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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Eye movements, scanpaths, and dyslexia.

The oculomotor performance of 25 dyslexic and 19 normal children was evaluated to determine whether or not dyslexia involves deficits in oculomotor function or visual perception. When the children were required to follow a meaningless target or to solve pictorial tasks, the two age-matched groups could not be differentiated. When they were required to read selections commensurate with their measured reading level, the dyslexic children were markedly different on a number of parameters. It appears that the dyslexic's difficulty lies beyond visual perception, perhaps in the language area itself. The dyslexic's characteristic deficit seems to involve the integration of visual input into the language-acquisition function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A deaf child's language acquisition verified through text retelling.

The researchers studied a method of mediation with a deaf second grader. Language needs were identified through transcription of the child's retellings of weekly basal stories. These were either targeted for adult-mediated conversations during reading activities or left "untargeted but tracked." During two intervention phases, the student's performance on semantic and syntactic features of interest incorporated into retellings improved when an adult facilitated; when an adult was intentionally unavailable to mediate retellings, documentation of positive linguistic changes indicated internalization or acquisition of these features. Analysis of language behaviors that did not improve during unmediated retellings indicated a need for continued mediation. Untargeted but tracked behaviors that went unchanged during data collection further documented that language behavior changes resulted from adult mediation, not maturation. The child achieved 1 year's reading growth during the data collection period (1 academic year) on the Gates-MacGinite Test of Reading (hearing norms; W. MacGinite & R. MacGinite, 1989). Text retelling methodology proved useful, although group design study is warranted.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Primordial reading of genetic information.

From the consideration of general features of the anticodon loop and stem in tRNA and the properties of present-day translation, we put forward a plausible scenario to explain the evolution of the genetic code from a highly ambiguous triplet code to the present refined decoding system. Our model based on the reading of the code suggests that the anticodon of primordial tRNA could adopt either the 3' or the 5' stacked conformation permitting the formation of the "best two out of three" base pairs, either the first and second codon position or the second and third. Progressive acquisition of precise structural constraint and the modification of bases in the anticodon loop would give way eventually to the less ambiguous "two out of three" reading mechanism having only the 3' stacked conformation. Further adjustments of base composition and modification leads inevitably to the present generalized code. In this way the primordial code encoding 4-8 amino acids or related derivates evolves smoothly to the present code having 20 amino acids.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1993

When reading is acquired but phonemic awareness is not: a study of literacy in Down's syndrome.

The concept of phonological awareness (PA) has loomed large in recent discussions of the acquisition of literacy in alphabetic orthographies (Bryant & Goswami, 1987). The term is usually taken to imply overt knowledge of how spoken words can be analysed into their constituent sounds ("phones"). This awareness is assessed by such tasks as requiring the child to produce (or recognize) rhymes, to indicate how many sounds there are in a particular word, or to delete a constituent (phone or syllable) of a word and pronounce the remainder. It has been asserted that these skills play a causal role in the development of reading ability (Bradley & Bryant, 1983). We provide evidence against the position that such skills are essential prerequisites for reading (and any other hypothesis that claims necessary causal links between reading and PA). It is shown that some children with Down's syndrome can learn to read despite their failure on a set of tasks conventionally employed to assess PA. The pedagogic implication is that reading should be taught by teaching reading skills (including letter-sound correspondences), not phonological awareness skills.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Converging evidence for the role of occipital regions in orthographic processing: a case of developmental surface dyslexia.

Recently, there have been several reports focusing on the neural basis for word recognition. Two different views have emerged: one emphasizing the role of the left angular gyrus in recognizing printed words, and the second view suggesting that visual word processing activates the left extrastriate cortex. This paper describes the case of EBON, a 14-year-old girl with an extensive early (most likely congenital) brain lesion in the left occipital lobe. She demonstrates a clear pattern of developmental surface dyslexia in that she is more successful at reading and spelling regular words than irregular words and makes frequent regularization errors. Thus, EBON is the first case reported with the potential to establish converging evidence for the role of extrastriate regions in the left hemisphere in the acquisition of orthographic representations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Experimental confirmation of phase encoding of instantaneous derivatives of position.

Previous theoretical reports described the dependence of interpretation of the observed phase of the NMR signal on the time origin(s) of moment calculations and position's Taylor series expansion. This work provides experimental confirmation of predictions derived from that theory. For accelerative motion, experimental phase-encoded velocity measurements give instantaneous values at a time corresponding to the origin used for waveform moment calculations. For laminar flow, experimental intensity profiles agree well with theoretical simulations; new findings extend amplitude and spatial distributions of oblique flow profiles beyond previous descriptions. Experiments using sequences with controlled position of the time origins for phase and read axes show that displacement and motion artifacts are reduced when they're coincident (pulsed flow, nongated acquisitions), and virtually eliminated when combined with gating. Potentially significant clinical consequences of coincident and noncoincident time origins are demonstrated in human head MIP MRA images. These results have fundamental implications in waveform design.

Artifacts↗
PubMed1997

Postischemic stunning can affect left ventricular ejection fraction and regional wall motion on post-stress gated sestamibi tomograms.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to investigate whether left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) calculated from post-stress single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) reflects the basal value for LVEF or whether post-stress LVEF is reduced in some patients with stress-induced ischemia. BACKGROUND: Automated programs are now commercially available for assessing global left ventricular (LV) function from post-stress technetium-99m sestamibi gated SPECT performed >15 min after completion of exercise. METHODS: Eighty-one sequential patients who underwent a 2-day stress/rest sestamibi imaging protocol and showed perfusion defects on the post-stress tomogram underwent gated acquisition of the second-day rest tomogram. The post-stress and rest tomographic images were read for presence, location, severity and reversibility of defects by consensus of two to three experienced observers with the aid of circumferential count displays. Defects were scored as mild, moderate or severe and as completely or partially reversible or fixed, and a summed defect severity score was calculated. Of these 81 scans, 20 showed nonreversible perfusion defects (group 3), whereas 61 showed reversible perfusion defects. Post-stress and rest LVEF was calculated from the processed gated SPECT data. From 15 additional patients who underwent rest gated SPECT studies on separate days, serial reproducibility of LVEF values calculated from the gated SPECT data was determined to be +/-5.2%. Coronary angiography was performed within 3 months of the scan without intervening events in 47 of 81 patients, including 39 of 61 with reversible perfusion defects. RESULTS: In 22 (36%) of 61 patients with reversible perfusion defects, post-stress LVEF was >5% lower than that at rest (group 2), whereas in the remaining 39 patients, post-stress LVEF was either +/-5% or greater than that at rest (group 1). Segmental chordal shortening analysis performed in group 2 studies showed that differences in chordal shortening between rest and post-stress were significantly greater in the reversible perfusion defect territories than in the nonischemic perfusion defect territories ([mean +/- SD] 0.14 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.02 +/- 0.09, respectively, p < 0.0001). There were no significant differences among groups for any of the following variables: age, gender, previous myocardial infarction and type of stress. Time to imaging and stress and scan variables were correlated with the change in LVEF by univariate analysis, and the two variables that correlated significantly were the summed defect reversibility score on the scan and a left anterior descending coronary artery location of the scan defect. Only summed defect reversibility score was significant on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: When the only gated sestamibi scan is the post-stress scan, global and regional LV function will not represent basal LV function in all patients with stress-induced ischemia.

Dipyridamole↗
PubMed1998

The precision of proton range calculations in proton radiotherapy treatment planning: experimental verification of the relation between CT-HU and proton stopping power.

The precision in proton radiotherapy treatment planning depends on the accuracy of the information used to calculate the stopping power properties of the tissues in the patient's body. This information is obtained from computed tomography (CT) images using a calibration curve to convert CT Hounsfield units into relative proton stopping power values. The validity of a stoichiometric method to create the calibration curve has been verified by measuring pairs of Hounsfield units and stopping power values for animal tissue samples. It was found that the agreement between measurement and calibration curve is better than 1% if beam hardening effects in the acquisition of the CT images can be neglected. The influence of beam hardening effects on the quantitative reading of the CT measurements is discussed and an estimation for the overall range precision of proton beams is given. It is expected that the range of protons in the human body can be controlled to better than +/-1.1% of the water equivalent range in soft tissue and +/-1.8% in bone, which translates into a range precision of about 1-3 mm in typical treatment situations.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Self-assessment and wishes regarding written language competence of deaf adults in Austria].

Problems in the acquisition of literacy skills have been documented by many authors. In this study deaf subjects evaluate their reading and writing skills and habits. 30 deaf persons are tested with a questionnaire developed for this study. The questionnaire measures reading habits and reading comprehension, emotional state during reading, wishes regarding improvement of reading skills, evaluation of writing skills and emotional state during writing. Results show problems concerning the reading of novels; many persons show a realistic evaluation of their writing skills and are suffering therefore.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Reliability and validity of noninvasive imaging of internal carotid artery pseudo-occlusion.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Our study evaluated noninvasive tests for the diagnosis of atheromatous internal carotid artery (ICA) pseudo-occlusion. METHODS: Twenty patients (17 men, 3 women; mean age +/-SD, 64.3+/-11.6 years) with angiographically proven atheromatous ICA pseudo-occlusion (20 vessels) were prospectively examined with MR angiography (MRA; 2D and 3D time-of-flight techniques), color Doppler-assisted duplex imaging (CDDI) and power-flow imaging (PFI) with and without an intravenous ultrasonic contrast agent. As a control group, 13 patients (13 men; mean+/-SD age, 63.0+/-9.0 years) with angiographically proven ICA occlusion (13 vessels) were studied with the same techniques. For the determination of interobserver agreement (kappa statistics), the findings of each diagnostic technique were read by 2 blinded and independent observers who were not involved in patient recruitment and initial data acquisition. Specificity and sensitivity were calculated for all noninvasive techniques (observer consensus) in comparison to the standard of reference (intra-arterial angiography). RESULTS: Interobserver reliabilities were kappa=0.86 for intra-arterial angiography, kappa=0.90 for unenhanced CDDI, kappa=0. 93 for enhanced CDDI, kappa=0.93 for unenhanced PFI, kappa=1.0 for enhanced PFI, kappa=0.93 for 2D MRA, and kappa=0.77 for 3D MRA, respectively (P<0.0001). Specificities and sensitivities were 0.92 and 0.70 for unenhanced CDDI, 0.92 and 0.83 for enhanced CDDI, 0.92 and 0.95 for unenhanced PFI, 1.0 and 0.94 for enhanced PFI, 1.0 and 0.65 for 2D MRA, and 0.89 and 0.47 for 3D MRA, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced ultrasonographic techniques, especially PFI (with only 1 false-positive diagnosis of occlusion in the present series), can provide reliable and valid data to differentiate between ICA pseudo-occlusion and complete occlusion. In contrast, time-of-flight MRA at its present state is not capable of predicting minimal residual flow within a nearly occluded ICA.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Podometry: a critical evaluation of its use in Hansen's disease.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of podometry to measure the pressure developed over the feet and the value of these findings to help in the prevention of the plantar neuropathic ulcer in patients bearing Hansen's disease. We evaluated 13 patients with impaired plantar pain and touch sensations and 17 normal patients. All the patients were submitted to static evaluation using the podometer. The system employed was the "Midcapteur" commercial podometer composed of a platform for acquisition of analogic data capable of registering the segmental pressures applied to the feet. These data are read by a 386 IBM/PC compatible computer that registers the graphic patterns obtained from the pressures developed and also calculates the modes of pressure distribution in the four quadrants of the foot. These data obtained by means of static podometry were compared to the clinical evaluation of pain and touch sensation of the feet in hansenian patients. The results demonstrate that podometery is an efficient method for evaluating the pressure in impaired feet in Hansen's disease and is a progression of neuropathic ulcer; it is sensitive in the identification of the spots of increased pressure in anesthetic and anomalous areas, asymmetries and in correlating the presence of ulcers with increased pressure.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Computerized analysis of esophageal manometry].

Computerized analysis of esophageal manometry should consider the following objectives: a) objectivation of data acquisition; b) precision in calculating the various parameters; c) speed of analysis; d) an easy-to-read and promptly understandable graphic display of the manometric data; e) computation of new parameters capable of defining normal and pathologic function. It is with these objectives in mind that we launched our research project. Five normal subjects and 10 patients, of whom 5 presented esophageal achalasia and 5 gastroesophageal reflux disease, underwent computerized esophageal manometry and were evaluated on the basis of both traditional and innovative parameters, of our own inception. Among the various indexes tested, the "Esophageal transport" parameter, calculated as the ratio of momentum (dp*dT) over speed of propagation of the esophageal contractions, gave rise to particular interest. In our opinion, this parameter can be used as an index of the dynamic function of the organ.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Using stimulus shaping and fading to establish stimulus control in normal and retarded children.

The present study was an effort to investigate whether, in addition to his IQ level, the child's ability to identify all relevant stimulus components would affect the frequency of overselective responding. Children of different IQ levels (i.e. normal, educably retarded, and trainable retarded children) participated. Subjects were trained to learn the meanings of four sets of fictitious words, i.e. two sets containing words printed in Roman letters (Roman words), and two sets containing words printed in Hebrew letters (Hebrew words). All subjects could identify the words of each set. The normal and educably retarded subjects could read aloud the Roman words, whereas the trainable retarded subjects could not. None of the subjects could read the Hebrew words. Two training procedures were used, one requiring transfer of stimulus control (fading), and one which did not (stimulus shaping). The results indicated that, firstly, the discrimination learning of the normal and educably retarded subjects covaried with the IQ level and their ability to read the words. The learning rate was not affected by the training procedures. Secondly, the trainable retarded subjects learned much better through stimulus shaping than through fading. Their acquisition rates were slow and not affected by the types of letters. Thirdly, the training procedures had no effect on the breadth of stimulus control. Instead, it covaried as a function of the IQ level (all groups) and of the child's ability to read the words (normal and educably retarded subjects). Fourthly, the training procedures had, however, considerable effect on which letters controlled the discriminations. When overselective selective responding was evident, the letters that had been associated with the prompts were more often functional than the other letters, but only for the words trained through stimulus shaping.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Early words, multiword utterances and maternal reading strategies as predictors of mastering word inflections in Finnish.

This is the first study to report how children's language skills and mothers' book-reading strategies, measured at 2;0, predict mastery of word inflections at 3;0 and 5;0 in a sample of 66 Finnish children. Three theoretical models were tested on the longitudinal data using path analyses. The testing of the models suggests direct developmental continuity from producing words and multiword utterances on later inflectional growth, but indirect effects of maternal strategies on language outcomes. Moreover, mothers' complex expansions and questions are positively related, whereas labellings and corrections are negatively related, to children's concurrent and subsequent language skills. Finally, vocabulary size relates negatively to maternal attention regulation. When joint attention is easily built up in the dyad, mothers concentrate more on direct reading, which, together with the child's vocabulary, predicts mastery of inflections. In conclusion, the results can be viewed as support for a child-driven view on the future course of language acquisition.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Multidetector CT enteroclysis: comparison of the reading performance for axial and coronal views.

The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of axial and coronal views in multidetector CT enteroclysis (MDCTE). We retrospectively evaluated 48 patients with pathological correlation investigated by MDCTE for small bowel disorders. After nasojejunal administration of 2 l of 5% methylcellulose axial arterial and venous acquisition of MDCTE was followed by coronal reconstructions using equal slice thicknesses of 2.5 mm with 2 mm increments. Spatial resolution of both planes was evaluated by phantom. Three radiologists independently read axial and coronal images concerning 12 pathological features. The interobserver agreement and time of reading was calculated. Sensitivity and specificity resulted from comparison with histopathology (n=39) or follow-up (n=9). Phantom study revealed higher spatial resolution for axial than coronal views, whatever reconstruction interval was used. However, spatial frequency always remained high. Most pathological signs, such as bowel wall thickening (BWT), bowel wall enhancement (BWE) and intraperitoneal fluid (IPF), showed better interobserver agreement on axial than coronal views (BWT: 0.61 vs. 0.44; BWE: 0.56 vs. 0.5; IPF:0.53 vs. 0.43). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed significantly higher sensitivity for axial than coronal views (P=0.0453); the time of reading was significantly shorter for the latter (P=0.0146). The diagnostic value of axial slices is superior to coronal reconstructions despite the reduced data volume and display of the physiological course of bowel loops on the coronal plane.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The effect of visual word features on the acquisition of orthographic knowledge.

Research with adults has shown that the distortion of visual word features, and in particular of the multiletter features within words, hampers word recognition. In this study, "CaSe MiXiNg" was employed to examine the effect of disrupting visual word features on the acquisition of orthographic knowledge in children. During the training, 18 beginning and 27 advanced readers (in Grades 2, 4, and 5) repeatedly read a set of pseudowords in either lowercase or mixed case. During this training, case mixing appeared to impair reading speed in both reader groups. At posttest, 1 day after the training, case format was either the same as or different from that during the training. Lowercase pseudowords were recognized faster after a lowercase training than after a mixed-case training. In a second study, case was found not to affect the rapid naming of single letters. The combined results suggest that case mixing disrupted the multiletter features in pseudowords and that the disruption of these features can affect the acquisition of orthographic knowledge.

Child↗