients showed many fewer correct responses. Their type of error was commonly a failure to recognize rather than a false recognition. The severity of the memory deficit was related to the length of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), but to neither the presence of neurological signs at the time of memory testing, nor to the time after injury at which the patients were tested. The older patients showed a more significant relationship between PTA and memory score than the younger patients.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Recall and recognition memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

This study examined recall and recognition memory in 20 nonmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and 20 matched control subjects. As hypothesized, OCD subjects showed abnormalities affecting delayed recall of nonverbal information but showed normal recognition. These results are interpreted as providing preliminary evidence of a nonverbal memory retrieval deficit consistent with proposed corticostriatal system dysfunction in OCD.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A multivariate, spatiotemporal analysis of electromagnetic time-frequency data of recognition memory.

Electromagnetic indices of "fast" (above 12 Hz) oscillating brain activity are much more likely to be considerably attenuated by time-averaging across multiple trials than "slow" (below 12 Hz) oscillating brain activity. To the extent that both types of oscillations represent the activity of temporally and topographically separable neural populations, time averaging can cause a loss of brain activity information that is important both conceptually and for multimodal integration with hemodynamic techniques. To address this issue for recognition memory, simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and whole-head magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings of explicit word recognition from 11 healthy subjects were analyzed in two different ways. First, the time course of neural oscillations ranging from theta (4.5 Hz) to gamma (42 Hz) frequencies were identified using single-trial continuous wavelet transforms. Second, traditional analyses of amplitude variations of time-averaged EEG and MEG signals, event-related potentials (ERPs), and fields (ERFs) were performed and submitted to distributed source analyses. To identify data patterns that covaried with the difference between correctly recognized studied (old) words and correctly rejected nonstudied (new) words, a multivariate statistical tool, partial least squares (PLS), was applied to both types of analyses. The results show that ERPs and ERFs are mainly displaying those neural indices of recognition memory that oscillate in the theta (4.5-7.5 Hz), alpha (8-11.5), and to some extent in the beta1 (12-19.5 Hz) frequency range. The sources of the ERPs/ERFs were in good agreement with the topography of theta/alpha/beta 1 oscillations in being confined to the anterior temporal lobe at 400 ms and being distributed across temporal, parietal, and occipital areas between 500 and 700 ms. Gamma oscillations covaried either positively or negatively with theta/alpha/beta1 oscillations. A positive covariance, for instance, was detected over left anterior temporal sensors as early as 200-350 ms and is compatible with studies in rodents showing that gamma and theta oscillations emerge together out of the interaction of the hippocampus and the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices. Fast beta oscillations (20-29.5 Hz), on the other hand, did not strongly covary with slow oscillations and were likely to arise from neural populations not adequately represented in ERPs/ERFs. In summary, by providing a more comprehensive description of electromagnetic signals, time-frequency data are of potential benefit for integrating electrophysiological and hemodynamic indices of brain activity and also for integrating human and animal electrophysiology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Modulation of prefrontal cortex activation by emotional words in recognition memory.

We employed event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine emotional valence effects on verbal recognition memory. Using a yes/no recognition task, we focussed on prefrontal cortex responses to positive, negative and neutral words. Behavioral data confirmed enhanced processing of emotional items and functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed different subregions in the prefrontal cortex supporting retrieval of emotional words. Activations in the right mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex correlated with the correct retrieval conditions for negative words, whereas the right ventromedial and orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex showed enhanced responses to positive words. Additionally, differences between old and new items mainly affected bilateral orbitofrontal regions when processing positive words. The results are discussed in terms of higher monitoring demands owing to familiarity-based recognition bias for emotional words.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Effects of scopolamine and physostigmine on recognition memory in monkeys with ibotenic-acid lesions of the nucleus basalis of Meynert.

Monkeys with bilateral ibotenic-acid lesions of the nucleus basalis of Meynert, an area rich in cholinergic neurons that innervate the cerebral cortex, were compared with unoperated control monkeys on a recognition memory task. Although animals with large lesions had substantial reductions of cortical choline acetyltransferase activity, none showed impairment in the task. Lesion effects were observed, however, when performance was assessed following administration of a muscarinic receptor blocker (scopolamine) or a cholinesterase inhibitor (physostigmine). Although scopolamine produced dose-related impairments in both groups, this effect was greater in the experimental animals. Conversely, whereas physostigmine produced modest improvement in performance in the control group, no such improvement was observed in the experimental animals. The altered sensitivity to the mnemonic effects of cholinergic agents in the experimental group suggests that the cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert contribute to recognition memory.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2003

The effect of feature frequency on short-term recognition memory.

We report two experiments using Sternberg's (1969) multitrial recognition-memory paradigm. We used colored shapes as stimuli and manipulated the frequency of the shapes (but not of the colors) across trials. For lures containing an extralist shape (i.e., a shape not studied in the current study list), responses were faster if the shape had occurred infrequently than if it had occurred frequently in the preceding trials. For lures containing an extralist color and a studied shape, by contrast, the frequency of the shape in the preceding trials was irrelevant. We conclude that correct rejections depend solely on contradictory evidence. Furthermore, low-frequency target items were recognized more easily than high-frequency targets. Both the interaction of frequency with the features of the lures and the main effect of frequency for the targets are problematic for current accounts of recognition.

Form Perception↗
PubMed1992

On the relationship between recall and recognition memory.

The relationship between recall and recognition has been a central topic for the study of memory. A test of alternative views about recall and recognition was arranged by studying amnesic patients. In amnesia, damage has occurred to a brain system important for declarative (conscious) memory, but skill learning, priming, and other forms of nonconscious memory are intact. Recall and recognition were found to be proportionately impaired in amnesic patients, and confidence ratings for the recognition judgments were commensurate with the level of impaired performance. The results are contrary to views that either recognition memory or associated confidence judgments are ordinarily supported significantly by nonconscious memory. The results favor the view that recall and recognition are related functions of declarative memory and equivalently dependent on the brain system damaged in amnesia.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Visual Continuous Recognition Memory in normal and closed-head-injured adolescents.

The Continuous Recognition Memory Test was administered to 46 normal adolescents and 91 closed-head-injured adolescents. Performance on the test varied significantly with severity of injury as measured by the Glasgow Coma Scale score and duration of impaired consciousness. The performance of adolescents with diffuse injury, right, left, or bilateral mass lesions did not differ significantly. The efficacy of the test for use with head-injured adolescents is demonstrated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Opioid blockade improves human recognition memory following physiological arousal.

RATIONALE: States of heightened emotion and arousal, such as those that may occur during crimes or traumatic accidents, can impair human memory. Animal models suggest that such memory alterations may be mediated by opioid neuropeptides. In some experimental paradigms, opioid blockade reverses memory impairments related to arousal. OBJECTIVES: The present study evaluated the hypothesis that, under conditions of heightened arousal, opioid blockade would enhance memory in human subjects. METHODS: Memory for story information was evaluated among subjects randomized to one of four study groups (two orthogonal study conditions): (1) no arousal+no opioid blockade, (2) no arousal+opioid blockade, (3) arousal+no opioid blockade, and (4) arousal+opioid blockade. Both free recall and recognition memory were assessed. Opioid receptor blockade was achieved using a single oral dose of naltrexone. RESULTS: With heightened arousal, subjects receiving naltrexone performed better than those receiving placebo on tests of total and incidental recognition memory. In contrast, with emotionally neutral stimuli, naltrexone subjects performed worse than placebo subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that opioid peptides mediate alterations in specific aspects of human memory during heightened emotional states, and help to explain why memories may be selectively deficient under conditions of stress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The effect of retention interval upon hemispheric processes in recognition memory.

Simple concrete nouns were presented unilaterally in a continuous recognition memory procedure. Each word was presented twice in a session, and subjects were required to signal the second occurrence of a word. Retention interval was manipulated by varying the lag separating word presentations, and lags of 1, 4, 8, and 32 items were employed in the design. Words were projected, on first and second presentations respectively, to the following visual fields: LL, LR, RR, and RL. No visual field effects were observed at lag 1, but an advantage for RVF probes was evident from lag 4 onwards. At lag 8, a relative superiority emerged from uncrossed versus crossed presentation. The results support the idea that lateral asymmetries develop as processing engages deeper and more complex levels of representation. There was also evidence that memory representations are more salient following direct, rather than transcallosal, stimulation of a hemisphere.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Marijuana: dose effects on pulse rate, subjective estimates of intoxication, free recall and recognition memory.

The effect of marijuana on memory as measured by free recall and recognition, pulse rate and self ratings of intoxication was evaluated in 16 male volunteers. Marijuana containing 0, 5, 10 or 15 mg delta9-THC was administered to all subjects by smoking in 4 sessions separated by a 1 week interval. Free recall was reduced in a dose related manner by the drug, but recognition memory was unaffected. A 2 sec word presentation rate produced inferior recall in comparison to a 4 sec rate, but this variable did not interact with drug condition. Intrusion errors increased following intoxication but this effect was not systematically related to dosage of delta9-THC. Both pulse rate and self ratings of intoxication increased with dosage.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Recognition memory in Parkinson's disease.

On four tests of visual recognition memory Parkinsonian patients obtained normal scores, both immediately and after a delay. They also resembled controls closely in nearly all characteristics of memory. Their performance did not correlate with age, motor disability or disease duration. Parkinson's disease does not, therefore, affect this kind of memory.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Recognition memory and memory for order in script-based stories following frontal lobe excisions.

Memory for stories was investigated in 25 patients with frontal lobe excisions and 25 control subjects. The subjects were presented with three different story types that either conformed to a well-known script, contained the same elements as a script but in a randomised order, or described a novel event. Subjects were asked to perform a test of recognition memory and memory for order on words presented in each story. The frontal lobe patients were unimpaired on the recognition memory test for salient words taken from each story. However, an impairment was observed in the frontal patients when they were asked to order the words taken from the novel story only. This deficit was no longer seen when the subjects were required to order sentences describing the key events in the story. These findings help to elucidate the role of the frontal lobes in memory for order information.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Short duration synchronization of human theta rhythm during recognition memory.

Structures within the medial temporal lobe, particularly the hippocampus, have long been implicated in human episodic memory. The same structures are known to generate EEG in the theta frequency range in animals. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the time course of changes in the human theta rhythm during a word recognition memory task. In the period 125-250 ms after the visual presentation of a word, theta power increased by an average of 13% compared with the prestimulus baseline period and this increase was more than twice as great for repeated words (18%) as for new ones (8%). These results show that there are short duration changes in the human theta rhythm associated with recognition memory.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Neonatal novelty exposure, dynamics of brain asymmetry, and social recognition memory.

Brief and transient early-life stimulation via neonatal handling and neonatal novelty exposure can lead to differential changes within the right and left brains. In rats, these lateralized changes have been demonstrated behaviorally, neuroanatomically, and neurophysiologically. Recently, we found that neonatal novelty exposure can prolong the duration of social recognition memory from less than 2 hr to at least 24 hr among male rats reared in social isolation and that this enhancement is associated with an initial right-turn preference in a novel testing cage. In contrast to stable forms of asymmetry, such as handedness, we show that this turning asymmetry is dynamic-decreasing as the animal adjusts to the novel testing environment over a 2-day period. This change in turning asymmetry was found only among animals that experienced neonatal novelty exposure during the first 3 weeks of their lives. Furthermore, individual differences in short-term social recognition memory for a conspecific can be predicted by this change in functional asymmetry.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

The Von Restorff effect in visual object recognition memory in humans and monkeys. The role of frontal/perirhinal interaction.

This study reports the development of a new, modified delayed matching to sample (DMS) visual recognition memory task that controls the relative novelty of test stimuli and can be used in human and nonhuman primates. We report findings from normal humans and unoperated monkeys, as well as three groups of operated monkeys. In the study phase of this modified paradigm, subjects studied lists of two-dimensional visual object stimuli. In the test phase each studied object was presented again, now paired with a new stimulus (a foil), and the subject had to choose the studied item. In some lists one study item (the novel or isolate item) and its associated foil differed from the others (the homogenous items) along one stimulus dimension (color). The critical experimental measure was the comparison of the visual object recognition error rates for isolate and homogenous test items. This task was initially administered to human subjects and unoperated monkeys. Error rates for both groups were reliably lower for isolate than for homogenous stimuli in the same list position (the von Restorff effect). The task was then administered to three groups of monkeys who had selective brain lesions. Monkeys with bilateral lesions of the amygdata and fornix, two structures that have been proposed to play a role in novelty and memory encoding, were similar to normal monkeys in their performance on this task. Two further groups--with disconnection lesions of the perirhinal cortex and either the prefrontal cortex or the magnocellular mediodorsal thalamus--showed no evidence of a von Restorff effect. These findings are not consistent with previous proposals that the hippocampus and amygdala constitute a general novelty processing network. Instead, the results support an interaction between the perirhinal and frontal cortices in the processing of certain kinds of novel information that support visual object recognition memory.

Adolescent↗