SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Pathways”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources

PubMed1980

Effect of the 5-hydroperoxide of eicosatetraenoic acid and inhibitors of the lipoxygenase pathway on the formation of slow reacting substance by rat basophilic leukemia cells; direct evidence that slow reacting substance is a product of the lipoxygenase pathway.

Previous studies in a line of rat basophilic leukemia (RBL 1) cells have indicated that the slow reacting substance (SRS) made during stimulation with the divalent cation ionophore, A23187, is derived from arachidonic acid (AA). In the present report, various inhibitors of AA metabolism were compared with regard to their effects on SRS formation and incorporation of radioactivity from [1-14C]-AA into known metabolites of the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways. An apparently close parallel between lipoxygenase product formation and SRS synthesis is demonstrated. In addition, exogenous 5-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE) has been shown to markedly enhance SRS synthesis, even when A23187 is absent. The data provide very strong evidence that SRS is produced through the lipoxygenase pathway.

12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid↗

PubMed1981

[Electrophysiologic demonstration of dual atrioventricular nodal pathways and final common pathway in a case of A-V nodal paroxysmal tachycardia. Considerations on the functional complexity of the A-V node (author's transl)].

The AA. studied the A-V nodal conduction using the technique of induced PAB in a patient with A-V reentrant paroxysmal tachycardia. They observed that the conduction through the A-V node failed when coupling intervals A1-A2 were between 280 and 260 msec and, after, recovered, with consistent slackening, when A1-A2 intervals were shortened, until the atrial ERP was reached. This uncommon response indicates the functional complexity of the A-V node and, particularly, suggests the presence of a final common pathway distal to the fast and slow A-V pathways, that are the anatomic-functional basis of the reentry circuit in A-V nodal paroxismal tachycardia.

Atrioventricular Node↗

PubMed1975

Energy metabolism of spermatozoa. V. The Embden-Myerhof pathway of glycolysis: activities of pathway enzymes in hypotonically treated rabbit epididymal spermatozoa.

Seven enzymes of the Embden-Myerhof pathway of glycolysis were assayed in hypotonically treated epididymal sperm from mature rabbits. These were: fructose-biphosphate aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase, 3-phosphoglyceromutase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase. These enzymes were firmly enough bound to the cell structure to resist removal by washing after hypotonic treatment and had maximal activities comparable to, or greater than, the rate of mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation, so that rapid oxygen uptake was observed with intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase in a typical preparation of hypotonically treated cells was 5.3 mumoles/minute x 10(9) cells at 25 degrees C for pyruvate reduction in the hypotonically treated cells and 4.8 mumoles/minute x 10(9) cells in the thrice-washed hypotonically treated cells. The Km for pyruvate was 1.4 mM while that for lactate was 4.4 mM. By contrast, the maximal activity of pyruvate oxidation by mitochondria was 0.10 microgram atom of oxygen/minute x 10(9) cells, corresponding to 0.020 mumole of pyruvate/minute x 10(9) cells, and the Km for pyruvate was 5 microM. These enzyme parameters favor high lactate production from glucose in aerobic glycolysis.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Anti-human class I MHC antibodies induce apoptosis by a pathway that is distinct from the Fas antigen-mediated pathway.

5H7, an anti-human class I MHC mAb that recognizes a monomorphic determinant of the alpha3 domain, profoundly inhibits T lymphocyte activation. The present study was designed to determine the role of programmed cell death in 5H7-mediated immune suppression. Incubation of PBMC with 5H7 mAb induced a marked reduction in viable cell recovery (VCR) of T cells (<10% VCR), NK cells (<1% VCR), and B cells (<1% VCR). In addition, 5H7 inhibited proliferation and VCR of JY, DBS-521, and BevD tumor lines as well as cells transfected with HLA-B27. Morphologic changes characteristic of apoptosis were induced by 5H7, including cell membrane blebbing, cytoplasmic vacuolization, condensation of nuclear chromatin, and nuclear fragmentation. Furthermore, DNA fragmentation was demonstrated in 5H7-treated PBMC using a TdT-mediated end-labeling (TUNEL) technique. 5H7, but not anti-Fas mAb, induced apoptosis of cell lines derived from patients with Niemann-Pick disease that lack acidic sphingomyelinase activity. In addition, induction of cell death by 5H7 was not inhibited by IL-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE) inhibitors under conditions that fully suppressed Fas-mediated apoptosis. These findings suggest that signal transduction through "classical" human class I MHC molecules induces apoptosis by a Fas-independent pathway that does not require acidic sphingomyelinase, is independent of ICE protease, and may represent a unique pathway of cell death in human lymphocytes.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Cross-Pathway and Pathway-Specific Control of Amino Acid Biosynthesis in Magnaporthe grisea

The gene encoding the small subunit of the arginine-specific carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, ARG2, of Magnaporthe grisea was characterized to examine the basic regulation of biosynthetic genes in this plant pathogen. The transcript of the ARG2 gene contains an upstream open reading frame (uORF) that is similar to uORFs found in the homologous genes of Neurospora crassa (arg-2) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CPA1), suggesting that the M. grisea gene is translationally regulated by a mechanism that is conserved in these fungi. Amino acid imbalance leads to elevated levels of ARG2 mRNA, indicating that in addition to translational control, ARG2 is subject to cross-pathway transcriptional control. A DNA-binding activity that has properties similar to those of the global transcriptional regulator mediating cross-pathway control in N. crassa was detected in M. grisea cell extracts. Thus, it appears that both specific regulation of ARG2 by arginine and global regulation of amino acid biosynthesis are present in M. grisea and highly conserved among M. grisea, N. crassa, and S. cerevisiae.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

Cross-pathway and pathway-specific control of amino acid biosynthesis in Magnaporthe grisea.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1988

Auditory pathways in the budgerigar. II. Intratelencephalic pathways.

The projections of two telencephalic areas in receipt of projections from the auditory relay nucleus of the thalamus (nucleus ovoidalis) were studied in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) with autoradiographic methods. These nuclei are called field 'L' and neostriatum intermedium pars dorsolateralis (NIDL). The results show that neurons in both fields project laterally to a portion of the neostriatum intermedium pars ventrolateralis (NIVL) and rostrally to the rostromedial archistriatum. Horseradish peroxidase experiments confirm these projections and indicate that field 'L', NIDL and NIVL also receive projections from neurons in the hyperstriatum ventrale (HV). The projections of field 'L' and NIDL neurons to the rostromedial archistriatum may act as pathways subserving auditory feedback. Neurons in this portion of the archistriatum project to the contralateral field 'L', NIDL and NIVL. Furthermore, the medial archistriatal projection field of neurons within field 'L', NIDL and NIVL (i.e. rostromedial archistriatum) is located adjacent to a large archistriatal neuronal field projecting to the medulla, including the lateral reticular formation of the medulla. This large archistriatal field includes the nucleus archistriatalis robustus, the telencephalic nucleus identified as the source of projections to the lower motoneurons of the syrinx. Thus, projections from auditory telencephalic areas to the rostromedial archistriatum may serve functions related to processes associated with learning and vocal motor control.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Caudal medullary pathways to lumbosacral motoneuronal cell groups in the cat: evidence for direct projections possibly representing the final common pathway for lordosis.

The nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) projects to distinct brainstem and cervical and thoracic cord motoneuronal cell groups. The present paper describes NRA projections to distinct motoneuronal cell groups in the lumbar enlargement. Lumbosacral injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were made to localize and quantify the retrogradely labeled neurons in the caudal medullary lateral tegmentum. These injections were combined with spinal hemisections to distinguish between neurons having ipsi-or contralaterally descending axons. The NRA-lumbosacral fibers descend almost exclusively contralaterally, but neurons in areas surrounding the NRA project mainly ipsilaterally. In an anterograde tracing study, injections of WGA-HRP or tritiated leucine were made in the region of the NRA to determine the NRA targets in the lumbosarcral cord. Hemisections in C2 made it possible to distinguish between NRA projections and projections from neurons in the adjoining lateral tegmentum. The results show delicate NRA projections to distinct lumbosacral motoneuronal cell groups innervating specific hindlimb muscles (iliopsoas, adductors, and hamstrings) as well as axial muscles (medial longissimus and proximal tail muscles). The projection is bilateral, with a contralateral predominance. Ipsilaterally terminating fibers are derived from NRA neurons whose axons cross the midline at the level of the obex, descend through the contralateral spinal white matter, and recross at the level of termination. A conceptual description is presented in which the periaqueductal gray-NRA-lumbosacral projections form the final common pathway for lordosis in the cat.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

The organization of descending tectofugal pathways underlying orienting in the frog, Rana pipiens. II. Evidence for the involvement of a tecto-tegmento-spinal pathway.

In the frog, identical orienting deficits, involving a failure to turn toward stimuli in the ipsilateral hemifield, can be produced by small white matter lesions either in the caudal mesencephalon (Kostyk and Grobstein, 1987a) or in the caudal medulla (Masino and Grobstein, 1989). These findings suggest that descending turn signals may run uninterrupted from the midbrain to the spinal cord, and that something other than tectospinal axons may carry such signals. We here report studies to determine whether there is a tecto-recipient structure whose axons pass through the known critical lesion sites in the caudal mesencephalon and medulla, and whether damage to such a structure, sparing tectospinal pathways, produces an orienting deficit. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied to behaviorally effective lesions in the caudal medulla and the resulting labelling patterns compared with those resulting from application of HRP to nearby but behaviorally ineffective lesions at the same rostrocaudal level. A column of large cells in the ventrolateral midbrain tegmentum (including nMLF as well as parts of AV and PV) was robustly labelled in all effective lesion cases, and less frequently labelled in ineffective cases. A quantitative analysis showed labelling in this region to be more highly correlated with the existence of a behavioral deficit than that in any other brain region. Reconstructions of single retrogradely labelled cells in the rostral part of the column (nMLF) showed that they have dendrites in a position to receive tectal input and axons which pass through the critical lesion sites in both the caudal mesencephalon and the caudal medulla. Tegmental lesions, sparing the tectospinal tracts, produced ipsilateral turning deficits in cases where the large cell column was completely removed but did not when the column was spared. The findings support the hypothesis that tectofugal signals involved in orienting turns descend uninterrupted to the spinal cord on something other than tectospinal axons, and suggest that the critical projections derive from the large cell column of the ventral tegmentum.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Significance of the non-oxidative route of the pentose phosphate pathway for supplying carbon to the purine-nucleotide pathway in Corynebacterium ammoniagenes.

To evaluate the strategy of supplying ribose 5-phosphate to the purine-nucleotide pathway exclusively via the nonoxidative route, the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene zwf was disrupted in inosine- and 5'-xanthylic acid-producers of Corynebacterium ammoniagenes. In both producers, interruption of the oxidative route caused a decrease in production yields of about 50%. Attempts to increase the capacity of the nonoxidative route through overexpression of the transketolase or transaldolase gene in the zwf mutants led to no discernable effects on production, indicating that, in C. ammoniagenes, the nonoxidative route alone cannot provide sufficient ribose 5-phosphate for high-level production, although nonoxidative synthesis of the precursor is possible.

Carbon↗

PubMed1984

A [14C]2-deoxyglucose analysis of the functional neural pathways of the limbic forebrain in the rat. IV. A pathway from the prefrontal cortical-medial thalamic system to the hypothalamus.

The present study utilized the [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) cell labeling procedure to characterize a functional pathway from the prefrontal cortex (Pfc) and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) to the hypothalamus. Rats were injected with 2-DG prior to a 45 min experimental paradigm consisting of alternating 30 s on-off periods of electrical brain stimulation. Standard procedures were utilized for the removal and processing of brain tissue for X-ray autoradiography. In the first phase of this study, stimulation applied to the prefrontal cortex generally yielded a pattern of 2-DG distribution consistent with the findings of classical anatomical studies. Stimulation of the dorsomedial and ventromedial prefrontal cortex or the infralimbic cortex produced the most effective activation of the diencephalon. This activation was primarily limited to MD, with no involvement of any region of the hypothalamus. In the second phase of this study, brain regions activated following stimulation of sites along the rostro-caudal axis of MD were examined. Stimulation of MD resulted in the activation of the nucleus reuniens and other midline and non-specific thalamic nuclei. Stimulation of this nucleus also activated the ventromedial thalamic nucleus, medial aspects of the nucleus accumbens and the medial and sulcal prefrontal cortices. Again, in each of these cases, labeling within any region of the hypothalamus could not be detected. Since MD stimulation activated the midline thalamus, and the nucleus reuniens in particular, the last phase of this experiment involved stimulation of the nucleus reuniens in order to determine the source of medial thalamic inputs to the hypothalamus. Stimulation of the nucleus reuniens activated fibers which were distributed to both the medial and lateral hypothalamus. In addition, stimulation also activated the descending periventricular system, which could be followed to the level of the midbrain central gray and such limbic structures as the hippocampal formation, septal area, amygdala and prefrontal cortex. These findings indicate that Pfc-MD activation of the hypothalamus is achieved indirectly via interneurons within the nucleus reuniens.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Regulation of pathways of glucose metabolism in the kidney. The activity of the pentose phosphate pathway, glycolytic route and the regulation of phosphofructokinase in the kidney of lean and genetically obese (ob/ob) mice; comparison with effects of diabetes.

The activities of enzymes of the glycolytic route, the pentose phosphate pathway and NADPH-linked enzymes have been measured in the kidneys of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice and their lean litter mates. The renal content of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), fructose 6-phosphate (F6P), fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (Fru-1,6-P2) and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2) were also measured. Increases were found in hexokinase and enolase with an upward trend in pyruvate kinase in the ob/ob mouse kidney; a significant decline in malic enzyme was also seen. The renal content of G6P and Fru-1,6-P2 increased. There was no renal hypertrophy despite a degree of hyperglycaemia, which was, however, considerably below that observed in experimental diabetes. Comparison of the renal changes in the hyperglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic ob/ob mice with the hyperglycaemic-hypoinsulinaemic diabetic group showed two distinct groupings. Firstly, changes which were similar in the two groups included: increases in hexokinase, G6P and Fru-1,6-P2, and a decrease in malic enzyme. Secondly, opposite changes were seen in enolase and in enzymes at the G6P crossroads, phosphoglucose isomerase and phosphoglucomutase. The elevated hexokinase and G6P in both ob/ob and diabetic groups may be involved in the eventual accumulation of basement membrane material in the glomerulus which is a common feature of the two conditions.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Pathway-specific maturation, visual deprivation, and development of retinal pathway.

One of the fundamental features of the visual system is the segregation of neural circuits that process increments and decrements of luminance into ON and OFF pathways. In mature retina, the dendrites of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of retina are separated into ON or OFF sublamina-specific stratification. At an early developmental stage, however, the dendrites of most RGCs are ramified throughout the IPL. The maturation of RGC ON/OFF dendritic stratification requires neural activities mediated by afferent inputs from bipolar and amacrine cells. The synchronized spontaneous burst activities in early postnatal developing retina regulate RGC dendritic filopodial movements and the maintenance or elimination of dendritic processes. After eye opening, visual experience further remodels and consolidates the retinal neural circuit into mature forms. Several neurotransmitter systems, including glutamatergic, acetylcholinergic, GABAergic, and glycinergic systems, might act together to modulate the RGC dendritic refinement. In addition, both the bipolar cells and cholinergic amacrine cells may provide laminar cues for the maturation of RGC dendritic stratification.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Is the recovery of stepping following spinal cord injury mediated by modifying existing neural pathways or by generating new pathways? A perspective.

The recovery of stepping ability following a spinal cord injury may be achieved by restoring anatomical connectivity within the spinal cord. However, studies of locomotor recovery in animals with complete spinal cord transection suggest that the adult mammalian spinal cord can acquire the ability to generate stepping after all descending input is eliminated and in the absence of neuronal regeneration. Moreover, rehabilitative gait training has been shown to play a crucial role in teaching existing spinal pathways to generate locomotion and appropriately respond to sensory feedback. This brief review presents evidence that neural networks in the mammalian spinal cord can be modulated pharmacologically and/or with task-specific behavioral training to generate weight-bearing stepping after a spinal injury. Further, the role that spinal learning can play in the management of humans with spinal cord injury is discussed in relation to interventions that are designed primarily to enhance neuronal regeneration.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

The role of immunoglobulins in alternative complement pathway activation by zymosan. I. Human IgG with specificity for Zymosan enhances alternative pathway activation by zymosan.

Prior absorption of normal human serum (NHS) or C2-deficient human serum (C2D) with zymosan at 0 degrees C results in diminished consumption of C3 and factor B during subsequent incubation of the sera in Mg-EGTA buffer with zymosan at 37 degrees C for 30 min. An acid eluate from the zymosan restores the defect of absorbed NHS and C2D, and also enhances C3 and factor B utilization in hypogammaglobulinemic serum (H gamma S) in a dose-dependent fashion. The activity is specific in that the eluate from zymosan fails to enhance C3 and B depletion in H gamma S or absorbed NHS by lipopolysaccharide or Sepharose. The active component of th zymosan eluate emerges from both Sepharose 4B and Sephacryl S-200 in the region of molecules with m.w. of 150,000. Absorption with protein A-Sepharose removes the activity, demonstrating that it is IgG. Digestion of the IgG with pepsin fails to diminish activity, indicating that the Fc region is not required for activity; reduction to monovalent Fab' fragments, however, abrogates activity. When IgG antibody is bound to Protein A-Sepharose, it fails to enhance C3 depletion in H gamma S by Sepharose, indicating that binding of IgG antibody by the Fab region is necessary for enhancement of alternative pathway activity in human serum.

Antibody Specificity↗

PubMed1998

Cooperativity between the polyamine pathway and HER-2neu in transformation of human mammary epithelial cells in culture: role of the MAPK pathway.

Our experiments were designed to test the cooperativity between the polyamine pathway and HER-2neu in inducing transformation of human mammary epithelial cells in culture. Using the MCF-10A breast epithelial cell line, we observed that induction of overexpression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) (the first rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis) markedly potentiated the anchorage-independent growth stimulating effect of the beta2 isoform of neu differentiating factor (NDF) known to activate HER-2neu in MCF-10A cells. ODC overexpression, on the other hand, did not enhance growth in liquid culture, thus pointing to a specific effect on transformation rather than proliferation. ODC-overexpressing MCF-10A cells exhibited increased MAPK phosphorylation in response to administration of NDF and/or epidermal growth factor (EGF). In contrast, the phosphorylation of the members of the stress-activated protein kinase cascade p38 and SEK were not affected by ODC overexpression. Of note, in the absence of EGF and NDF, ODC overexpression failed to induce both clonogenicity and MAPK activation. These results suggest that increased polyamine biosynthetic activity critically interacts with HER-2neu in promoting human mammary cell transformation in culture and that the MAPK cascade is an important mediator of this interaction. If confirmed in future in vivo studies, our results may identify important new targets for the chemoprevention of human breast cancer.

Breast↗

PubMed2005

Curcumin-induced antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in melanoma cells are associated with suppression of IkappaB kinase and nuclear factor kappaB activity and are independent of the B-Raf/mitogen-activated/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase pathway and the Akt pathway.

BACKGROUND: Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a central role in cell survival and proliferation in human melanoma; therefore, the authors explored the possibility of exploiting NF-kappaB for melanoma treatment by using curcumin, an agent with known, potent, NF-kappaB-inhibitory activity and little toxicity in humans. METHODS: Three melanoma cell lines (C32, G-361, and WM 266-4), all of which had B-raf mutations, were treated with curcumin, and the authors assessed its effects on viability ((3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay) and apoptosis (flow-cytometric analysis of annexin V/propidium iodide-stained cells). Curcumin-treated cells also were examined for NF-kappaB binding activity (electrophoretic mobility shift assay) and for the activity of its upstream regulator, IkappaB kinase (IKK) (immune complex kinase assay). In addition, relevant signaling, as reflected by B-Raf kinase activity (kinase cascade assay), and steady-state levels of activated, downstream effectors, as reflected by mitogen-activated signal-regulated protein kinase (MEK), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), and Akt phosphorylation levels (immunoblots), were assessed. RESULTS: Curcumin treatment decreased cell viability of all 3 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner (50% inhibitory concentration = 6.1-7.7 microM) and induced apoptosis. NF-kappaB and IKK were active constitutively in all melanoma cell lines examined, and curcumin, under apoptosis-inducing conditions, down-regulated NF-kappaB and IKK activities. However, curcumin did not inhibit the activities of B-Raf, MEK, or ERK, and Akt phosphorylation was enhanced. Furthermore, in the presence of curcumin, the Akt inhibitor 1L-6-hydroxymethyl-chiro-inositol 2-[(R)-2-O-methyl-3-O-octadecylcarbonate] no longer suppressed Akt phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS: Curcumin has potent antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in melanoma cells. These effects were associated with the suppression of NF-kappaB and IKK activities but were independent of the B-Raf/MEK/ERK and Akt pathways.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed1983

Spatial relationships between the terminations of somatic sensory motor pathways in the rostral brainstem of cats and monkeys. II. Cerebellar projections compared with those of the ascending somatic sensory pathways in lateral diencephalon.

Previous studies have shown that ascending somatic sensory pathways arising from the dorsal column nuclei, lateral cervical nucleus and spinothalamic tract terminate in parts of the thalamus adjacent to those which receive cerebellar terminations. This termination pattern creates a border between the ventroposterolateral nucleus (VPL) and the ventrolateral nucleus (VL) in the cat and between the caudal and oral parts of VPL (VPLc and VPLo, respectively) in the monkey. Since it is not clear how sharp these borders are, a double orthograde labeling strategy was used in the present study to make direct comparisons of the projections to the thalamus from these sources of input. It was found that there was a change in the sources of afferent input to the different target areas that paralleled changes in cytoarchitecture. Moving caudally to rostrally, VPL in the cat and VPLc in the monkey received projections predominantly from the middle, dorsal (clusters) portion of the dorsal column nuclei. These projections were gradually replaced near the VPL-VL border in the cat and VPLc-VPLo border in the monkey first by input from the lateral cervical nucleus (cat only) and the rostral and ventral portions of the dorsal column nuclei and then by spinothalamic projections. Towards VL in the cat and the rostral parts of VPLo in the monkey (referred to as Vim by Hassler, '59 and Mehler, '71), these projections were in turn replaced by those from the cerebellum. This sequence resulted in a complex pattern (summarized in Fig. 10) where some thalamic territories received input predominantly from one source and others received converging input from several sources. The major region receiving converging ascending somatic sensory and cerebellar terminations was located at the border between VPL and VL in the cat and in the caudal parts of Olszewski's ('52) VPLo in the monkey (that is, between VPLc and Vim). In general, the results in the cat were similar to those in the monkey. One notable difference was that the domain containing terminals from the cerebellum and the rostral-ventral parts of the dorsal column nuclei was located medially between VPLc and Vim in the monkey, whereas it extended across the entire mediolateral border between VPL and VL in the cat. In both species, thalamic neurons received input predominantly from one afferent source and only minor input, if any, from other sources.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗