Reduction of blood pressure with extract of horse-radish.
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Armoracia↗
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Suppressive effects of young radish cultivated with sulfur on growth and metastasis of B16-F10 melanoma cells.
The oral administration of extracts of young radishes cultivated with sulfur after intravenous tumor cell injection achieved a marked reduction of pulmonary colonization in mice. Treatment of the mice with extracts of young radish cultivated with sulfur did not show any increase in the number of CD8+ or NK T cells in the spleen, indicating no influence on host immunity. Sulforaphane, which could be a candidate for an active compound from young radishes cultivated with sulfur, inhibited cell growth of B16-F10 melanoma cells. In addition, extracts of the young radish cultivated with sulfur-fed group showed enhanced quinine reductase (QR) activities in the liver and lung and a slight increase of glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the liver. These results suggested that the administration of extracts of young radishes cultivated with sulfur suppressed pulmonary tumorigenesis, possibly due to increased activity of detoxification enzymes in the liver and lung, and partly due to cell cytotoxicity.
Animals↗
Plants grow better if seeds see green.
We report on the response of dry plant seeds to their irradiation with intense green light applied at biostimulatory doses. Red and near-infrared light delivered by lasers or arrays of light emitting diodes applied at such doses have been shown previously by us to have effects on mammalian cells. Effects include cell proliferation and elevation of cell vitality, and have practical applications in various biomedical fields. Growth processes induced by photoreceptor stimulation (phytochromes and cryptochromes) in plant seeds with green light were described so far only for imbibed seeds. In this paper, we show that irradiation of dry cress, radish and carrot seeds with intense green light (laser or arrays of light emitting diodes), applied at biostimulatory doses, resulted in a significant increase in biomass--14, 26, and 71 days after seeding, respectively. In the case of radish and carrot, the irradiation led to important changes in the root-to-foliage surface ratio. Seeds with a potential to grant growth acceleration could be of special interest in agricultural applications, and could even compensate for shorter growth seasons caused by climate change.
Biomass↗
Effects of sewage irrigation on the growth and scavenging system of activated oxygen of crop plants.
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Agriculture↗
Nickel inhibits the slowly activating channels of radish vacuoles.
The mechanism of inhibition by cytoplasmic nickel of slowly activating channels in radish vacuoles was investigated using the patch-clamp technique. The decrease in the macroscopic current induced by the presence of nickel in the cytoplasmic solution can be described by a Michaelis-Menten equation with an apparent dissociation constant of 0.45+/-0.03 mM. At the single-channel level, nickel moderately decreases the single-channel conductance, since the ratio between the chord conductance in the presence and in the absence of 1 mM cytosolic nickel is 0.89+/-0.06. Experiments performed to study the interaction between calcium, an activator of the channel, and nickel strongly suggest that these two ions bind to two distinct molecular sites. A simple mathematical model predicting the experimental observations is presented.
Calcium↗
Vegetable crop management strategies to increase the quantity of phytochemicals.
BACKGROUND: Numerous epidemiological studies show an inverse association between vegetable consumption and chronic diseases such as different types of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Phytochemicals in vegetables are known to be responsible for this observed protective effect. Therefore, raising the levels of these health-promoting substances in vegetables and/or using phytochemicals as food supplements would be desirable especially since dietary behaviour and the suboptimal efficiency of diet campaigns in industrial nations of Northern Europe and North America have resulted in a relatively low increase of vegetable consumption. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this paper is to suggest crop management strategies based on genotypic and ecophysiological effects for the production of vegetables enriched with phytochemicals which can be served as fresh market products or be used as raw material for functional foods and supplements. RESULTS: Crop management strategies, representatively given here with broccoli, cauliflower and radish, demonstrated that the contents of individual phytochemicals could be increased 10-fold in broccoli and cauliflower, and 2-fold in radish.
Agriculture↗
Plant defensins.
Plant defensins are small, basic peptides that have a characteristic three-dimensional folding pattern that is stabilized by eight disulfide-linked cysteines. They are termed plant defensins because they are structurally related to defensins found in other types of organism, including humans. To date, sequences of more than 80 different plant defensin genes from different plant species are available. In Arabidopsis thaliana, at least 13 putative plant defensin genes (PDF) are present, encoding 11 different plant defensins. Two additional genes appear to encode plant defensin fusions. Plant defensins inhibit the growth of a broad range of fungi but seem nontoxic to either mammalian or plant cells. Antifungal activity of defensins appears to require specific binding to membrane targets. This review focuses on the classification of plant defensins in general and in Arabidopsis specifically, and on the mode of action of plant defensins against fungal pathogens.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
A comparison of the effect of strong oxidizing agents on horse-radish peroxidase, hemin and tetrasulfonated copper phthalocyanine.
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Coloring Agents↗
Chromatography of horse-radish enzymes; a separation of two acid phosphomonesterases.
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Chromatography↗
Comparison of transfer and distribution of technetium and rhenium in radish plants from nutrient solution.
Tracer experiments were carried out to compare the plant uptake behavior of Tc and Re from nutrient solutions. Radish plants, transplanted to nutrient solution including various tracers, showed the same uptake and distribution of 95mTc and 183Re. The trend was the same when the 99Tc and stable-Re concentrations were increased in nutrient solution. The behavior of other elements was different from that of Tc and Re. These findings suggest the possible use of Re as the chemical analogue of Tc in soil solution to plant uptake experiments.
Industrial Waste↗
Incorporation of a high level of vitamin B12 into a vegetable, kaiware daikon (Japanese radish sprout), by the absorption from its seeds.
High level of vitamin B(12) was incorporated into kaiware daikon (Japanese radish sprout) by soaking its seeds in B(12) solutions. Vitamin B(12) amount incorporated into kaiware daikon increased up to 1.5 microg/g wet sprout with the soaking time of seeds in 0-200 microg/ml B(12) solution. Vitamin B(12) could be extracted more from the sample heated for a short time than from that of control without heat treatment.
Absorption↗
Metabolism of 5'alpha,8'-cycloabscisic acid, a highly potent and long-lasting abscisic acid analogue, in radish seedlings.
We synthesized 5'alpha,8'-cycloabscisic acid (CycloABA), a highly potent and long-lasting abscisic acid (ABA) analogue, by a different method from that reported before. CycloABA fed to radish seedlings had more metabolic tolerance than ABA. The major metabolite of CycloABA was the glucose conjugate, which was the minor metabolite of ABA. The 8'-hydroxylated metabolite and its cyclized isomer, which were major metabolites of ABA, were not found as metabolites of CycloABA. The present results suggest that the highly potent and long-lasting activity of CycloABA is caused by resistance to ABA 8'-hydroxylase, and that CycloABA is partially metabolized to the glucose conjugate by ABA glucosyltransferase.
Abscisic Acid↗
Soil amendments reduce trace element solubility in a contaminated soil and allow regrowth of natural vegetation.
We tested the effects of three amendments (a biosolid compost, a sugar beet lime, and a combination of leonardite plus sugar beet lime) on trace element stabilisation and spontaneous revegetation of a trace element contaminated soil. Soil properties were analysed before and after amendment application. Spontaneous vegetation growing on the experimental plot was studied by three surveys in terms of number of taxa colonising, percentage vegetation cover and plant biomass. Macronutrients and trace element concentrations of the five most frequent species were analysed. The results showed a positive effect of the amendments both on soil chemical properties and vegetation. All amendments increased soil pH and TOC content and reduced CaCl(2)-soluble-trace element concentrations. Colonisation by wild plants was enhanced in all amended treatments. The nutritional status of the five species studied was improved in some cases, while a general reduction in trace element concentrations of the aboveground parts was observed in all treated plots. The results obtained show that natural assisted remediation has potential for success on a field scale reducing trace element entry in the food chain.
Beta vulgaris↗
Nutrient status and plant growth effects of forest soils in the Basin of Mexico.
The nutrient status of forest soils in the Mexico City Air Basin was evaluated by observing plant growth responses to fertilization with N, P or both nutrients combined. P deficiency was the most frequent condition for soil from two high pollution sites and N deficiency was greatest at a low N deposition site. Concentrations of Pb and Ni, and to a lesser extent Zn and Co, were higher at the high pollution sites. However, positive plant growth responses to P and sometimes to N, and results of wheat root elongation bioassays, suggest that heavy metal concentrations were not directly phytotoxic. Further studies are needed to determine if heavy metal toxicity to mycorrhizal symbionts of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.) from high pollution sites may explain the P deficiency and stunted growth. P deficiency is expected to limit the capacity for biotic N retention in N saturated forested watersheds in the Basin of Mexico dominated by Andisols.
Cobalt↗
Rapid identification of pickle yeasts by fluorescent PCR and microtemperature-gradient gel electrophoresis.
Monitoring the yeast populations within pickle soaking fluid is imperative for ensuring optimum taste, but these analyses have proven time-consuming and expensive, limiting their industrial application. Here, yeasts were identified in the soaking fluid from Japanese radish pickles using fluorescent PCR amplification of the variable D1/D2 region of the 26S rDNA, followed by analysis with microtemperature-gradient gel electrophoresis (micro-TGGE). This smaller version of the normal TGGE apparatus is capable of analyzing samples 10- to 20-fold faster without sacrificing data quality. Each primer set was labeled with a different fluorescent dye, allowing easy isolation of the various PCR products and identification of the bands corresponding to the various yeasts. The results indicate that fluorescent PCR and micro-TGGE may be a useful new method for rapid, easy monitoring of yeast flora in various food industries. This new method can be used on a daily basis to provide overviews of yeast flora during pickle production, allowing producers to quickly grasp pickle readiness at a single glance.
DNA Primers↗
Gel electrophoresis of polyphenol oxidase with instant identification by in situ blotting.
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) or tyrosinase is an important and ubiquitous enzyme responsible for browning in plants and melanization in animals. The molecular size of the plant PPO is varied among the species and its activity can be enhanced by a variety of anionic detergents. In the present study, we developed a simple method for the first-step identification of PPO in fruit and vegetable extracts. First, 3mm chromatographic paper was immersed in 0.5% (w/v) catechol solution as an immobilized PPO substrate. After running the extract with 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), one side of the glass plate was removed. The plate was immediately laid on top of the dried catechol-paper. A dark-brown band corresponding to PPO was visualized within 1 min and was further confirmed by a conventional Western blot using an antibody prepared against mushroom PPO. It also reveals that some vegetation (such as tomato, radish, and oriental melon) with low or no detectable activity in a conventional enzyme assay actually possessed marked levels of PPO activity when assessed by PAGE-blot. We propose that an inhibitor is associated with PPO in some plants; the inhibitor, however, is dissociated during the electrophoresis. Therefore, in addition to identify the molecular form of PPO, the present technique may explore the existence of PPO inhibitor(s) in plants. The detail of the method with respect to its relevance for searching a natural PPO inhibitor is described and discussed.
Agaricales↗
Soil-to-plant halogens transfer studies 2. Root uptake of radiochlorine by plants.
Long-term field experiments have been carried out in the Chernobyl exclusion zone in order to determine the parameters governing radiochlorine (36Cl) transfer to plants from four types of soil, namely, podzoluvisol, greyzem, and typical and meadow chernozem. Radiochlorine concentration ratios (CR) in radish roots (15+/-10), lettuce leaves (30+/-15), bean pods (15+/-11) and wheat seed (23+/-11) and straw (210+/-110) for fresh weight of plants were obtained. These values correlate well with stable chlorine values for the same plants. One year after injection, 36Cl reached a quasi-equilibrium with stable chlorine in the agricultural soils and its behavior in the soil-plant system mimicked the behavior of stable chlorine (this behavior was determined by soil moisture transport in the investigated soils). In the absence of intensive vertical migration, more than half of 36Cl activity in arable layer of soil passes into the radish, lettuce and the aboveground parts of wheat during a single vegetation period.
Chernobyl Nuclear Accident↗
Tritium levels in Chinese cabbage and radish plants acutely exposed to HTO vapor at different growth stages.
To simulate an acute exposure of Chinese cabbage and radish plants to airborne HTO, the potted plants were exposed to HTO vapor under semi-outdoor conditions for 1h at different times from the early to late growth stages. The plants were grown outdoors and the plant tritium was measured at the end of an exposure (h(0)) and at harvest. The leaf tissue free water tritium (TFWT) concentrations at h(0) were considerably lower than estimated equilibrium concentrations. In the leaves of Chinese cabbage, the exposure at the earlier growth stage generally ended with a higher TFWT concentration. Such a tendency was not apparent either in the leaves or roots of radish. On the other hand, the earlier stage exposure gave rise to lower TFWT concentrations at the harvest of both crops. For the OBT (organically bound tritium), however, the same occurred only in the Chinese cabbage leaves. During the period between the exposure and harvest, the TFWT concentrations reduced by factors of up to 1.1 x 10(6) for the Chinese cabbage leaves and 1.3 x 10(4) for the radish roots. Based on the activity ratios of OBT to TFWT at harvest, it is estimated that OBT mostly contributes much more to the ingestion dose than TFWT does.
Air Pollutants↗