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PubMed1989

Brief research report: the reliability of the rape index in a sample of rapists and nonrapists.

Erectile responses of a sample of incarcerated rapists (N = 60) and male university students (N = 41) were monitored during verbal descriptions of adult heterosexual interactions. The verbal descriptions varied in terms of the consent given by the female and the degree of force or coercion used by the male. Each subject was tested in two laboratory sessions, and rape indices were calculated as the ratio of rape arousal to consenting arousal. The discrimination between consenting and nonconsenting cues was stronger in nonrapists than rapists. This difference was observed mainly because of an increase in the nonrapists' discrimination in the second session, in which nonrapists' arousal to consenting cues was enhanced. Based on the whole sample, test-retest reliability coefficients were unacceptably low. Eliminating subjects exhibiting only minimal arousal according to various criteria yielded higher coefficients in both groups. However, in the nonrapist group, acceptable levels of reliability were only reached after eliminating all subjects who did not reach at least 75% of full erection (over half the sample). We concluded that the reliability of the rape index is questionable, particularly when there is doubt as to whether the subject being tested is a rapist or a nonrapist, or when testing only nonrapists.

Arousal↗
PubMed1989

Rape treatment programmes: delivering innovative services to survivors.

This article discusses a study commissioned by the State of Florida (USA) to identify services provided to rape survivors and to identify unmet needs of survivors. Attention is given to the portion of the study which describes the 25 specialized rape service programmes located in the state. These provide a variety of services including crisis intervention, advocacy, counselling, and community education. Most programmes are closely associated with a parent organization, which provides funding, administrative support and physical facilities, but maintaining adequate funding remains a problem for many programmes. Most employ some paid staff, but must rely heavily on volunteers. Florida's rape service programmes offer a number of innovative services, including sensitivity training for law enforcement officers, provision of tangible items such as disposable clothing and handbooks to survivors, advocacy with the judicial system, the establishment of inter-agency committees to promote better treatment of survivors and recognition of volunteers and community officials who have been especially helpful.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1989

Potential victim's role in the prevention of rape.

The 'It can't happen to me' attitude of women towards rape results in their ignorance concerning the action to take when confronted by a rapist. They can either resist, hoping to repel the rapist, or they can obey his commands, hoping he will depart without maiming or killing them. The view is put forward that a woman's best strategy is to resist. Intimidation is the rapist's best weapon, a necessary procondition to rape. The potential victim should refuse to be intimidated. Rapists are on the lookout for women who are vulnerable to attack. The perception of vulnerability differs from one rapist to another. Rapists test, then threaten. Testing is crucial for the rapist, for if he guesses wrongly about whether a woman can be intimidated he will lose his opportunity to rape her. Most rapists are not murderers. It is important that the potential victim should resist at the beginning of the attack and should not look vulnerable on the street. The potential victim should be advised to know her own strength, to be prudent, prepared and to have the necessary knowledge that will enable her to protect herself.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rape: the process of recovery.

Based on tape-recorded interviews with 11 rape victims, the victims' reports of rape, rape sequelae, and disruptions of the social system were analyzed. Victims who articulated their feelings were able to cope with fears, interact with others, and return to normal routines faster than those who did not discuss their feelings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Rape, sexual abuse, and its victims.

Despite controversy about the impact of sexual abuse on victims, accumulating evidence indicates that sexual abuse is a serious mental health problem. Rape falls under the larger category of sexual abuse, which includes molestation of children by adults in which overt coercion is not necessarily involved as it is in rape. The eradication of rape is contingent on educating our society to the meaning of the crime. Innovative and empathetic services to victims will serve as a deterrent by facilitating reporting, apprehension, and prosecution of assailants.

Female↗
PubMed1986

Subjective distress and violence during rape: their effects on long-term fear.

A brief review of the literature on reactions to rape is presented, with special emphasis on the relationship between specific aspects of the rape and subsequent fear and anxiety. A model, which incorporates the effects of the victim's subjective experience of the assault, is proposed to explain inconsistent findings in previous research. To test this model, 41 adult women who were between 3 and 120 months postassault were asked to report information about the assault (assault violence) and their subjective experience of it during the assault (distress). Subjects also answered questions about several measures of fear and anxiety. Each of these measures was regressed on the assault violence and subjective distress variables. Three of the analyses yielded significant predictors. These were the avoidance subscale of the Impact of Event Scale, the phobic anxiety subscale of the SCL-90-R, and the Veronen-Kilpatrick Modified Fear Survey vulnerability subscale. In all three, subjective distress was the only predictor retained in the regression model. The relevance of these findings to understanding rape-induced fear and anxiety and improving treatment provided to its victims is discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Women's attributions of responsibility for date rape: the influence of empathy and sex-role stereotyping.

The purpose of the study presented here was to investigate the relationship among sex-role stereotyping, empathy with the victim, and subsequent blaming of the victim in response to a date-rape scenario. It was hypothesized that sex-typed (traditional) females would be less likely to perceive forced sex on a date as rape and would attribute more responsibility to the victim than would more egalitarian (nontraditional) females. It was also predicted that the enhancement of victim empathy would result in less victim blame. The subjects were 76 female undergraduates who were chosen on the basis of their extreme scores on a sex-role stereotyping scale. Vignettes describing a date rape were used to manipulate victim empathy. Findings indicated that although attributions of responsibility were influenced by the subject's sex-role stereotyping, the manipulation of empathy had no apparent influence on victim blame. Furthermore, the lack of correlation between the degree of victim empathy and the subject's own history of victimization suggests that victim empathy is not a component in victim blame.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Medical procedure in cases of rape (author's transl)].

Directions are given concerning the medical procedure in cases of rape. Besides emergency treatment for serious injury the patient should have her legal rights explained as well as the procedure for the forthcoming examination. A case history with special attention to the present case of rape is obtained. During the examination special attention is paid to the obtaining of evidence which wll stand up in a court of law. The taking of suitable samples is explained. The available methods for tracing sperm sources are described. Finally the treatment of after effects of rape is discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1995

The influence of victim's attire on adolescents' judgments of date rape.

A vignette depicting a date rape was presented to 352 male and female high school students. To investigate the effect of the victim's clothing on subjects' judgments of the date rape, the vignette was accompanied by either a photograph of the victim dressed provocatively, a photograph of the victim dressed conservatively, or no photograph. Subjects who viewed the photograph of the victim in provocative clothing were more likely than subjects who viewed the victim dressed conservatively or who saw no photograph of the victim to indicate that the victim was responsible for her assailant's behavior, that his behavior was justified, and were less likely to judge the act of unwanted sexual intercourse as rape.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Victims of rape: the physician's role in treatment.

Physicians are seeing an increasing number of women who have experienced rape. Proper collection of physical evidence and thorough documentation during the initial examination are essential for potential use in the legal system. Psychological support and follow-up care for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), the victim's emotional recovery, and return to normal functioning are also the sine qua non components for the woman's transition from victim to survivor of rape. In the past 2 years several articles have been published on the initial physical examination after the rape. In addition, there are increasing numbers of publications on the emotional and follow-up components of care. This article is an attempt to demonstrate the need for both components of care.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Adolescent attitudes about rape.

A very significant problem in society is adolescent rape victimization and the growing number of adolescent perpetrators. This paper examines adolescent attitudes about rape in order to develop curricular materials. It is found that adolescents exhibit conservative attitudes about gender roles, general rape myths, and victim issues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Perceptions of rape: the influence of closeness of relationship, intoxication and sex of participant.

Intoxication of the assailant and/or victim is often mentioned in relation to acquaintance rape. The present study tests how independent observers use this information in their perceptions of acquaintance and stranger rape. One hundred and forty-nine females and 104 males read scenarios depicting a sexual assault and made attributions of responsibility for the rape and evaluated the actors. Victims' intoxication consistently influenced perceptions of victim culpability as well as respondent evaluation of her. The impact of closeness of relationship was much more complex and less consistent than the effects of victim intoxication.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1997

[Proposed medical record to be used in rape cases. New diagnostic and medicolegal aspects].

The latest report of 1996 on human development in the UN development programme (UNDP) states that 130,000 women are raped every year in the industrialized countries. Illegal "violation" is defined as the sexual penetration of any orifice of the body without the victim's consent. The doctor's contribution is essential in order to ascertain this offence. It can be divided into two stages: precise and complete (... missing? ...) information regarding the sexual aggression which might have taken the form of rape. Management of a rape case represents an extremely complex undertaking for the doctor since it involves medical and legal aspects and requires a number of interventions that lead to a rational evaluation and appropriate treatment. In this context, the doctor's role is not only to protect the psychophysical integrity of the victim, but also to contribute, following an early diagnosis of sexual aggression, to the identification of the particulars of an offence which still risks remaining unpunished, owing to the difficulty of diagnosis and in spite of the recent enactment of Law no. 66 on 15 February 1996. The medical record proposed by the authors consists of a descriptive anamnestic part and a graphic part, thus making the evaluation of the victim more rapid and precise. The proposed medical record is subdivided into anamnesis, objective examination, psychological examination, laboratory tests, any consultancy requested and therapy.

Female↗
PubMed1996

DNA profiling and plant variety registration: 1. The use of random amplified DNA polymorphisms to discriminate between varieties of oilseed rape.

Before they can be marketed in the UK, newly bred varieties of crop species have to undergo a process of statutory testing, part of which involves the examination of the distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) of the variety. DUS testing is also used as the basis for the award of Plant Breeders' Rights. This paper examines the potential of DNA polymorphisms, amplified using arbitrary primers (RAPDs) for use in DUS testing of varieties of oilseed rape. RAPDs using suitable primers can produce high levels of discrimination (> 95%) between varieties, although there are certain problems in gel 'scoring' that are only partially resolved by computerised gel scanning/evaluation techniques. Varieties of oilseed rape are also heterogeneous in their RAPD profiles using certain primers, which could cause problems in the DUS testing context. DNA profiling with RAPDs could be used for discrimination between and identification of oilseed rape varieties, but its use for DUS testing needs to be considered carefully.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1979

[Improvement in the quality of rape seed by combining silage with fodder sugar beets. 1. Quality evaluation of the silages].

Industrial-scale studies showed that the addition of rape-seed flakes to half sugar mangels improves the feeding value and the quality of the silages. Furthermore, it was found that the development of yeasts was inhibited and that the propagation of acidifiers was retarded as the proportion of rape-seed increased. The microbiological analysis indicates that the amount of rape-seed added to the half sugar mangels should not exceed 10%.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

Improving the persistence of a formulation of the avian repellent cinnamamide, for the protection of autumn-sown oilseed rape.

In a previous pilot field trial on autumn-sown oilseed rape (Brassica napus L), a suspension concentrate formulation of the avian repellent cinnamamide, using Acronal 4D (50 g litre(-1)) as the sticker, was shown to reduce damage by woodpigeons (Columba palumbus L). However, the persistence of cinnamamide on rape leaves was poor. This paper describes the development of a weather-resistant formulation by the inclusion of a more effective sticker. In vitro studies were used to investigate wash-off of cinnamamide, which was identified as being the major mechanism of loss in the field. Rainfastness of cinnamamide was assessed by washing deposits on glass slides and rape leaves using a 'rain-washing machine'. A number of stickers were evaluated and the effect of sticker concentration, ageing of deposits, freezing and intermittent washing on rain-fastness was investigated. None of the candidate stickers showed increased rainfastness compared to Acronal 4D. However, two of the stickers, Crovol T40 G and Emoleo L1, when combined with Acronal 4D in small amounts, did reduce wash-off compared with Acronal 4D alone. Freezing led to an increase in wash-off of cinnamamide, but inclusion of Emoleo L1 with Acronal 4D reduced this effect. Increasing the concentration of the sticker was also shown to improve the rainfastness; doubling the concentration of Acronal from 50 to 100 g litre(-1) halved the wash-off of cinnamamide.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Monoterpene emissions and carbonyl compound air concentrations during the blooming period of rape (Brassica napus).

An increasing percentage of agricultural land in Germany is used for oil seed plants. Hence, rape has become an important agricultural plant (in Saxony 1998: 12% of the farmland) in the recent years. During flowering of rape along with intensive radiation and high temperatures, a higher production and emission of biogenic VOC was observed. The emissions of terpenes were determined and more importantly, high concentrations of organic carbonyl compounds were observed during this field experiment. All measurements of interest have been carried out during two selected days with optimal weather conditions. It is found that the origin or the mechanism of formation of different group of compounds had strong influence on the day to day variation of their concentrations. The emission flux of terpenes from flowering rape plants was determined to be 16-32 microg h(-1) m(-2) (30-60 ng h(-1) per g dry plant-540-11080 ng h(-1) per plant), in total. Limonene, alpha-thujene and sabinene were the most important compounds (about 60% of total terpenes). For limonene and sabinene reference emission rates (Ms) and temperature coefficients were determined: beta(limonene) = 0.108 K(-1) and Ms = 14.57 microg h(-1) m(-2) beta(sabinene) = 0.095 K(-1) and Ms = 5.39 microg h(-1) m(-2). The detected carbonyl compound concentrations were unexpectedly high (maximum formaldehyde concentration was 18.1 ppbv and 3.4 ppbv for butyraldehyde) for an open field. Possible reasons for these concentrations are the combination of primary emission from the plants induced by high temperature and high ozone stress, the secondary formation from biogenically and advected anthropogenically emitted VOC at high radiation intensities and furthered by the low wind speeds at this time.

Brassica↗
PubMed2001

The initiation of elongation growth during long-term low-temperature stay of spring-type oilseed rape may trigger loss of frost resistance and changes in photosynthetic apparatus.

The aim of the present investigation was to determine if the loss of frost resistance observed in spring-type oilseed rape during winter may be the effect of the tendency to start elongation growth during the prolonged low-temperature stay. Interactions between elongation growth rate, properties of photosynthetic apparatus and frost resistance were studied under these conditions in spring and winter cultivars of oilseed rape. Both spring and winter cultivars of oilseed rape reached the maximal frost resistance after 6 weeks at +5 degrees C. Photosynthetic apparatus of both cultivars acclimated to functioning in cold. The resistance of winter type plants remained unchanged at the end of the experiment (10 weeks) whereas spring-type plants lost the maximal resistance in subsequent weeks. It was preceded in the 7th week of low-temperature stay by acceleration of elongation growth without an increase in dry matter accumulation. A gradual loss of photosynthetic activity was also observed during this period. It was manifested as a decrease in antenna trapping efficiency, photochemical and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching and actual quantum yield of PSII without affecting apparent quantum yield of PSII. At the 70th day of the experiment, a decrease in CO(2) exchange and dry matter accumulation were even observed. The possible relationships between growth rate and functioning of photosynthetic apparatus are discussed.

Journal Article↗