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PubMed1989

The psychology of women: a psychoanalytic review.

Freud's psychoanalytic views of female development emphasized the importance of penis envy and the Oedipus complex. Resolution of the Oedipus complex resulted in a "neurotic" solution, a "masculinity complex" or a normal feminine attitude involving acceptance of anatomic inferiority, passivity, masochism and narcissism. Modern psychoanalytic views have rejected or reformulated many of these theories. Penis envy is seen as a normal phase of development which is resolved in most women. Women have been found to develop strong, albeit different, super ego structures. The female character triad has been questioned and the role of environmental factors emphasized. Efforts continue to develop a comprehensive well-integrated view of female psychology.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Male adolescent rites of passage: positive visions of multiple developmental pathways.

Unlike the separation-based, stereotyped views of boys' developmental movement into adulthood, this paper will argue that there are more modern and relational models, as well as multiple pathways, for young males to journey through such rites of passage. Indeed, it will be suggested and supported by both qualitative and quantitative data that the more classic models depend on a "boy code" of traumatic separation from mother and the feminine, a process that is not only negative rather than positive in its developmental trajectory, but also likely to create a premature traumatic separation, leaving boys at risk for emotional maladjustment, everyday sadness, increased incidence of depression and the potential for violence toward the self, suicide, as well as violence toward others. More-positive visions and versions of male rites of passage will be posited and described. The definition of emotional "resilience" during this significant period will be re-addressed as one of "healthy vulnerability," sustained through connection to loving adults, rather than a classic belief in stoicism and release from relational ties. Attachment theory will be brought to bear and the desperate yearnings of adolescent males not only for connection to adult mentors, but also for non-romanticized friendships with adolescent females, will be discussed. Finally, the understanding and substitution of these new, more positive, developmental pathways will be linked to the prevention of violence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Parental influences on the self-esteem of gay and lesbian youths: a reflected appraisals model.

Based on a population of 317 gay and lesbian youths, the current investigation explores the appropriateness of a reflected appraisals perspective in predicting the degree to which parental attitudes, as perceived by youth, affects their self-esteem and comfortableness being gay. A lesbian was most comfortable with her sexual orientation if she also reported that her parents accepted her homosexuality; these variables did not, however, predict her level of self-esteem. Among the gay males, parental acceptance predicted comfortable being gay if the parents were also perceived as important components of a youth's self-worth; a male most comfortable with his sexual orientation had the highest level of self-esteem. Results are discussed in terms of: (a) sex of parent, (b) sex-role development, (c) comparisons of gays and lesbians, and (d) research on gay and lesbian youth.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

A comparative study of self-esteem of adolescent children of divorced lesbian mothers and divorced heterosexual mothers.

Thirty-six adolescent children, ages 13 to 19 years, divided equally into two groups according to their mother's sexual object choice and within group by sex, were compared to determine if there were any significant differences in the self-esteem of these two populations. Findings of the analysis of the self-esteem scores indicated there was no significant statistical differences in the self-esteem scores between adolescents with divorced lesbian mothers and adolescents with divorced heterosexual mothers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The relation of gender and sexual orientation to measures of masculinity, femininity, and androgyny: a further analysis.

Data from a survey of 58 gay men and 58 lesbians are compared to college men and women on Spence and Helmreich's (1978) Personality Attributes Questionnaire measures of masculinity, femininity, and androgyny. Lesbians had higher M scores than college women, and gay men had lower M scores than college men, with F scores being similar across sexual orientation groups, within gender. Androgyny measures differed only by gender, not by sexual orientation. Further analysis shows that lesbians' high M scores come largely from their high self-ratings as independent, while college men's high M scores reflect strong competitiveness. Questions are raised about the validity of these measures for comparing these groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Adolescent individuation: the culmination of a developmental line.

Viewing adolescence in terms of individuation results in a theoretical conceptualization that departs from classic psychoanalytic drive theory and has specific implications for our understanding of adolescent identity formation. The attainment of ego identity at the close of adolescence is viewed here as a consequence of the progressive developmental line of individuation in which the individual progresses from a state of physical and emotional dependence to a position of psychological autonomy and adult object relationships. The normative, progressive, and adaptive aspects of this process have been deliberately emphasized. This emphasis is intended to promote a view of adolescence that tempers and complements the traditional psychoanalytic view, a view that tends to, at worst, ignore, and at best, undervalue, the significance of autonomous ego development during this developmental stage.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Sex-role perceptions in chemically dependent subjects: adults versus adolescents.

Contrary to expectations, a study of 81 adolescent drug and/or alcohol addicts produced results quite similar to those found among an adult addicted population (Griffin-Shelley, 1986). On the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (Bem, 1974), these young people rated themselves, in descending order, Undifferentiated (43.2%), Masculine (23.5%), Androgynous (18.5%), and Feminine (14.8%). Despite their exaggerated "macho" and "seductive" attitudes and behaviors, which resemble their adult counterparts, chemically dependent adolescents suffer similarly from low self-esteem and poor adjustment. Addictions appear to have already damaged these young people in areas of self-worth and sex-role perception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Anxiety and adolescence].

Based on a single-case study an adolescent patient with an hysterical anxiety syndrome the importance of the integration of age-specific experiences in the phase of late adolescence is described. Here the separation from primary objects as well as the (renewed) coming-up of transitory objects serve as models for untieing of bonds between adolescent and parents. Further the relevance of anxiety in promoting the development at that threshold is described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Conflictive engagement, positive affect, and menarche in families with seventh-grade girls.

Prior research has established that temporary perturbations characterize parent-daughter relations around menarche. This study was designed to determine whether the observed perturbations are indicative of conflictive engagement, operationally defined as sequential reciprocity of interruptions and disagreements, and to examine the affective nature of such behaviors. Sequential analyses were applied to the observed behavior of 111 intact families with firstborn seventh-grade girls (modal age = 12 years old) who participated in a structured family interaction task. Results indicated that conflictive engagement with parents is more frequent shortly after menarche, especially in the mother-daughter dyad. Withdrawal of positive affect also was associated with menarcheal status; in the mother-daughter dyad, interruptions and disagreements were less often responded to with positive affect for the more mature groups. It is suggested that because of the nature of the interpersonal and intrapsychic processes occurring in the family around menarche, conflict may facilitate familial adaptation to pubertal change and make moderate levels of conflict normative in healthy families.

Adolescent↗