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PubMed2000

Semiquantitative determination of urinary glucose: comparison of home-made strip and routine tests.

Glucose oxidase paper strips for semiquantitative determination of glucose in urine are commercially available but details of their preparation are not published. The purpose of this study was to produce such strips, using a coupled enzyme glucose oxidase-peroxidase reaction which would yield purple color with ortho-tolidine, and safranin upon dipping into urine containing glucose. In this present study, without any special equipment, special humidity and temperature control, the new reagent strip named R-strip could be successfully prepared in the atmospheric conditions of Thailand. R-strips were evaluated against random urine added with various amounts of glucose in comparison with a commercial strip (T-strip), Benedict's test, and a commercial tablet (C-tablet), routinely used in laboratories. The developed strips were found to be as specific as T-strip and more sensitive than other tests.

Diagnostic Tests, Routine↗
PubMed2004

Descriptive urological record of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the wild and limitations associated with using multi-reagent dipstick test strips.

Ten urine chemistry parameters were measured on 74 voided urine samples from 34 wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Multi-reagent urine dipstick tests were performed and results determined using colorimetric scales. Urine pH measured between 8 and 9 units in 91% of the chimpanzees. Test pads detected protein, erythrocytes, leukocyte esterase activity, and nitrites, ketones and bilirubin in 47, 32, 29, and <10% of the chimpanzees, respectively. No apparent association between positive test results for blood in adult females and reproductive status was found. Overall, 17 of the 34 chimpanzees had positive urine test results for protein, hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, nitrites, ketones, and/or bilirubin. Dipstick urinalysis alone is an unreliable method for assessing health and physiological status of wild chimpanzees. However, if combined with other diagnostics it could prove to be a valuable health-monitoring tool. Limitations associated with this methodology need to be considered when interpreting urinary dipstick test results.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Ten-minute test for differentiating between Klebsiella and Enterobacter isolates.

A 10-minute test, utilizing a urease paper-reagent strip (PATHO-TEC), for differentiating Klebsiella and Enterobacter species is described. By using a heavy suspension of organisms and 50 C temperature for incubation, 93% of Klebsiella strains (186/200) were positive and 95% of Enterobacter strains (190/200) were negative with this testing system. The rapid nature of the test (10 min), the facility with which it can be carried out, and the ease with which the strips can be stored and handled may make this a useful aid for the clinical microbiologist.

Agar↗
PubMed2004

[Determination of LF-VD refining furnace slag by X ray fluorescence spectrometry].

Eight components, i.e. TFe, CaO, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, MnO and P2O5 in refining furnace slag were determined by X ray fluorescence spectrometer. Because the content of CaO was high, the authors selected 12 national and departmental grade slag standard samples and prepared a series of synthetic standard samples by adding spectrally pure reagents to them. The calibration curve is suitable to the sample analysis of CaO, MgO and SiO2 with widely varying range. Meanwhile, the points on the curve are even. The samples were prepared at high temperature by adding Li2B4O7 as flux. The experiments for the selection of the sample preparation conditions about strip reagents, melting temperature and dulition ratio were carried out. The matrix effects on absorption and enhancement were corrected by means of PH model and theoretical alpha coefficient. Moreover, the precision and accuracy experiments were performed. In comparison with chemical analysis method, the quantitative analytical results for each component are satisfactory. The method has proven rapid, precise and simple.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1983

Potential applications and pitfalls of dry reagent tests. An evaluation of the Ames Seralyzer.

In recent years, the development of dry reagent tests has made it possible for many clinical laboratory tests to be performed not only in the laboratory but also elsewhere. Some of the factors influencing the applications and use of one such system, the Ames Seralyzer, have been studied. Sample volume and the timing of analysis were critical, and poor precision was obtained by an inexperienced operator. The calibrators and reagent strips were stable when stored as recommended by the manufacturer, and calibration was stable for 24 hours. The implications of these findings as well as the problems of method comparison and quality control are discussed, particularly in relation to the use of the instrument outside the laboratory. More generally, this study illustrates several problems with the use of dry reagent, thin films and associated instrumentation that must be considered during evaluations.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1987

The urinalysis: a critical appraisal.

The urinalysis, an inexpensive office test, is often performed unnecessarily. Improved chemical testing using reagent strips obviates the need for routine microscopy in many cases. More information is needed to make specific recommendations on the use of the routine urinalysis as a screening procedure.

Bacteriuria↗
PubMed1996

The use of questionnaires for the identification of high risk areas for urinary schistosomiasis: the Ethiopian experience.

The applicability and usefulness of questionnaires directed at school children and teachers and routed through the usual administrative/educational system for the identification of communities at risk for urinary schistosomiasis in Ethiopia was assessed in the Awash Valley in 1992 as part of a multi-country study. Pre-tested questionnaires were distributed to 28 elementary schools. A total of 2918 children and 56 teachers completed the questionnaires. Teachers and the biomedical team tested 2662 and 2602 children by reagent strips in 24 schools. The prevalences of children with questionnaire positive (yes) answers for indicators of urinary schistosomiasis, "blood in urine" and "schistosomiasis" or "pain when urinating", were 4.1%, 3.6% and 11.2%, respectively. The median rank given by teachers for "blood in urine" and "schistosomiasis" from among a list of symptoms/diseases that were affecting children in the area was 7 (not cited by the respondent). The prevalence of haematuria at the 1+ limit by teacher and biomedical team reagent testing was 21.9% and 17.5%, respectively. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among the children tested by urine filtration was 2.7%. The relation between children's and teachers's questionnaire answers for the markers of urinary schistosomiasis, on the one hand, and between children's questionnaire answers and teacher stick testing results, on the other, gave no significant correlation. Conventional parasitological testing required US+ 226 per screened school as opposed to US+ 47 and US+ 153 for questionnaires and teacher testing, respectively. The approach worked well operationally and was cheaper. Nevertheless, it did not serve its diagnostic purpose in the Awash Valley. This is explained, among others, by the low prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in the study area which probably resulted in low perception of the disease by the immigrant population from the highlands who constituted the majority of the study population. However, as the feasibility and the cost-effectiveness of questionnaires for large-scale screening provide many possibilities in the frame of a PHC approach to disease control, a similar investigation should be carried out in a different urinary schistosomiasis endemic area before sound conclusion is given as to the diagnostic capability of the approach.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Dry reagent immunoassay for measuring phenobarbital in serum and plasma.

A reagent strip has been developed for measuring phenobarbital concentrations in serum or plasma. This strip utilizes the apoenzyme reactivation immunoassay system (ARIS) and is designed for use with the Ames Seralyzer reflectance photometer. The test takes 85 s and compares strip reactivities with a two-point calibration line that is stored in the instrument. Within-run precision coefficient of variation ranges from 2.4 to 4.1% over five concentrations while the between-run precision ranges from 2.3 to 4.9%. Results obtained with clinical serum samples correlated well (r greater than 0.99) with those obtained by a fluorescence polarization immunoassay (TDx). The strips crossreact with other barbituric acid derivatives that are not coadministered with phenobarbital. Crossreactivity to the metabolite p-hydroxyphenobarbital is sufficiently low as to not interfere in the usual specimens. Samples that are hemolyzed, highly icteric, or from uremic patients should be avoided. This assay is a rapid and convenient method for monitoring serum or plasma phenobarbital concentrations. It is particularly well suited for decentralized test sites, such as emergency rooms, urgent care centers, and physician's offices.

Apoenzymes↗
PubMed1978

Sensitivity of in vitro diagnostic dipstick tests to urinary protein.

Two commonly used brands of reagent strip (dipsticks) were evlauated for their sensitivity to Bence-Jones and seven other urinary proteins. Both brands showed significant differences in sensitivity to albumin, glycoprotein, ribonuclease and lysozyme; both were most sensitive to albumin and least sensitive to globulin. Furthermore, their comparative sensitivities to these proteins also differed markedly. These differences in sensitivity could lead to underestimation of protein content in urine specimens. Tests on urines from patients with multiple myeloma showed that a negative urinary dipstick test result did not rule out the presence of the disease.

Albuminuria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluating clinical accuracy of systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose.

Although the scientific literature contains numerous reports of the statistical accuracy of systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), most of these studies determine accuracy in ways that may not be clinically useful. We have developed an error grid analysis (EGA), which describes the clinical accuracy of SMBG systems over the entire range of blood glucose values, taking into account 1) the absolute value of the system-generated glucose value, 2) the absolute value of the reference blood glucose value, 3) the relative difference between these two values, and 4) the clinical significance of this difference. The EGA of accuracy of five different reflectance meters (Eyetone, Dextrometer, Glucometer I, Glucometer II, Memory Glucometer II), a visually interpretable glucose reagent strip (Glucostix), and filter-paper spot glucose determinations is presented. In addition, reanalyses of a laboratory comparison of three reflectance meters (Accucheck II, Glucometer II, Glucoscan 9000) and of two previously published studies comparing the accuracy of five different reflectance meters with EGA is described. EGA provides the practitioner and the researcher with a clinically meaningful method for evaluating the accuracy of blood glucose values generated with various monitoring systems and for analyzing the clinical implications of previously published data.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1994

A simple technique for the estimation of regional blood content in brain.

A simple and inexpensive technique is described for the assessment of regional cerebral blood volume (CBV) using a color reaction based on the pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin. Cryostat sections are placed on a commercially available reagent strip originally designed for quantitative estimation of blood content in urine. After melting of the brain section, a blue color reaction appears which is darker in areas with higher hemoglobin content. The image is analyzed by a computerized image-processing system and evaluated by standards prepared from brain homogenate with different hemoglobin content. From the optical density data, regional CBV is calculated with correction for the difference between microvascular and large vessel hematocrit. The method was validated by a radiolabel procedure. Values of regional CBV are reported in gray matter areas of control rabbits and in brains embolized by autologous clot. This simple inexpensive technique is a useful supplementary tool in multiparametric metabolic studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Intensive attention improves glycaemic control in insulin-dependent diabetes without further advantage from home blood glucose monitoring: results of a controlled trial.

Forty-six diabetics treated with twice-daily insulin were seen every two weeks for six months in an intensive education programme aided by regular home urine glucose testing. Control was improved with a decrease in 24-hour urinary glucose excretion (median 138 mmol/24 h (24.8 g/24 h) falling to 70 mmol/24 h (12.6 g/24 h); p less than 0.002), glycosylated haemoglobin concentration (mean 11.4 +/- SD 2.3% falling to 10.4 +/- 1.5%; p less than 0.001), and Diastix score (median 3.0 falling to 1.3; p less than 0.001). There was no reported increase in hypoglycaemia. Thirty-eight of the diabetics proceeded to a nine-month randomised cross-over study of the effect on blood glucose control of monitoring urinary glucose or blood glucose measured visually or by a reflectance meter using appropriate reagent strips. No further improvement in control was observed after home blood glucose monitoring. Nevertheless, 29 out of 37 patients preferred blood to urine glucose monitoring. During both the education and cross-over studies there was evidence of an initial improvement in control followed by deterioration. This was independent of the monitoring method used in the cross-over period and may have been due to waning enthusiasm. Despite patient enthusiasm and other reports to the contrary, home blood glucose monitoring offered no improvement in control over intensive attention and conventional urine glucose monitoring.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of various methods of blood sugar screening in newborn infants.

We evaluated two reagent strips, Dextrostix and Chemstrip-BG, and the reflectance meter technique, Stat-tek Photometer, in the screening of blood sugar values in newborn infants at high risk and compared them with laboratory glucose determination using an automatic analyzer (glucose oxidase method). The visual inspection provided by the Chemstrip-BG was the best screening method and correlated best with laboratory blood sugar concentrations, with a correlation coefficient of 0.885. This value was statistically better than for Dextrostix (r = 0.797) and Stat-tek (r = 0.777). When we compared the blood sugar values less than 50 mg/dl, the correlation coefficient for Stat-tek was 0.670, which was not statistically different than for Dextrostix (r = 0.502); Chemstrip-BG correlated best with true glucose values (r = 0.843). We believe that Chemstrip-BG is more accurate and technically easier to perform than either Dextrostix or Stat-tek.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2000

The risk of cardiovascular disease mortality associated with microalbuminuria and gross proteinuria in persons with older-onset diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Despite the numerous studies on the relation of albuminuria with increased risk of all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus, it remains uncertain whether microalbuminuria and/or gross proteinuria are independent risk factors for cardiovascular mortality. Moreover, the association of albuminuria with cardiovascular mortality in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus has not been well described in US populations. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the relative risks (RRs) for the associations of microalbuminuria and gross proteinuria with cardiovascular disease mortality among persons with older-onset diabetes mellitus. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 840 people with older-onset diabetes mellitus who provided urine samples in the 1984-1986 examination of a population-based study of diabetic persons. The presence of microalbuminuria was determined by an agglutination inhibition assay and gross proteinuria by a reagent strip. The main outcome was time to mortality from cardiovascular disease, as determined from death certificates. RESULTS: Of the 840 older-onset diabetic persons, 54.8% had normoalbuminuria, while 24.8% had microalbuminuria and 20.5% had gross proteinuria. During the 12-year follow-up (6127 person-years), we identified 364 deaths from cardiovascular disease. Compared with persons with normoalbuminuria, those with microalbuminuria and gross proteinuria had significantly higher risks of cardiovascular mortality. The RR as controlled for age, sex, glycemic control, insulin use, alcohol intake, physical activity, cardiovascular disease history, antihypertensive use, and retinopathy severity, was 1.84 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42-2.40) for those with microalbuminuria and 2.61 (95% CI, 1.99-3.43) for those with gross proteinuria. Further adjustment for other factors did not change the relations we found. When the end point used was mortality from coronary heart disease, stroke, or all causes, the increased risks were significant for both microalbuminuria (adjusted RRs [95% CIs], 1.96 [1.42-2.72], 2.20 [1.29-3.75], and 1.68 [1.35-2.09], respectively) and gross proteinuria (adjusted RRs [95% CIs], 2.73 [1.95-3.81], 2.33 [1.28-4.24], and 2.47 [1.97-3.10], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Results from our population-based study strongly suggest that both microalbuminuria and gross proteinuria were significantly associated with subsequent mortality from all causes and from cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and coronary heart diseases. These associations were independent of known cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes-related variables.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Outcome of unattended out-of-hospital births in Harlem.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the maternal risk factors and infant outcome for unattended out-of-hospital deliveries brought to an inner-city public hospital. METHODS: We compared 59 infants born alive out of hospital during 1989 with 151 randomly selected in-hospital live births, all with birth weight greater than 500 g. RESULTS: History of cocaine use during pregnancy (odds ratio [OR], 4.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.68 to 10.5) and lack of Medicaid or other health insurance (OR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.04 to 4.45) were independently associated with out-of-hospital delivery. Out-of-hospital delivery was associated with hypothermia (defined as admission axillary temperature < 35 degrees C; OR, 20.8; 95% CI, 4.81 to 89.9) and with hypoglycemia (defined as admission glucose reagent strip reading < 2.2 mmol/L [< 40 mg/dL]; OR, 4.41; 95% CI, 1.29 to 15.1) in separate analyses controlling for birth weight and other risk factors. Polycythemia (venous or arterial hematocrit > 0.65 at age > or = 6 hours) occurred in 14% (eight of 59) of out-of-hospital births. The increased neonatal mortality rate for infants born out of hospital (20.3 vs 7.3 per 1000 live births; OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.23 to 6.47) was due to an excess of infants weighing 500 to 999 g. CONCLUSIONS: Unattended out-of-hospital births result in increased neonatal morbidity that may be partly preventable by simple interventions used routinely at inhospital deliveries.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Long-term outcome of hematuria home screening for bladder cancer in men.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were to determine whether bladder cancer (BC) screening in healthy men could lead to earlier detection and reduced BC mortality compared with unscreened men and to determine long-term outcomes of a geographically defined, unscreened population with newly diagnosed BC. METHODS: In 1987 and from 1998 to 1992, 1575 men ages 50 years and older who were solicited from well patient rosters in clinics in and around Madison, Wisconsin, tested their urine repetitively with a chemical reagent strip for hemoglobin. Participants who had positive test results underwent standard urologic evaluation. BC grades and stages and the outcomes of men with BC detected by screening were compared with the grades, stages, and outcomes of 87% of men ages 50 years and older with newly diagnosed BC who were reported to the Wisconsin Tumor Registry in 1988 (n = 509 men). RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-eight screening participants (16.4%) were evaluated for hematuria, and 21 participants (8.1%) were diagnosed with BC. Proportions of low-grade (Grade 1 and 2) superficial (Stage Ta and T1) versus high-grade (Grade 3) superficial or invasive (Stage > or = T2) cancers in screened men (52.4% vs. 47.7%) and in men from the tumor registry (60.3% vs. 39.7%) were similar (P = .50). The proportion of high-grade superficial or invasive BCs that were invasive were lower in screened men (10%) than in unscreened men (60%; P = .002). At 14 years of follow-up, no men with screen-detected BC had died of BC, whereas 20.4% of men with unscreened BC had died of BC (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Screening effected the early detection of BC and may reduce mortality from BC compared with BC that is diagnosed at standard clinical presentation.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Monitoring theophylline levels in serum and saliva using fluorescence polarization immunoassay and Seralyzer.

The reliability and predictive value of salivary theophylline levels was investigated in 58 children who were treated with oral sustained-release theophylline preparations for bronchial asthma. Serum and saliva levels were assessed by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), and Seralyzer (reagent strip reflectance photometer method). Forty-six paired serum and saliva samples from 28 patients (Group 1) were used to develop a linear regression formula. This formula was tested on 130 paired serum and saliva samples from 32 patients (Group 2). When saliva theophylline levels were assayed using FPIA, 95% of serum levels were predicted within 30% of the measured value. Using Seralyzer, 95% of serum levels were predicted within 45% of the measured value. For patients with three and more paired serum and saliva specimens, individual regression formulas were determined showing considerable variation. This study indicates that salivary theophylline levels provide for an estimation of serum levels if FPIA is used. The Seralyzer technique is only useful for serum theophylline measurements. Using a special device it is now easier to obtain saliva samples than by conventional methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of maternal and cord blood glucose levels in diabetic and non-diabetic Nigerians in relation to birth weight and maternal body mass index.

Maternal and cord blood glucose levels in diabetic multiparous Nigerian women were compared in relation to variable parameters such as birth weight, maternal body mass index (BMI), age and number of births, in order to ascertain the effect of diabetes on parity among women of pure Negro race. Pregnant women of pure Negro origin who were native to Nigeria or other African countries were selected for the study. The subjects were age-matched into three age groups of 20-24, 25-35, and 36 or over years, respectively and then were further divided into diabetics and non-diabetics following a 75 g OGTT. Umbilical cord blood and maternal blood samples were collected immediately after each delivery. The amount of glucose in blood was determined by means of Dextrostix reagent strips read in a glucometer. Birth weight, umbilical cord blood glucose and maternal blood glucose increased slightly with increasing age in the diabetics. There was no effect of age on umbilical cord and maternal blood glucose levels in non-diabetics. Maternal BMI also increased with age in the diabetics whereas it increased only slightly but not significantly at the age of 36 years and over in the non-diabetics. However, there was a slight increase in birth weight with increasing age among the non-diabetics. The correlation coefficients (r) of the relationship between maternal blood glucose and baby weight were +0.905 for the diabetic and +0.155 for non-diabetic groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗