Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Psychoanalysis”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources

Aging and retirement: a difficult issue for individual psychoanalysts and organized psychoanalysis.

Organized psychoanalysis has a long history of discussing and formulating policies on retirement, but follow-through has been lax and few analysts retire unless forced by illness. Institutes tend to avoid and deny the problem of the impaired analyst. Procedural guidelines are needed for assessing competency and imposing involuntary retirement. The authors recommend that all institute appointments be time-limited and that medical clearance specifically addressing conditions potentially impairing professional functioning be required for appointment and renewal.

Aged↗

Elements of change and cure in psychoanalysis.

Many elements are involved in the process of change and cure in psychoanalysis, some of which are seen as facilitative and others as definitive. I attempted to establish and illustrate the role of the interpersonal interactions between analysand and analyst. As a result of the traditional analytic process, the patient relives at a regressive level some of the unresolved developmental conflicts and crises in the relationship with the analyst. Thus, he has an opportunity to find, through the current experience, a more satisfactory and appropriate developmental resolution of previous psychopathology.

Cognition↗

Modern hermeneutics and psychoanalysis.

Contemporary hermeneutics tries to integrate our unique, local sense of things with overarching nature, often by celebrating the concrete phenomenology of the moment at the expense of scientific abstractions. But abstractions are unavoidable. Hermeneuticists point out that we are constantly making new abstractions. But the more optional and variable views, which we call subjective, depend on the old, reliable abstractions, such as time, space, substance, and causality, that constitute our fixed reality. Hermeneutics usefully challenges psychoanalysis to justify its way of slicing up the mind and treatment process.

Humans↗

Psychoanalysis: the transformation of the subject by the spoken word.

Psychoanalysis recruits the power of the spoken word to modify the subject's relationship with his or her own unconscious psychic processes. It helps the analysand to reclaim for his or her words the psychic integrity that was lost or never achieved due to the power of defensive dissociation and repression. The psychoanalytic dialogue and the working through mediated by it lead to the elaboration of self-narratives and interpretive understandings, which contribute to the transformation of the subject's self-experience. Such transformation is conditioned by earlier integration of experiences of satisfaction in the context of bodily dialogues and speech with primary objects.

Defense Mechanisms↗

A new model for conceptualizing insightfulness in the psychoanalysis of young children.

Traditional definitions of insight fail to take into account the cognitive and developmental limitations of young analysands, who lack the capacity to mentalize. It is suggested that insightfulness be redefined as promoting mentalization in young children. Gaining this key psychological function furthers the internal integration and self-regulation necessary to regain developmental momentum. The central importance of promoting such development in child psychoanalysis suggests that the facilitation of a mechanism for self-understanding, not the interpretation of content, is essential. Insightfulness is facilitated by employing a range of interventions beyond the interpretation of resistance and content, rendering meaningless the distinction between interpretive and relational aspects of the analyst's role.

Awareness↗

Psychoanalysis of a man with active alcoholism.

Psychoanalysis of a man with active alcoholism, who is able to resume recreational drinking, has never been described. Mr. A. began treatment in denial of his alcoholism. Analysis demonstrated an underlying splitting between his experiencing and observing ego. His analyst received a projection of his observing ego, the part that was worried about his drinking. Because this split was resolved within a therapeutic alliance, Mr. A. decided that he had been attacking and punishing himself with alcohol, and he elected to abstain from alcohol entirely. The first key event that lead up to this dramatic decision was a sense that his analyst was a separate person. The second, arriving for discussion within the analysis through a dream, was his conviction that he would have to choose either to continue to drink with loss of control at the cost of his analysis or that he would have to choose to continue analysis at the expense of having to stop drinking. Mr. A. then came to feel that his analyst was attacking and punishing him with a fee increase. After 15 months of complete abstinence, Mr. A. found that he could drink with rare symptoms, but he still felt saddled with an abusive analyst. Mr. A.'s rages about the fee came up most commonly right after weekend or vacation breaks in the analysis. But the interpretation of these rages as related to missing me were contemptuously regarded as attempts to force him into my psychoanalytic schema rather than regarding his experience as valid. There was a dramatic shift of our alliance when Mr. A. was given complete control over the fee. I was freed to interpret and reconstruct the underlying early relationship with his parents. The final part of this article describes Mr. A.'s working-through process, which stabilized his sense of autonomy and which reconstructed his early relationship with his parents. Mr. A. became convinced that it was up to him exactly how, when, and how much to drink. Drinking too much led to consequences that he chose not to endure.

Adult↗

[Similarities and differences of existential analysis and psychoanalysis].

The concise curriculum vitae of the founder of existential analysis is followed by an introduction to the five stages of the development of that psychotherapy: the stage of learning, of practice, of criticism, of the alternative to psychoanalysis and of reconciliation. The criticism aimed especially at Freud's naturalism and at the concept of drive. These concepts were opposed by ontoanalytic doctrines derived from the Heidegger's ontoanalysis. The differences between both psychotherapies were exemplified by a presentation of the treatment of a "hysterical phobia" which was originally explained in psychoanalytic and later in ontoanalytic terminology.

Adult↗

Why scientific hypnosis needs psychoanalysis (or something like it).

The author contends that some contemporary hypnosis theories are restricted and narrow in scope, rendering them unnecessarily isolated from mainstream models of human development, psychopathology, and personality functioning. They seem to explain hypnosis and little else. The author contrasts this with psychoanalysis, which, although sometimes overly expansive, does nonetheless lend itself to the generation of specific hypothesis via careful deduction from a general theory of human behavior and experience. For illustrative purposes, the author criticizes the sociocognitive perspective of hypnosis contending that at present it is too narrowly inductive in focus, overvalues social influence, and has its own problems with reification. The author suggests remedies for these difficulties.

Humans↗

Possible unconscious significance of the positions of the analysand and analyst in psychoanalysis.

When Freud chose to have his patients lie on a couch and seated himself at their head out of sight, none of these procedures were without precedents in the medical culture of his day. The recumbent position was standard for the examination of the abdomen and for many surgical procedures. Sitting at the patient's head was routine for the anesthetist. Being out of the patient's sight was necessary for the examination of the lungs and spine (not to mention the Roman Catholic confession box). Yet, the combination of these three factors was unique and was quickly recognized as a hallmark of psychoanalysis. It is remarkable that relatively little has been written concerning the symbolic meaning of the positions of the analysand and analyst considering that this is a daily feature of every analyst's work and that lying on the couch has become a vernacular equivalent for the psychoanalytic process itself. This paper is an attempt to examine some unconscious symbolic meanings of these positions, which may have been involved even before Freud's choice made them standard.

Fathers↗

Some theoretical and technical aspects of gender and social reality in clinical psychoanalysis.

Since the social order embodies and authorizes ideals of femininity and masculinity, a psychoanalysis of gender entails decisions as to how social reality figures in the clinical situation. This paper approaches social reality as part of a general problem of neurosis, in which all versions of normality are analyzed as aspects of resistance. What such an approach emphasizes about social ideals is their role in a psychopathology of conformity, which constitutes a stage in the development of neurosis.

Adult↗

Applying psychoanalysis in an unconventional context. Adapting infant-parent psychotherapy to a changing population.

The model of psychoanalytically oriented infant-parent psychotherapy originally proposed by Selma Fraiberg and her colleagues has evolved in the nearly two decades since its inception. This paper provides an overview of current developments in the model's core intervention techniques, with special reference to modifications that have emerged in response to recent efforts to intervene with an exceptionally psychosocially disadvantaged population. A conceptual framework for the intervention is offered, emphasizing the special therapeutic opportunities offered during the couple's transition to parenthood. Finally, the concept of "bureaucratic transference" will be briefly elaborated as it has emerged in efforts to apply psychoanalysis in work with social agencies on behalf of infants and their families.

Adult↗

Psychoanalysis on the beat. Children, police, and urban trauma.

Anna Freud's legacy to child psychoanalysis was her understanding and description of the complexities of development and her ability to apply her findings to the care of children both within and outside of the consulting room. In addition to her approach to consultation with nonanalytic professionals concerned with children's development and well-being, she established a model for generations of child analysts and other analytically oriented clinicians. Both of Ms. Freud's concepts of development and collaboration with other professionals have served as a basis for the implementation of the Child Development-Community Policing Program in New Haven, Connecticut. This collaboration between mental health and police professionals will be described in this paper, with particular emphasis on the application of Ms. Freud's work to attempts to intervene on the behalf of children and families exposed to urban violence.

Adolescent↗

A girl's experience of congenital trauma: The healing function of psychoanalysis in the adolescent years.

This paper addresses the centrality of conflict in psychic trauma, as evidenced in the psychoanalytic treatment of an adolescent girl with a congenital life-threatening and disfiguring condition that necessitated multiple surgical procedures in early childhood. The focus is twofold: to elucidate certain characteristics of analysis in the adolescent phase that promote the integration of early trauma; and to shed light on the modes of therapeutic action of psychoanalysis. Case material is presented indicative of the psychic consequences of early medical traumata, including the impairment of the ego's capacity to utilize anxiety as a signal function that mobilizes defense, the failure of repetition to effect mastery of the trauma, the predominant use of aggression in the interest of defense, and distortions in self and object representations. The author offers evidence to show that conflicts over aggression and oedipal desires, characteristic of adolescent girls who have not been subject to trauma, were involved in the defensive function of her patient's pervasive sense of defectiveness. She postulates that the interpretation of conflict and defense is the analyst's attuned response to the mind of the patient, and points to the resulting increase in the capacity to observe and to exercise volitional control over heretofore unconscious, automatic mental processes as evidence of the mutative function of dynamic interpretation.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

The efficacy of psychoanalysis for children with disruptive disorders.

OBJECTIVE: This paper describes a chart review of 763 cases of child psychoanalysis and psychotherapy at the Anna Freud Centre, and illustrates its usefulness by examining predictors of treatment outcome in children with disruptive disorders. METHOD: 135 children and adolescents with a principal diagnosis of disruptive disorder were individually matched with others suffering from emotional disorders. Outcome was indicated by diagnostic change and change in overall adaptation (clinically significant improvement or return to normal functioning). RESULTS: Improvement rates were significantly higher for the emotional than for the disruptive group. Within the disruptive group, significant improvement was more frequent among children with oppositional defiant disorder (56%) than those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (36%) or conduct disorder (23%). However, 31% of the children terminated treatment within 1 year. Of those disruptive children who remained in treatment more than 1 year, 69% were no longer diagnosable on termination. Fifty-eight percent of the variance in outcome ratings could be accounted for within this group. The crucial variables in predicting attrition and symptomatic improvement were found to be quite different in the disruptive and emotional groups. CONCLUSION: Although the study has several methodological limitations, it does suggest demographic, clinical, and diagnostic characteristics of those disruptive children most likely to benefit from intensive and nonintensive psychodynamic treatment.

Adolescent↗

The efficacy of psychoanalysis for children: prediction of outcome in a developmental context.

OBJECTIVE: This is the third report from a chart review of 763 cases of child psychoanalysis and psychotherapy at the Anna Freud Centre. This paper examines the way in which the age of a child or adolescent at the time of treatment in psychoanalytic psychotherapy relates to the outcome of that treatment. METHOD: One hundred twenty-seven children were selected from each of three age bands (younger than 6 years, 6 to 12 years, and adolescents); they were matched on broad diagnostic grouping, gender, socioeconomic status, global adaptation (Children's Global Assessment Scale), and frequency of sessions. Outcome was indicated by diagnostic change and clinically significant change in adaptation. RESULTS: Younger children were more likely to show significant improvement. Children younger than 12 benefited from intensive (four or five times weekly) treatment more than from nonintensive (one or two times weekly) treatment; this was not true of adolescents. There were interactions between certain diagnostic categories, age, and outcome. Predictors of good and poor outcome were different for the three age groups, further highlighting the importance of a developmental perspective. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of a retrospective design, this study suggests that in psychodynamic treatment, younger age is an advantage and developmental factors considerably affect the outcome of this form of therapy.

Adolescent↗

Nervous and mental disease. Genetics and the future of psychoanalysis.

Genetics has been associated with psychoanalytic theory since the earliest writings of Freud. Innate factors of constitution and heredity have been recognized in studies of adults and children, both retrospective and prospective. Contemporary genetics has become a science of gene expression and control, not merely of transmission, and its influence will illuminate processes of interaction in the development of affect and personality. As new genetic proposals and practices influence the choices and meanings of human life, they will have a profound effect on man's decisions, values, and self-image, and psychoanalysis will need to reaffirm its interpreative role. Finally, more effective prevention and treatment will be based on better appreciation of the interacting roles of genotype and environment.

Child↗

Psychoanalysis and empirical research.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the idea of reason began to lose its universal and absolute value, undermining the view of science as a form of objective knowledge that reveals a fundamental reality. These changes have also had an impact on psychoanalysis, leading to a proliferation of theories and the end of a positivistic approach, epitomized by a 'neutral' analyst who knows the contents of the patient's mind. Hermeneutic philosophy provides a tool with which to explore both theoretical multiplicity and the contribution of the analyst's subjectivity to the analytic process. Furthermore, a hermeneutic approach does not have to be hostile to empirical science, but can be integrated with it in a 'scientific-hermeneutic model' in which historical and biological principles are given equal value.

Empiricism↗