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PubMed1986

An overview of aflatoxicosis of poultry: its characteristics, prevention and reduction.

Aflatoxicosis represents one of the serious diseases of poultry, livestock and other animals. The cause of this disease in poultry and other food-producing animals has been attributed to the ingestion of various feeds contaminated with A. flavus. This toxigenic fungus is known to produce a group of extremely toxic metabolites, of which aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is most potent. Avian species especially chicks, goslings, ducklings and turkey poults are most susceptible to AFB1 toxicity. The toxic effects of AFB1 are mainly localized in liver as manifested by hepatic necrosis, bile duct proliferation, icterus and hemorrhage. Chronic toxicity in those birds is characterized by loss of weight, decline in feed efficiency, drop in egg production and increased susceptibility to infections. The incidence of hepatocellular tumors, particularly in ducklings, is considered to be one of the serious consequences of aflatoxicosis. Even though prevention and avoidance are the best way to control aflatoxicosis, natural contamination of crops with A. flavus is sometimes unavoidable. Such aflatoxin-contaminated feeds can be decontaminated using various methods which mainly focus on physical removal or chemical inactivation of the toxins in the feeds. Moreover, dietary additives such as activated charcoal, phenobarbital, cysteine, glutathione, betacarotene, fisetin and selenium have also been reported to be effective in the reduction of aflatoxicosis in poultry.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2005

The cytolethal distending toxin among Helicobacter pullorum strains from human and poultry origin.

Helicobacter pullorum has been associated with diarrhoea, gastroenteritis and liver disease in humans and with hepatitis and enteritis in poultry. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether cytolethal distending toxin was present among 10 poultry and three human H. pullorum isolates and whether a different level of cytolethal distending toxin activity was noted. A PCR assay was performed to detect the cdtB gene. In addition, epithelial Hep-2 cells inoculated with sonicate from all strains were observed microscopically and DNA analysis of these cells was done by flow cytometry. All H. pullorum isolates harboured the cdtB gene, but functional cytolethal distending toxin activity was only demonstrated in the human H. pullorum strain CCUG 33839. A significant number of cells treated with sonicate from this strain were enlarged. The nuclei were distended proportionally. Giant cells and multinucleated cells were observed as well. In addition, stress fibers accumulated. DNA analysis by flow cytometry revealed 31.0% of these cells at the S/G2 stage of the cell cycle. The tested poultry and human H. pullorum isolates all possess the cdtB gene, but under the circumstances adopted in this study only the human strain CCUG 33839 seems to show biological activity typically for CDT in vitro.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence of Salmonella in poultry carcasses and their products in Belgium.

During four subsequent years (1993 until 1996), a study was conducted to isolate and characterize Salmonella in poultry carcasses and their products sold in Belgium. This was a semiquantitative approach (absence per 100 cm2 or 25 cm2 or 25 g and absence per cm2 or g) to elucidate the degree of Salmonella contamination of the poultry. Serotyping was performed during the last two and a half years. Samples were frozen and kept at -20 degrees C before analysis. This may have influenced the number of Salmonella recovered. No improvement in the rate of contamination was noted during these four years, with rates being 19.4% for 1993, 24.1% for 1994, 21.9% for 1995 and 36.7% for 1996. A 100% increase of Salmonella-positive samples resulted from cutting up the carcasses into individual parts. Chicken parts were more often contaminated with Salmonella than turkey parts. Boiling hen carcasses showed the highest Salmonella contamination. Prepared poultry, chicken parts and boiling hen carcasses are sometimes associated with Salmonella contamination levels of > 1 cfu/cm2 or g. In 1996, respectively 15.1%, 4.2% and 4.2% of highly contaminated samples (> 1 cfu/cm2 or g) were found for these product groups. The predominant three serotypes were S. enteritidis (16.3%), S. hadar (15.5%) and S. virchow (14.1%). S. newport was frequently isolated from turkey products.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Serotypes and typability of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from poultry products.

Campylobacter infection is one of the most common bacterial enteric pathogens. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infections are mostly food- and waterborne and especially poultry is often assumed to be an important source. The heat-stable serotyping system (the 'Penner' scheme) was used to study the serotype distribution of C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from different food products of poultry origin sampled from retail outlets in Denmark. A total of 156 isolates were serotyped, 85% of these were C. jejuni and 15% were C. coli. The most common C. jejuni serotypes were O:2 (30%), O:1,44 (12%) and the O:4-complex (8%). O:46 was the most frequent serotype among C. coli isolates. These serotypes are also common among Danish clinical isolates and isolates from broiler chickens and cattle. Differences in serotype distribution were seen for different kinds of poultry products. Isolates from chicken products covered a large selection of serotypes. In contrast, the majority of the isolates from other product groups (turkey, poussin, wild birds) were concentrated on 1-3 serotypes. Using the standard procedure for antigen preparation and serotyping, 25 of the 156 strains (16%) were nontypable. This rate of nontypable isolates is significantly higher than experienced for isolates from other sources than food products, i.e faecal samples from animals and humans. Subculturing and re-typing of the nontypable isolates improved the typability. After two, five and 10 subcultures 16, six and one isolate became typable, respectively. Only three isolates (2%) remained nontypable after 10 subcultures.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Important parasites in poultry production systems.

Poultry now accounts for 30% of all meat consumed. Parasites are a problem where ever poultry are raised, whether in large commercial operations or in small back-yard flocks, and economic losses can be significant. This paper will briefly review the major protozoan, helminth, and arthropod species in poultry including pathogenesis. Other topics will include the importance of the interaction of other diseases and parasites, and control of the infection by chemotherapy, management, and immunity.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1984

Amino acid composition in relation to protein nutritional quality of meat and poultry products.

The protein nutritional value of meat, poultry, and their products must be considered in relation to humans. Because direct assessment of protein nutritional value in human subjects is impractical for regulatory purposes, methods based on in vitro (chemical) and animal bioassays for assessment of protein quality have been developed. Herein, a case is made for the use of amino acid data as a basis for regulation of meat and poultry products, where considerations of protein nutritional value are included in the regulation. Current data on the protein nutritional quality of these products are based almost entirely on the use of the rat PER assay procedure, supplemented by data on the amino acid content of these products. Because of the inadequacy of the PER assay, the available data base provides an inadequate body of knowledge from which to draw final recommendations concerning policies for regulation of the protein nutritional quality of meat and poultry products. However, if it is necessary to include a measure of protein nutritional quality in a regulation, these data provide a reasonably sound basis for tentatively recommending use of amino acid composition data rather than the standard rat bioassay procedure. In such an approach based on amino acid composition data, consideration might be given to the contents of hydroxyproline (or possibly proline), 3-methylhistidine, lysine, and nitrogen, with a view to establishing a composite or minimum value for the noncollagen muscle protein content of these products.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2007

A capillary polymerase chain reaction for Salmonella detection from poultry meat.

AIMS: In this study, a capillary polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) was applied for Salmonella detection from poultry meat. METHODS AND RESULTS: Salmonella detection limits of the optimized cPCR were determined with DNA templates from the samples of tetrathionate broth (TTB), Rappaport Vassiliadis broth (RVB) and selenite cystine broth (SCB) artificially contaminated with 10-fold dilutions of 6 x 10(8) CFU ml(-1) of pure Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Enteritidis 64K stock culture. Detection limits of cPCR from TTB, RVB and SCB were found as 6, 6 x 10(1) and 6 x 10(4) CFU ml(-1), respectively. In addition, detection limits of bacteriology were also determined as 6 CFU ml(-1) with TTB and SCB, and 6 x 10(1) CFU ml(-1) with RVB. A total of 200 samples, consisting of 100 chicken and 100 turkey meat samples, were tested with optimized cPCR and bacteriology. Eight and six per cent of the chicken meat samples were found to harbour Salmonella by cPCR and standard bacteriology, respectively. Of six Salmonella isolates, four belonged to serogroup D, two to serogroup B. CONCLUSIONS: The TTB cultures of both artificially and naturally contaminated samples were found to be superior to those of RVB and SCB cultures in their cPCR results. This cPCR, utilizing template from 18-h TTB primary enrichment broth culture, takes approximately 40 min in the successful detection of Salmonella from poultry meat. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study shows that cPCR from TTB enrichment culture of poultry meat would enable rapid detection of Salmonella in laboratories with low sample throughput and limited budget.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains isolated in 1991 and 2001-2002 from poultry and humans in Berlin, Germany.

The susceptibilities of 430 Campylobacter jejuni strains and 79 C. coli strains to six antimicrobial agents were tested and analyzed. The two sets of strains originated from retail market chicken and turkey samples and from humans, respectively, in Berlin, Germany. Two groups of isolates, one dating from 1991 and the other dating from 2001-2002, were tested. Of the Campylobacter sp. isolates recovered from humans in 2001-2002, 45.1% were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 37.8% were resistant to tetracycline, 12.8% were resistant to ampicillin, and 50.0% were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. All isolates were susceptible to gentamicin, while the overall rate of resistance to erythromycin was 6.1%. During the 10 years between the two sampling times, the rates of resistance to ciprofloxacin (P<0.001), ampicillin (P=0.035), and tetracycline (P=0.01) increased significantly among strains isolated from humans. Furthermore, among human C. coli strains the rate of resistance to erythromycin rose from 7.1% in 1991 to 29.4% in 2001-2002. In comparison, Campylobacter sp. isolates from poultry already had high rates of resistance in 1991. Different rates of resistance to tetracycline among isolates from chickens and turkeys suggested the development of resistance during antimicrobial treatment in food animals. Thus, discrepancies in the antimicrobial resistance rates among Campylobacter isolates originating from poultry and humans support the hypothesis that at least some of the resistant Campylobacter strains causing infection in humans come from sources other than poultry products.

Animals↗
PubMed1964

SOURCE AND PORTAL OF ENTRY OF BACTERIA FOUND IN BRUISED POULTRY TISSUE.

Bacteriological studies revealed that normal tissue, air sacs, feathers, skin of birds, poultry feed, gut, and chicken droppings were sources of the predominant organisms, including staphylococci, found in bruised poultry tissue. Further investigation of normal tissue revealed that after the intramuscular injection of Staphylococcus aureus, marker strain (MS), the organism was eliminated from these tissues within 7 days. However, when these tissues were traumatized 3 days after injection, the number of the test organism increased, and the organism was present on the 7th day after inoculation. Poultry feed and fecal material contained a large number of staphylococci identical to those isolated from bruised tissue (McCarthy, Brown, and Hamdy, 1963), thereby implicating the gut as a possible portal of entry. When a pathogenic marker strain of S. aureus was established in the intestinal tract of chickens by administering an active culture of this organism either in their drinking water or by gavage, it was recovered from the traumatized tissue. The incidence of positive culture of S. aureus MS in these tissues correlated with age of bruise, reaching 22 to 33% immediately after contusion and at the early stages of healing (1 to 3 days post bruise) and decreasing thereafter from 11 to 0% on the 4th through 6th days after bruise infliction. The air sac was also found to be a site by which bacteria may enter the traumatized tissues, but to a limited extent.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Clonal emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (CTX-M-2)-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow isolates with reduced susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin among poultry and humans in Belgium and France (2000 to 2003).

Antibiotic treatment is not required in cases of Salmonella enterica gastroenteritis but is essential in cases of enteric fever or invasive salmonellosis or in immunocompromised patients. Although fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins are the drugs of choice to treat invasive Salmonella, resistance to these antibiotics is increasing worldwide. During the period 2000 to 2003, 90 Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow poultry and poultry product isolates and 11 serovar Virchow human isolates were found to produce an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, CTX-M-2, concomitantly with a TEM-1 beta-lactamase. The bla(CTX-M-2) gene was located on a large conjugative plasmid (>100 kb). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis indicated a clonal relationship between the poultry and human isolates. All these isolates displayed additional resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline as well as a reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MICs of between 0.5 and 1 mug/ml). CTX-M-2-producing Salmonella with a reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones constitutes a major concern, since such strains could disseminate on a large scale and jeopardize classical antibiotic therapy in immunocompromised patients.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Molecular characterization of pESI-like megaplasmids in Salmonella Infantis from poultry in Lebanon.

UNLABELLED: Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis has emerged as a globally disseminated multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen, largely driven by the spread of the plasmid of emerging Salmonella Infantis (pESI)-like megaplasmid. In our study, we investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes, and genomic features of S. Infantis isolates collected from poultry farms in Lebanon. A total of 72 isolates were recovered during a nationwide surveillance effort, among which 67 (93%) were MDR based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (disk diffusion and broth microdilution) results, including resistance to critically important agents such as quinolones, and highly important classes such as tetracyclines and sulfonamides. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 19 isolates selected through a stratified approach to encompass all identified AMR phenotypes; this analysis revealed a conserved pESI-like backbone together with MDR-associated determinants, including sul1, tet(A), and aadA. Plasmid marker analysis confirmed the presence of pESI in the majority of isolates, with plasmid-associated genes (ardA and trbA) and replicon markers (IncP and IncFIB(pN55391)) among the most prevalent. Comparative plasmid alignments with representative pESI sequences from Italy, Turkey, and the United States revealed strong conservation of the backbone alongside regional variation in AMR gene content. These findings highlight the role of poultry production systems in Lebanon as reservoirs for pESI-like megaplasmids and MDR S. Infantis, underscoring the zoonotic and public health risks posed at the human-animal-environment interface. Strengthened surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, and biosecurity interventions are urgently needed to mitigate the spread of MDR S. Infantis within agriculture and beyond. IMPORTANCE: The emergence of plasmid of emerging Salmonella Infantis (pESI)-like megaplasmids has transformed Salmonella Infantis into a globally distributed multidrug-resistant (MDR) clone with the capacity to persist in livestock and disseminate resistance genes across ecological boundaries. Our study provides the first genomic characterization of pESI-positive S. Infantis from poultry farms in Lebanon, a region with high antimicrobial usage and limited stewardship frameworks. By integrating phenotypic susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing, we demonstrate that Lebanese isolates harbor conserved pESI-like backbone markers together with antimicrobial resistance determinants, aligning them with internationally circulating lineages. Comparative analysis with isolates from Italy, Turkey, and the United States highlights both the evolutionary stability and geographic diversity of pESI. These findings emphasize the urgent need for integrated surveillance and stewardship strategies to curb the spread of MDR S. Infantis and reduce the zoonotic risk at the human-animal-environment interface.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Molecular characterization of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of H5N1 influenza A viruses isolated from poultry in Vietnam from 2004 to 2005.

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A viruses have been spreading among domestic poultry, wild aquatic birds, and humans in many Asian countries since 2003. The largest number of patients, to date, infected with the H5N1 viruses are in Vietnam, where these viruses continue to cause outbreaks in domestic poultry. Here, we molecularly characterized the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of nine H5N1 viruses isolated between January 2004 and August 2005 from domestic poultry in Vietnam. We found that several groups of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses are circulating among these birds, which suggests that H5N1 viruses of different lineages have been introduced into Vietnam multiple times.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

DNA vaccines for poultry: the jump from theory to practice.

DNA vaccines could offer a solution to a number of problems faced by the poultry industry; they are relatively easy to manufacture, stable, potentially easy to administer, can overcome neonatal tolerance and the deleterious effects of maternal antibody, and do not cause disease pathology. Combined with this, in ovo vaccination offers the advantage of reduced labor costs, mass administration and the induction of an earlier immune response. Together, this list of advantages is impressive. However, this combined technology is still in its infancy and requires many improvements. The potential of CpG motifs, DNA vaccines and in ovo vaccination, however, can be observed by the increasing number of recent reports investigating their application in challenge experiments. CpG motifs have been demonstrated to be stimulatory both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, DNA vaccines have been successfully delivered via the in ovo route, albeit not yet through the amniotic fluid. Lastly, a recent report has demonstrated that a DNA vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus administered via in ovo vaccination, followed by live virus boost, can slightly improve on the protective effect induced by the live virus alone. Therefore, DNA vaccination via the in ovo route is promising and offers potential as a poultry vaccine, however, efficacy needs to be improved and the costs of production reduced before it is likely to be beneficial to the poultry industry in the long term.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Poultry coccidiosis: recent advancements in control measures and vaccine development.

Coccidiosis is recognized as the major parasitic disease of poultry and is caused by the apicomplexan protozoan Eimeria. Coccidiosis seriously impairs the growth and feed utilization of infected animals resulting in loss of productivity. Conventional disease control strategies rely heavily on chemoprophylaxis and, to a certain extent, live vaccines. Combined, these factors inflict tremendous economic losses to the world poultry industry in excess of USD 3 billion annually. Increasing regulations and bans on the use of anticoccidial drugs coupled with the associated costs in developing new drugs and live vaccines increases the need for the development of novel approaches and alternative control strategies for coccidiosis. This paper aims to review the current progress in understanding the host immune response to Eimeria and discuss current and potential strategies being developed for coccidiosis control in poultry.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Survival of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in sterilized poultry litter.

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) has been associated with respiratory disease, increased mortality, retarded growth, and decreased egg production in chickens and turkeys. Surveillance of exposure to ORT infection in the field has shown that prevalence of the infection is higher during winter months. The ability of ORT to remain viable in the poultry litter was studied at different temperatures over time. Presterilized poultry litter was inoculated with 10(11) colony-forming units of ORT and kept at -12 C, 4 C, 22 C, 37 C, and 42 C. Reisolation and titration of ORT from litter was attempted at intervals. Results indicate that ORT survived for 1 day at 37 C, 6 days at 22 C, 40 days at 4 C, and at least 150 days at -12 C. ORT did not survive 24 hr at 42 C. The survival of ORT at lower temperatures may be associated with the higher incidence of ORT infection in poultry during winter months.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Disinfecting poultry production premises.

Hygiene and sanitation play a major role in any effective disease control programme for poultry production premises. One of the important requirements to facilitate hygiene and sanitation is adoption of the 'all-in/all-out' method (i.e. all the birds within a single establishment should be of the same age group), together with the restriction of each enterprise to a single type or species of bird. Poultry premises and buildings should comply with requirements for isolation from the environment and strict observance of principles of hygiene and disease prevention (e.g. restrictions on movement of staff, equipment and vehicles). A poultry site must be prepared methodically for the entry of each new batch (removal of birds, litter and manure; vector and rodent control; dry and wet cleaning; disinfection; fumigation). Attention should be paid to the terminal sanitation of houses and equipment after depopulation (physical and chemical cleaning, pressure washing, disinfection, fumigation). Particular care should be exercised in the performance of sanitary procedures after a disease outbreak. Immediate disposal of dead and diseased birds is an important and effective tool in preventing the dissemination of any disease. Disposal methods include the use of burial pits, tanks, burial in trenches, burning, rendering and composting. Regular visual inspection, together with routine testing by microbiological monitoring methods, is very effective in checking the efficacy of cleaning and disinfection.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1997

Limiting amino acids in meat and bone and poultry by-product meals.

In situ, digestion, and growth studies were conducted to evaluate four meat and bone meals and six poultry by-product meals as sources of escape protein and to predict the first-limiting amino acid for growing calves. Escape protein values, determined by 12-h in situ incubation, ranged from 41.7 to 51.0% of CP for meat and bone meals; poultry by-product meals ranged from 32.0 to 39.8%. True protein digestion in the gastrointestinal tract of lambs differed among protein sources (P < .05), ranging from 79 to 95%. In each of three growth trials, 60 steers (258 +/- 24, 241 +/- 23, and 230 +/- 16 kg for Trials 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were supplemented with 4 of the 10 protein sources along with a urea supplement. Protein sources were fed at 30, 40, 50, and 60% of the supplemental CP, with urea supplying the remainder. Protein efficiency differed among treatments ( P < .10), ranging from .61 to 1.55. Amino acid composition was determined for each protein source, and the individual metabolizable amino acids were regressed on the protein efficiency values. Escape protein values were correlated (R2 = .75) with protein efficiency but had a negative slope. Metabolizable methionine was the only amino acid moderately correlated (R2 = .40, slope = 1.9) to protein efficiency, whereas other amino acids either correlated poorly or had negative slopes. These data indicate that the protein value of meat and bone meal and poultry by-product meal is limited by the amount of metabolizable methionine they contain.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1988

USDA regulation of residues in meat and poultry products.

The National Residue Program conducted by the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the USDA includes a comprehensive testing program for residues of pesticides, drugs and other chemical contaminants in meat and poultry. Prevention strategies encourage producers to adopt quality control measures in their production management to prevent illegal residues in food. These activities have been effective in reducing the occurrence of violative residues and the potential for adverse health effects. Overall, the number of domestic monitoring samples containing violative residues is low-about 1% of samples tested. Violative residues are found less frequently in poultry than in livestock. More occur in swine than in other species; the least number occur in fed cattle and broilers. Testing results over the last 10 yr show that most drugs and pesticides used to enhance agricultural productivity are not causing a residue problem in meat and poultry. However, the FSIS cannot be complacent about its program achievements. Unacceptably high incidences of violative residues of certain drugs, namely, sulfonamides and antibiotics, still occur in particular production classes. For example, the incidence of violative sulfonamide residues in liver samples from swine slaughtered in 1985 was about 6%, with significant differences between geographical areas. An estimated 2.5% of market hogs had violative sulfamethazine residues in the muscle tissue. The FSIS is taking steps to correct this and other residue problems by strengthening the link between residue detection and enforcement and by expanding its analytical capability to monitor for residues.

Animals↗