Intentions to communicate positive HIV-antibody status to sex partners.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
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Precopulatory behaviour of male rats: developmental aspects and dependence on female's solicitation.
Sexual communication between sex partners can involve just one sensory modality or a combination, depending upon such factors as species, habitat, and context. Ethological aspects of sexual communication has been widely documented in rodents. In rats, sexual communication between male and female varies according to the production of signals by a female that signal receptivity, proceptivity, and attractivity. However, in the laboratory experiment, such approach is often neglected. In the present study, two types of stimulus female--Lordotic and Darting--were used with the aim to examine developmental changes in precopulatory behaviour of males. Besides the dependence of the male's precopulatory repertoire on the strength of proceptive stimuli emitted by the female was studied. Male rats ranging from 30 to 175 days of age were observed under the dyadic interaction. It was found: (a) Precopulatory behaviour of the 30-day-old males was not clear-cut, the males devoted more time to social investigation of adult (Darting) female. (b) All the 40-day-old males exhibited precopulatory behaviour in the range of the repertoire displayed by adult animals. (c) Precopulatory activity of juvenile (45-day-old) as well as of adult (90-day-old) males exposed to Lordotic female was significantly lower as compared with that exhibited by males toward Darting female. (d) Copulatory readiness of males increased with the age, in fact, all animals aged from 75-135 day were able to pass from the precopulatory into the copulatory phase of sexual interaction. (e) Although the 175-day-old males exhibited pronounced precopulatory activity, they did not initiate copulations. The implications of each of these findings are discussed from the point of view of both the developmental aspects and the stimulus-response relationships. To sum up, the development of normal flow of sexual behaviour of male rats proceeds simultaneously with the development of physiological and morphological parameters. The appearance of precopulatory behaviour is less dependent on the internal (hormonal) readiness than copulatory behaviour. The connection of both phases, i.e. precopulatory and copulatory, is terminated at about Day 75, and is the key moment of sexual interaction from the point of view of reproductive success. In fact, a successful course of sexual interaction is codetermined by the intensity of behavioural stimuli and/or by the completeness of proceptive patterns provided by the female partner. It is clear that the reproductive process cannot be completed without some degree of communication. The deterioration of sexual interaction found in males aged 175 day seems to be the consequence of their absolute heterosexual abstinence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Aging↗
[The consistent use of condoms among intravenous drug users and their regular partners].
OBJECTIVE: To describe consistent condom use between drug injectors and their regular sexual partners and to identify factors associated to its use which may be amenable to intervention. METHODS: Information was collected by personal interviews of drug injectors in 13 sampling points of the city of Granada, Spain. A bivariate analysis of factors identified in the literature was carried out and a multivariate logistic regression was fitted to the data to test the hypothesized associations. RESULTS: The proportion of drug injectors who report consistent condom use with their regular partners was 26. 4%. Talking about condoms with other injectors and with their regular sexual partners, professional sources of information and counselling when receiving results of HIV testing are independently associated with the use of condoms. In terms of social indicators, those with the highest and lowest levels of social integration use condoms less than those who belong to the middle social group. Sociodemographic characteristics and history of drug injection are not associated with consistent condom use with the regular partner. CONCLUSION: The use of condoms between drug injectors and their regular sexual partners is associated with communication with other drug injectors, the sexual partner and hearth professionals, on this topic. Promoting consistent condom use with regular partners among intravenous drug users is best accomplished through peer groups and during HIV counseling.
Adult↗
Urological and behavioral approach to the treatment of secondary impotence.
Psychogenic impotence is far more common than organic impotence and may co-exist with or be a result of it. Psychological principles of therapy may be needed for all impotent patients treated by the urologist. These principles include 1) re-education in sexual function, 2) removal of pressure for male performance, 3) bringing existing performance fears to the surface for therapy, 4) teaching patients techniques to deal with the fears, 5) teaching the partner proper cooperation and 6) improving the communications between the 2 partners.
Erectile Dysfunction↗
Suicidal persons and their partners: individual and interpersonal dynamics.
The individual and interpersonal dynamics of 21 suicidal persons (15 females and 6 males) and their partners were investigated. Each couple was interviewed at the time of the suicidal person's psychiatric hospitalization following a recent episode of suicidal behavior or serious suicidal ideation. Each partner was administered two tests of individual functioning and one test of interpersonal functioning. The results revealed that the dynamics of these couples were characterized by complementarity at the level of overt individual functioning, and similarity at the level of covert individual functioning. Both partners in a couple tended to describe the suicidal partner as psychologically disabled and the nonsuicidal partner as well-functioning. However, the suicidal patients and their partners were similar in terms of covert individual functioning both showing a tendency toward anclitic, dependent object relations. The communication between the partners was found to be disturbed in a large majority of the couples. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of an integrative model of individual and interpersonal dynamics.
Adult↗
Contrasting strategies used by young people to ensure condom use: some findings from a qualitative research project.
Interviews conducted among 56 young men and women (aged 16-19) reveal two contrasting strategies used to ensure condom use at first intercourse with a new partner. These are defined as verbal communication based strategies (involving some explicit discussion about contraception before intercourse) and non-verbal communication based strategies (where one partner takes responsibility for using condoms without discussing this with their partner). Whilst the former is argued as being the more effective strategy, this paper suggests an important role for the latter, particularly when young people find themselves in situations where initiating discussions about condom use is perceived as being particularly difficult.
Adolescent↗
Exposure to a community-level HIV prevention intervention: who gets the message.
As part of the evaluation of a community-level HIV prevention program for women, this study examined predictors of exposure to print media and community outreach and assessed the relationship between exposure to the intervention and condom use behavior. Data from interviews with 479 women randomly selected from the intervention community in 1995 and 1996 were examined. Analysis of demographic and risk characteristics were conducted to identify predictors of exposure to the project's HIV prevention messages. Additionally, logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the effects of intervention exposure on condom use, controlling for factors related to exposure. The results revealed that the print media campaign reached the largest number of women. However, women at highest risk did not have high rates of exposure to print media, but had greater exposure to outreach. Exposure to print media had an effect on increased communication with a main partner about condom use, but was not significantly related to condom use last time had sex. There were no significant main effects for exposure to outreach on condom use behavior. An important finding of this analysis was that each intervention strategy was successful in reaching a different portion of the target population and that exposure had differential effects on the condom use behavior of particular segments of the target population.
Adolescent↗
Dilemmas of talking about lifestyle changes among couples coping with a cardiac event.
Persons who have experienced a myocardial infarction (MI) and/or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery may benefit from a low-fat diet, regular exercise, smoking cessation, and stress management. Yet many patients do not make these changes. A spouse or partner's attempts at support may facilitate or interfere with patient behavior change. The present study explores dilemmas that may arise when couples talk about lifestyle changes following one person's MI or CABG. In interviews carried out in Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, and surrounding communities with 25 patients and 16 partners we found communicating support for lifestyle change may be interpreted as undesired control or criticism. The caring conveyed by talking may be viewed positively but can also threaten patient autonomy and entrap partners in unwanted expectations and obligations. Finally, lifestyle change conversations may reflect empowered patients collaborating with partners to take control of health but can also serve as potent reminders of loss. These multiple, potentially conflicting meanings give an account for why talking with a partner does not always facilitate patient lifestyle change. Understanding these dilemmas also suggests practical implications for helping patients and partners.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Onconet: a secure infrastructure to improve cancer patients' care.
The shared care paradigm is the current response to the crisis of industrial countries' health systems. The underlying information systems have to meet the shared care paradigm of communication and co-operation between all the partners involved in. This communication and co-operation must be provided in a secure way. The paper presents the required security infrastructure which has been analysed, specified, and developed within the TrustHealth projects funded by the European Commission. Meeting the challenges of the TrustHealth-2 project for large scale implementations of secure real applications, the ONCONET has been established in the German federal state of Saxony-Anhalt facilitating the shared care of cancer patients. Both security infrastructure and application functionalities are demonstrated in some detail.
Computer Security↗
Relationship issues of women with breast cancer.
This in-depth, qualitative pilot study explored the impact of breast cancer on specific dimensions of the relationships and roles of women. It included interaction within the partner relationship as well as with family, friends, and colleagues. Data were obtained by individual and group interviews from 10 women with a diagnosis of breast cancer and 5 male partners. Both partnered and single women participated. There were four major findings seldom discussed in the literature, which have important implications for preventive intervention. First, partner relationships troubled before the diagnosis as well as those characterized by mutual caring faced challenges and negative changes. Second, in an effort to protect each other, communication within the partner dyad became less open, and there were changes in the usual manner of conflict resolution. Third, unpartnered women appeared to be more vulnerable to problems of negative adjustment, largely because of relationship issues. Fourth, participants confirmed the need for a comprehensive intervention to facilitate coping with issues relative to relationships, intimacy, and sexuality. Although the sample was small, in-depth data were obtained that provide a basis for specific areas in which further empirical investigation is needed, and they indicate that preventive intervention may well be warranted.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Interventions to reduce sexual risk for the human immunodeficiency virus in adolescents, 1985-2000: a research synthesis.
OBJECTIVE: To summarize studies that have tested the efficacy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sexual risk-reduction interventions in adolescents. DATA SOURCES: Reports were gathered from computerized databases, by contacting individual researchers, by searching conference proceedings and relevant journals, and by reviewing reference sections of obtained articles. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were included if they investigated any educational, psychosocial, or behavioral intervention advocating sexual risk reduction for HIV prevention; used experimental designs (or other designs with adequate comparison groups); had behavioral-dependent measures relevant to sexual risk; sampled adolescents (age range, 11-18 years); and had sufficient information to calculate effect size (ES) estimates. Data from 44 studies and 56 interventions (N = 35 282 participants) that were available as of January 2, 2001, were included. DATA EXTRACTION: Study information was coded, and individual ESs were calculated in SD units (the difference between the intervention and comparison condition means, divided by the pooled SD), with ESs coded so that positive signs indicated greater risk reduction. DATA SYNTHESIS: Across the studies, reductions in sexual risk were greater for adolescents who received the HIV risk-reduction intervention compared with those in the comparison conditions for 5 dimensions: condom use negotiation skills (mean ES, 0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41-0.59), condom use skills (mean ES, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.09-0.51), communications with sexual partners (mean ES, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.19-0.36), condom use (mean ES, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.03-0.11), and sexual frequency (mean ES, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.02-0.09). Interventions achieved greater success with condom use (1) in noninstitutionalized populations, (2) when condoms were provided, (3) with more condom information and skills training, (4) when the comparison group received less HIV skills training, and (5) when the comparison group received more non-HIV-related sexual education. CONCLUSION: Intensive behavioral interventions reduced sexual HIV risk, especially because they increased skill acquisition, sexual communications, and condom use and decreased the onset of sexual intercourse or the number of sexual partners.
Adolescent↗
Psychosocial problems in head-and-neck cancer patients and their change with time since diagnosis.
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the psychosocial effects of cancer survivors especially after the first stage of adjustment. The study was designed to provide information about the major psychological problems of head-and-neck cancer patients and their change with time since diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The subjects were 55 head-and-neck cancer patients, 40 men and 15 women with disease stages I to IV, grade of tumors G1 to G3-4, and disease duration in the range of 3 months to 21 years. A questionnaire with multiple-choice and open-ended questions assessing adjustment in 14 domains (e.g., fears and worries concerning health, functioning in the family) was administered to patients and their partners or closest relatives as well as scales assessing anxiety, anger and depression. RESULTS: The results showed that the domains that were most problem-laden included coping with health problems, fears, communication with the partner and social relations. Comparing the problems of patients in different time periods (0.5-1.5 years after diagnosis, 1.5-5 years, and over 5 years) showed that many medical problems decreased with time but most psychological ones including anxiety and anger deteriorated markedly. CONCLUSIONS: Head-and-neck cancer patients suffer from a broad range of psychosocial problems that become exacerbated with time. The deterioration in quality of life may reflect 'patient burnout' which could be decreased by acquiring adequate coping skills.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Mid-Atlantic Poultry Consortium: a department head's viewpoint on regionalization.
A document outlining possible areas of coordination and cooperation among university faculty to meet the research, extension, and teaching needs of the poultry industries in the Mid-Atlantic region (i.e., in the states of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina) has been developed. Poultry-oriented faculty in the region's Colleges of Agriculture and Colleges of Veterinary Medicine in the 1862 and 1890 land-grant institutions participated to varying degrees in the development of the document. Poultry scientists with the ARS/USDA, Beltsville, MD, have also expressed interest in and provided input to the plan. Three university-based committees addressed potential avenues of cooperation for academic programs, teaching, research, extension, and technology transfer. Input from those committees was summarized and presented as a basic concept paper for the development of a Mid-Atlantic Poultry Consortium at the Poultry Extension Symposium at the Poultry Science Association's annual meeting in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, in 1995. Meetings of faculty from the participating institutions have been held twice yearly at the Southeastern Poultry and Egg Association Congress in Atlanta, GA, and at the annual Poultry Science Association meetings to specifically discuss strategies for moving forward with the plan. Unfortunately, for a number of different reasons, buy-in by individual faculty at the various institutions has, at best, been very limited. Nevertheless, some progress has been made toward increasing the amount of regional cooperation underway. Most of the cooperation to date has been in interstate extension programming, with reciprocal use of specialists with different expertise between two states, and with the joint planning of regionally based educational conferences. Some joint extension publications and a few joint applied research or demonstration projects are also underway. Currently, however, no program is in place that involves all of the region's university-based poultry groups in a single program effort. The slow development of such an effort is partially due to difficulties in communication. An attempt is currently being made to get all of the poultry-oriented faculty in the region linked via an e-mail listserve, so that individuals with needs for partnering can freely communicate their needs to others in the region who might be interested in cooperating with them.
Agriculture↗
[Aspects of communication and understanding in psychoanalytic treatment technics].
Psychoanalysis was linked, since its very beginning, to the building-up of a communicative relationship, the creation of a basis of understanding between individuals who, at first, do not necessarily understand each other. This non-understanding may be caused by the peculiarity, strangeness and the bizarrery of the symptomatic or of the personal appearance of a patient, or cultural differences in the narrower or the broader sense may be responsible for it. Furthermore, the anticipations raised by the analyst and the peculiarity of the psychoanalytic situation may often seem strange and unfamiliar to the patient. The significance of the effort in establishing a communicative basis between partners having each its own personal history and originating from different social and cultural roots becomes even more evident when it comes to the discussion of the therapeutic technique to use in difficult, may be pre-oedipal pathologies. Here, it will probably not be the primary scope to lead the patient to insights, at least for a long part in the course of the therapy, but to aim at attaining the ability to experience himself as a competent communicative individual in an exchange relation with the analyst. Then, the therapist will not be, in the first place, the understanding, interpreting, persuading partner, he will not only be the holding partner but also a listening one whose basic attitude will aim at creating a free space in which the patient will be able to articulate his own imaginative world.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Communication↗
Challenges in disseminating model programs: a qualitative analysis of the Strengthening Washington DC Families Program.
This article discusses the challenges faced when a popular model program, the Strengthening Families Program, which in the past has been implemented on a smaller scale in single organizations, moves to a larger, multiorganization endeavor. On the basis of 42 interviews conducted with program staff, the results highlight two main themes that address program and organizational characteristics. The themes relate to the cultural relevance of the program, the accessibility of program partners, the organization of program services, and the coordination of program activities. The article also offers a discussion of how to better prepare sites for program delivery. This discussion focuses explicitly on the need for good communication among program partners, extensive community outreach, and the ability to secure additional resources.
Diffusion of Innovation↗
Interaction training for conversational partners of children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review.
BACKGROUND: Research has shown that children with cerebral palsy have difficulties acquiring communication skills and that conversation with familiar partners follows restricted patterns, which are characterized by high levels of partner control and children's responsivity. Speech and language therapy often includes training for conversational partners to help to them recognize children's communicative signals and to create opportunities for children to take a more equal and independent role in conversation. However, the effectiveness of this indirect therapy has not been demonstrated reliably. AIMS: To review systematically all experimental research on communication training for conversational partners of children with cerebral palsy and to evaluate the effectiveness of this type of intervention. METHODS & PROCEDURES: As part of a wider review, health, psychology and education electronic databases were searched up to December 2002 for reports of experimental studies on the training of conversational partners to facilitate the communication of children with cerebral palsy, which contained an element of control. References from identified studies were followed-up and relevant journals and conference reports were hand-searched. Identified studies were assessed for inclusion by the first author. Two reviewers independently abstracted data on the quality and content of each study. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Four studies were identified from five research reports that met the criteria for inclusion in the review, comprising three group studies and one single case experiment. Common targets for training were observed across the studies. These included positioning of the conversational partner and child for interaction, creating communication opportunities and responding to children's communicative signals. Changes were observed in the conversation patterns used by conversational partners, which should facilitate the communication of children with cerebral palsy. However, the studies contain methodological flaws and as a result they cannot demonstrate that the changes were definitely a result of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Research on the effectiveness of interaction training for conversational partners of children with cerebral palsy is in its early stages. Training has incorporated common targets, which are widely acknowledged by clinicians to affect the communication of children with motor disorders. Trends in behaviour change have been suggested by research to date, but further studies that address the methodological inadequacies of the original research are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of this type of intervention. Suggestions of ways to improve the design and reporting of future studies, that will allow the mapping of interventions to clients, are discussed in this review.
Adolescent↗
Intra-couple communication dynamics of HIV risk behavior among injecting drug users and their sexual partners in Northern Vietnam.
This paper elucidates the social context of HIV risk behavior and intra-couple risk communication among injecting drug users (IDUs) and their main sex partner. Data on shared injection equipment, unprotected sex with multiple partners, unprotected sex with a main partner and couples' dynamics and risk communication were gathered through separate in-depth interviews with 11 active male IDUs and 11 of their primary female sex partners in Northern Vietnam. The majority of IDUs' sex partners does not inject drugs and is monogamous. In contrast, most IDUs reported a wide range of risky practices including needle sharing and unprotected sex with multiple, often concurrent, sex partners. Men rarely used condoms with primary partners. Many IDUs worried about their HIV-status, but none disclosed their injecting or sexual practices to their sex partners, leaving their partners unaware of their HIV risk. Among women who worried about HIV/AIDS, the vast majority was unable to influence their partner's needle sharing or extramarital affairs and most would not initiate condom use because they feared their partner's reaction. Couple-based interventions to facilitate risk communication combined with programs to promote condom use among male IDUs, may help to reduce HIV transmission from IDUs to their primary partners.
Adult↗
Predictors of unprotected intercourse among gay and bisexual youth: knowledge, beliefs, and behavior.
OBJECTIVE: To examine human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors and predictors of unprotected anal intercourse. DESIGN: Structured interviews and paper-and-pencil instruments. SETTING: Community sites in Minnesota during 1989 to 1991. SUBJECTS: Two hundred thirty-nine gay and bisexual male adolescent volunteers. OUTCOME MEASURES: AIDS knowledge and beliefs, self-reported substance use, and sexual behavior. RESULTS: Subjects demonstrated accurate knowledge and beliefs about HIV; but 63% were found to be at "extreme risk" for prior HIV exposure, based on histories of unprotected anal intercourse and/or intravenous drug use. Thirty-four percent of subjects reported unprotected anal sex with at least one of the last three partners in the previous year. Perceived likelihood of HIV acquisition, substance abuse, having a steady partner, noncommunication with partners about risk reduction, and frequent intercourse were found to be significantly associated (P < .05) with unprotected anal sex in the previous year. CONCLUSIONS: Programs for gay and bisexual youth should focus on preventing unprotected anal intercourse. Other goals are to promote: communication with sexual partners, consistent condom use during oral and vaginal sex, low risk sexual practices, avoidance of substance use in sexual situations, and developmentally appropriate HIV antibody counseling and testing services.
Adolescent↗