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PubMed2001

Fluctuating synaptic conductances recreate in vivo-like activity in neocortical neurons.

To investigate the basis of the fluctuating activity present in neocortical neurons in vivo, we have combined computational models with whole-cell recordings using the dynamic-clamp technique. A simplified 'point-conductance' model was used to represent the currents generated by thousands of stochastically releasing synapses. Synaptic activity was represented by two independent fast glutamatergic and GABAergic conductances described by stochastic random-walk processes. An advantage of this approach is that all the model parameters can be determined from voltage-clamp experiments. We show that the point-conductance model captures the amplitude and spectral characteristics of the synaptic conductances during background activity. To determine if it can recreate in vivo-like activity, we injected this point-conductance model into a single-compartment model, or in rat prefrontal cortical neurons in vitro using dynamic clamp. This procedure successfully recreated several properties of neurons intracellularly recorded in vivo, such as a depolarized membrane potential, the presence of high-amplitude membrane potential fluctuations, a low-input resistance and irregular spontaneous firing activity. In addition, the point-conductance model could simulate the enhancement of responsiveness due to background activity. We conclude that many of the characteristics of cortical neurons in vivo can be explained by fast glutamatergic and GABAergic conductances varying stochastically.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2000

The general well-being of recreational drug users: a survey on the WWW.

American drug policy is predicated upon a dichotomy between legal drugs and illegal drugs - good drugs that enhance health and bad drugs which damage health. The fact of psychiatric co-morbidity between substance misuse disorders and other mental disorders is commonly taken to mean that drug use is damaging to mental health. The purpose of this study was to examine the mental well-being of a sample of occasional, recreational drug users. DRUGNET was an on-line survey of recreational drug use by non-deviant adults via the WWW. Volunteer subjects (n=906) completed the survey over the internet between March and September 1997. Mental health was assessed utilizing the General Well-being Schedule (GWBS). A complete demographic profile of the sample was taken. The GWBS correlated with frequency of use, intoxication levels and types of drugs consumed. This study demonstrates the existence of healthy, normally functioning adults who occasionally use psychoactive drugs.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Personal risk factors associated with injury among female recreational ice hockey players.

INTRODUCTION: Women's ice hockey is a rapidly growing sport, however little is known about the injuries sustained by this group of athletes. PURPOSE: The objective of this research was to identify risk factors associated with injury among female recreational ice hockey players. METHODS: This prospective study followed players from two women's ice hockey leagues in Edmonton, Canada during the 1997-98 hockey season. The occurrence of injuries was monitored during the season through standardized telephone follow-up. Risk factors were determined using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: The initial study sample consisted of 314 players, however as the season progressed 19 (6%) were lost to follow-up. The results of the study are based on 295 (94%) participants. A total of 125 injuries were reported; the injury rate was 7.5 injuries/1,000 player-exposures. Risk factors found to be significantly related to the occurrence of injury were: injury in the past year (OR= 1.57), more than 5 years of hockey experience (OR=1.49), and high exposure level (OR=1.41). CONCLUSION: This research is the first to quantify personal risk factors associated with injury among female recreational ice hockey players. A sports injury in the previous 12 months appears to be highly associated with injury and further research is required to more fully understand this relationship. The importance of controlling for level of exposure when investigating risk factors for sports injury was demonstrated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Alcohol, tobacco and recreational drug use and the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

A population based case-control study was conducted to determine whether risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in the absence of HIV infection is related to the previous use of tobacco, alcohol or recreational drugs. A total of 378 residents of Los Angeles County who were diagnosed with high- or intermediate-grade NHL were compared with individually age-, race- and sex-matched neighbourhood control subjects with regard to history of use of tobacco products, alcohol and ten specific recreational drugs. Risk of NHL among women decreased with increased consumption of alcoholic beverages (trend P = 0.03), with risk 50% lower among those consuming five or more drinks per week than among non-drinkers. Cocaine, amphetamines, Quaaludes and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were each associated with a significantly increased risk of NHL in men with risk greater among those with more frequent use of these drugs. Confounding factors could not be excluded in these findings. The use of multiple types of drugs was also associated with a significantly increased risk of NHL in men (trend P = 0.005) with risk greatest among those using five or more types of drugs (odds ratio = 5.8, 95% confidence limits = 1.2-28.4); among these drugs, cocaine use appeared to account for the elevated risk of NHL among men based on multivariable analyses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2025

Temporal stability and lack of variance in microbiome composition and functionality in fit recreational athletes.

Human gut microbiome composition and function is influenced by environmental and lifestyle factors, including exercise and fitness. We studied the composition and functionality of the faecal microbiome of recreational (non-elite) runners (n = 62) with serial shotgun metagenomics, at 4 time points over a 7-week period. Gut microbiome composition and function was stable over time. Grouping of samples on the basis of their fitness level (fair, good, excellent, and superior) or habitual training (low (4-6 h/week), medium (7-9 h/week), high (10-12 h/week), and extreme (13 + hours/week)) revealed no significant microbiome-related differences. Overall, the species Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Blautia wexlerae, and Prevotella copri were the most abundant members of the gut microbiome. Analysis of co-abundance groups (CAGs) revealed no significant relationship between CAGs and fitness levels or training subgroups. Functional pathways were similar across all samples and timepoints with no clustering based on associated metadata. The most abundant genes identified within samples corresponded to pathways for nucleoside and nucleotide biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, and cell wall biosynthesis. Collectively, these results describe the microbiome of active recreational runners and note temporal stability amongst participants.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Impact of marathon running on cardiac structure and function in recreational runners.

The present study examined the relationship between LV (left ventricular) function, markers of cardiac-specific damage and markers of oxidative stress in recreational runners following a marathon. Runners (n=52; 43 male and nine female; age, 35+/-10 years; height, 1.74+/-0.08 m; body mass, 75.9+/-8.9 kg) were assessed pre- and immediately post-marathon. LV function was assessed using standard M-mode two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography and TDI (tissue-Doppler imaging) echocardiography. Serum was analysed for cTnT (cardiac troponin-T), TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; a measure of total antioxidant capacity), MDA (malondealdehyde) and 4-HNE (4-hydroxynonenal). A strong relationship was observed between standard and TDI echocardiography for all functional measures. Diastolic function was altered post-marathon characterized by a reduction in E (peak early diastolic filling: 0.79+/-0.11 compared with 0.64+/-0.16 cm/s; P<0.001), an increase in A (peak late diastolic filling: 0.48+/-0.11 compared with 0.60+/-0.12 cm/s; P<0.001) and a resultant decrease in E/A (ratio of E to A; 1.71+/-0.48 compared with 1.10+/-0.31; P<0.001). Ejection fraction remained unchanged post-marathon. Thirty-two runners presented with cTnT values above the lower limit of detection for the assay (0.01 microg/l), and 20 runners presented post-marathon with cTnT values above the acute myocardial infarction cut-off value (0.05 microg/l). No significant correlations were observed between cTnT and any functional measurements. MDA (2.90+/-1.58 compared with 3.59+/-1.47 micromol/l) and TEAC (1.80+/-0.12 compared with 1.89+/-0.21 mmol/l) were significantly increased post-marathon, but were unrelated to changes in function or cTnT. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated a reduction in diastolic function and widespread evidence of minimal cardiac damage following a marathon in recreational runners. The mechanism(s) underpinning the altered function and appearance of cTnT appear unrelated to reactive oxygen species.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Abundance and characteristics of the recreational water quality indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and enterococci in gull faeces.

AIMS: To evaluate the numbers and selected phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the faecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and enterococci in gull faeces at representative Great Lakes swimming beaches in the United States. METHODS AND RESULTS: E. coli and enterococci were enumerated in gull faeces by membrane filtration. E. coli genotypes (rep-PCR genomic profiles) and E. coli (Vitek GNI+) and enterococci (API rapid ID 32 Strep and resistance to streptomycin, gentamicin, vancomycin, tetracycline and ampicillin) phenotypes were determined for isolates obtained from gull faeces both early and late in the swimming season. Identical E. coli genotypes were obtained only from single gull faecal samples but most faecal samples yielded more than one genotype (median of eight genotypes for samples with 10 isolates). E. coli isolates from the same site that clustered at >/=85% similarity were from the same sampling date and shared phenotypic characteristics, and at this similarity level there was population overlap between the two geographically isolated beach sites. Enterococcus API(R) profiles varied with sampling date. Gull enterococci displayed wide variation in antibiotic resistance patterns, and high-level resistance to some antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: Gull faeces could be a major contributor of E. coli (10(5)-10(9) CFU g(-1)) and enterococci (10(4)-10(8) CFU g(-)1) to Great Lakes recreational waters. E. coli and enterococci in gull faeces are highly variable with respect to their genotypic and phenotypic characteristics and may exhibit temporal or geographic trends in these features. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The high degree of variation in genotypic or phenotypic characteristics of E. coli or enterococci populations within gull hosts will require extensive sampling for adequate characterization, and will influence methods that use these characteristics to determine faecal contamination sources for recreational waters.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Ascent rate and circulating venous bubbles in recreational diving.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the ascent rate on the production of venous circulating bubbles during the decompression following a recreational dive. Twenty-eight recreational divers performed two open water dives at 35 m during 25 minutes. Ascent rate up to the decompression stop was in one case 9 meter per minute (m/min) and in the other case 17 m/min. Circulating venous bubbles were screened using continuous wave Doppler every 10 minutes during one hour after surfacing. Bubbles Doppler signals were graded according to the Spencer scale (from 0 to IV), and the Kisman integrated severity score (KISS) was calculated. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significantly higher bubbles grade and a significantly higher KISS following the rapid decompression compared to the slow one (respectively p = 0.001 and p = 0.0001). In conclusion, these results demonstrate that a 9 m/min ascent rate is safer than a 17 m/min one.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

No differences in cycling efficiency between world-class and recreational cyclists.

The aim of this experiment was to compare the efficiency of elite cyclists with that of trained and recreational cyclists. Male subjects (N = 69) performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion on an electrically braked cycle ergometer. Cadence was maintained between 80 - 90 rpm. Energy expenditure was estimated from measures of oxygen uptake (VO (2)) and carbon dioxide production (VCO(2)) using stoichiometric equations. Subjects (age 26 +/- 7 yr, body mass 74.0 +/- 6.3 kg, Wpeak 359 +/- 40 W and VO(2)peak 62.3 +/- 7.0 mL/kg/min) were divided into 3 groups on the basis of their VO (2)peak (< 60.0 (Low, N = 26), 60 - 70 (Med, N = 27) and > 70 (High, N = 16) mL/kg/min). All data are mean +/- SE. Despite the wide range in aerobic capacities gross efficiency (GE) at 165 W (GE (165)), GE at the same relative intensity (GE (final)), delta efficiency (DE) and economy (EC) were similar between all groups. Mean GE (165) was 18.6 +/- 0.3 %, 18.8 +/- 0.4 % and 17.9 +/- 0.3 % while mean DE was 22.4 +/- 0.4 %, 21.6 +/- 0.4 % and 21.2 +/- 0.5 % (for Low, Medium and High, respectively). There was no correlation between GE (165), GE (final), DE or EC and VO(2)peak. Based on these data, we conclude that there are no differences in efficiency and economy between elite cyclists and recreational level cyclists.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Responses of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) to competitive endurance exercise in recreational athletes.

The present study was designed to investigate whether the stress of a half-marathon race can induce myocardial cell injury or left ventricular dysfunction in moderately trained runners of both gender, as assessed by post-race plasma concentrations of biochemical cardiac-specific markers and by quantitative echocardiographic measurements. We examined 12 male (mean+/-SD); age: 42.8+/-7.3 yr; height: 177.6+/-7.4 cm; body mass: 75.6+/-9.4 kg; BMI: 24.1+/-1.8 and 13 female (mean+/-SD); age: 39.0+/-6.5 yr; height: 164.6+/-6.2 cm; body mass: 58.4+/-9.8 kg; BMI: 21.5+/-3.4 recreational runners, who completed a half-marathon race. Blood samples were collected from each subject before the half-marathon race as well as 20 min and 2 h post-race and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were measured. Quantitative echocardiographic analyses of wall dimensions and ejection fraction were also obtained from 14 of 25 subjects within 1 wk after the race. Both blood markers showed significant changes (p<0.05-0.001) over the time course of the three blood draws. A significant percentage of laboratory analytes analyzed in this study were outside the reference ranges and fulfilled conventional criteria for cardiac muscle damage. However, echocardiography within one week following the competition did not show any evidence that running a half-marathon competition damages the myocardium. Strenuous endurance exercise in middle-aged recreational runners induces a significant elevation of biochemical cardiac-specific markers, which may reflect transient subclinical myocardial damage, but can also reflect a physiological reparative or adaptive process.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Recreational exercise does not impair menstrual cycles: a prospective study.

To determine whether recreational levels of training (jogging) will provoke short luteal phase menstrual cycles, a prospective study was conducted. Out of 132 women who initiated this study 57 completed it. These individuals were within normal range of cardiorespiratory fitness for 18-40-year-old women. After a control menstrual cycle (#1) and two additional menstrual cycles (#2 and #3) in which light calisthenics were performed, the subjects were then assigned to run less than 10 mi/wk, 10-20 mi/wk or 20-30 mi/wk for either two menstrual cycles (#4 and #5), or four menstrual cycles (#4, #5, #6, #7), followed by a detraining period lasting two menstrual cycles (i.e. #6 and #7 for the 2-month running groups; #8 and #9 for the 4-month running groups). Blood samples were obtained throughout every second menstrual cycle (i.e. cycles #1, #3, #5, #7, #9). Samples were assayed for LH, FSH and P. Body weight and body fat (%) were not altered by training (p greater than 0.05). Improvements in cardiovascular fitness did occur (p less than 0.05). No change in LH attributable to running was found in any of the 6 experimental groups (p greater than 0.05). In some of the groups quite large changes occurred in FSH (p less than 0.05), but there was no discernable pattern of onset of these changes among groups. Some increments in P were found (p less than 0.05) but again these were not consistent. Finally, in none of the six groups was an altered menstrual cycle length discernable (p greater than 0.05), nor was the luteal phase length altered (p greater than 0.05) by running. Therefore, in gynecologically mature women recreational running of up to 30 miles/week for 4 menstrual cycles has no deleterious effects upon their menstrual cycle.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Lactate and cardiopulmonary responses to simulated arm-pulling and leg-kicking in collegiate and recreational swimmers.

Investigations into the changes due to training in the metabolism of the arms or the legs in swimmers of different training status are limited. The purpose of this study was to compare the lactate and cardiopulmonary responses to simulated arm-pulling and leg-kicking in collegiate and recreational swimmers. Sixteen males (9 collegiate swimmers; SW, 7 recreational swimmers; RSW, mean+/-SD; age 22+/-3 years, body mass 81+/-9 kg, stature 1.84+/-0.06 m), gave written consent and performed continuous incremental exercise tests using either simulated front-crawl arm-pulling or leg-kicking. Lactate concentration (HLa) and oxygen consumption (VO2) were determined at 20 W intervals and at exhaustion (HLa(peak); VO2(peak)). The exercise intensity at a lactate concentration of 4 mM (EI4mM) and at exhaustion (EI(peak)) for arm-pulling and leg-kicking were also established. The arm:leg ratios for EI4mM, HLa(peak) and VO2(peak) were computed. The results showed that for arm-pulling, the SW had higher EI4mM (P=0.02), EI(peak) (P=0.006), but lower HLa(peak) (P=0.03) compared to the RSW. For leg-kicking, none of the responses differed significantly. These results suggest that it is rather the metabolism and local muscle endurance of the arms that are enhanced with competitive swimming endurance.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Recreational exercise participation and aerobic fitness in men and women: analysis of data from a national survey.

We compared the relationship between predicted VO2 max (ml kg-1min-1) and recreational exercise patterns, using secondary data analysis of a comprehensive national survey (18,293 subjects aged 15-69 years). Exercise participation and predicted VO2 max data were available for about 50% of this sample (4933 females, 4738 males). As expected, VO2 max was significantly lower in the females than in the males at any age (P < 0.0001). Age was the most significant predictor of VO2 max (r = -0.71 for males, r = -0.73 for females). Adjusting the data for the body mass index (BMI) increased this relationship only slightly in the males (R = 0.75) and females (R = 0.79). The simultaneous inclusion of exercise participation data (intensity, duration, energy expenditure) did not increase the predictions meaningfully (R = 0.78 for the males, R = 0.81 for the females). These exercise participation parameters concomitantly accounted for only a very slight amount of the variance of VO2 max in both the females (3.0%) and males (4.5%). To minimize the effects of age, the data were analysed using 5-year intervals. Again, the exercise participation parameters accounted for only a small part of the variance in VO2 max (< 10%), except in the 15- to 19-year-old males (24%). These data suggest that VO2 max is not associated with participation in recreational exercise.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Effect of a marathon run on serum lipoproteins, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase in recreational runners.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a marathon run on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and serum muscle enzyme activities and follow their recovery after the run. These blood concentrations were measured before, immediately after, and serially after a marathon run in 15 male recreational runners. The triglyceride level was significantly elevated postrace, then fell 30% below baseline 1 day after the run, and returned to baseline after 1 week. Total cholesterol responded less dramatically but with a similar pattern. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol remained significantly elevated and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was transiently reduced for 3 days after the run. The total cholesterol/high-density cholesterol ratio was significantly lowered for 3 days. Serum lactate dehydrogenase activity significantly doubled postrace and then declined but remained elevated for 2 weeks. Serum creatine kinase activity peaked 24 hr after the run, with a 15-fold rise, and returned to baseline after 1 week. The rise of these enzymes reflects mechanically damaged muscle cells leaking contents into the interstitial fluid. It is concluded that a prolonged strenuous exercise bout in recreational runners, such as a marathon, produces beneficial changes in lipid blood profiles that are significant for only 3 days. However, muscle damage is also evident for 1 week or more from the dramatic and long-lasting effect on enzyme levels. Laboratory values for these runners were outside normal ranges for some days after the race.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recreational patterns, body composition and socioeconomic status of Western Australian secondary school students.

A study of 4672 secondary school students was carried out in order to assess the relationship between body composition, recreational patterns, and socioeconomic status as indicated by parental occupation and the school attended. Results indicated that there were more girls than boys participating in organized sport, and health and fitness activities; and more boys than girls involved in informal recreational activities and home-based passive pursuits. A higher proportion of participants came from the higher socioeconomic status (SES) group. More high-SES students revealed weight appropriate to their height.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Normal drug use: ethnographic fieldwork among an adult network of recreational drug users in inner London.

A key debate in late 1990s Britain is the "normalization" of illicit drug use among young people. This qualitative research study explores recreational drug use (mainly cannabis and cocaine) among an adult friendship network in an inner London neighborhood. It finds that the use of these drugs is accepted as a normal and routine aspect of daily life. In addition to patterns of drug consumption and drug dealing, some aspects of risk perception are also described. Adults are neglected in current UK drug policy debates. "Normal" adult recreational drug use poses the need for a new public health policy agenda for the new century.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Medicinal and recreational marijuana use by patients infected with HIV.

The goal of this study was to describe and compare the prevalence, predictors and patterns of marijuana use, specifically medicinal marijuana use among patients with HIV in Ontario, Canada. Any marijuana use in the year prior to interview and self-defined medicinal use were evaluated. A cross-sectional multicenter survey and retrospective chart review were conducted between 1999 and 2001 to evaluate overall drug utilization in HIV, including marijuana use. HIV-positive adults were identified through the HIV Ontario Observational Database (HOOD), 104 consenting patients were interviewed. Forty-three percent of patients reported any marijuana use, while 29% reported medicinal use. Reasons for use were similar by gender although a significantly higher number of women used marijuana for pain management. Overall, the most commonly reported reason for medicinal marijuana use was appetite stimulation/weight gain. Whereas male gender and history of intravenous drug use were predictive of any marijuana use, only household income less than $20,000 CDN was associated with medicinal marijuana use. Age, gender, HIV clinical status, antiretroviral use, and history of intravenous drug use were not significant predictors of medicinal marijuana use. Despite the frequency of medicinal use, minimal changes in the pattern of marijuana use upon HIV diagnosis were reported with 80% of current medicinal users also indicating recreational consumption. Although a large proportion of patients report medicinal marijuana use, overlap between medical and recreational consumption is substantial. The role of poverty in patient choice of medicinal marijuana despite access to care and the large proportion of women using marijuana for pain constitute areas for further study.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Variables associated with the winter camping location of elderly recreational vehical owners in southwestern Arizona.

During the winter of 1973-1974, 580 elderly recreational vehicle campers were interviewed in six private trailer parks and four public camping areas in southwestern Arizona and Southern California. The ten sites represented four different types of camping environment: (1) highly developed, relatively expensive urban private trailer parks, (2) moderately developed, relatively inexpensive, rural private trailer parks, (3) authorized, developed, free federal campgrounds, and (4) unauthorized, undeveloped, free public land camping areas. Analysis of variance was utilized to identify those respondent characteristics most strongly associated with the type of site selected for winter residence. The most important of these variables were per person annual income, woman's age, man's education, woman's total preretirement adult camping experience, value of mobile quarters and tow vehicle, and percentage of the year lived in a recreational vehicle. Several financial indicators and certain noneconomic characteristics of females were strongly associated with winter camping location.

Age Factors↗