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PubMed2001

Lymphocyte chromosomal aberrations and their complexity induced in vitro by plutonium-239 alpha-particles and detected by FISH.

G0 human lymphocytes were exposed in vitro to plutonium-239 alpha-particles, with doses ranging from 0 to 1.62 Gy, to provide a dose response curve and to compare complex rearrangements produced by high LET radiation with low LET data from previous work. Metaphase chromosomes 1 and 2 were painted using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) whole chromosome probes. All unstable and stable aberrations involving the painted chromosomes were scored. The whole genome corrected alpha-coefficient for dicentrics was 0.244 +/- 0.023 and for total translocations 0.346 +/- 0.032, when considering simple and complex exchanges. The ratio of bicoloured total translocations to bicoloured dicentrics was 1.21 +/- 0.15 and the ratio of 2-way to 1-way translocations was 1.73 +/- 0.27 for apparently simple exchanges only. A correlation was noted between the distributions of dicentrics and translocations and this applied even when the complex rearrangements were removed. 20% of the observed rearrangements were complex and this observation was independent of dose. Qualitatively, following irradiation with alpha-particles the complex rearrangements observed were of a greater complexity than seen after X- or gamma-rays. Using the Savage and Simpson system to classify the complex rearrangements, the higher order complexes were found to be the most common type observed. However the insertion type increased while the 2F + 2G types decreased when complex rearrangements induced by alpha-particles were compared to those formed after X- or gamma-irradiation.

Alpha Particles↗
PubMed2005

[Emergency care for acute wound entering of plutonium and americium into the body (real case)].

The article describes a case of slowly soluble plutonium and americium compounds entering human body via skin wound. During the wound healing, the authors followed features of biokinetics of the radioactive substances, determined the major route of their excretion, evaluated efficiency of surgical d-bridement and complexation medicine (pentacin). clinical and biophysicdata collected could serve to increase efficiency of urgent therapeutic and prophylactic measures aimed to individuals with wounds contaminated with radioactive substances.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Study of plutonium migration and/or accumulation in soil under field and laboratory conditions.

This study investigated the dependence of Pu3+ and Pu4+ vertical distribution on the soil characteristics in soddy and forest soil. Soil samples were analysed for organic matter and pH. Special columns with contaminated (239Pu) soil surface were kept for 326 days under field conditions. The analysis of the contaminated soil layers (5 cm each, totalling 20 cm) showed that 81% of 239Pu4+, 44% of 239Pu3+ and 82% of 239Pu4+, 61% of 239Pu3+ were accumulated in the 0-5 cm layer of soddy and forest soil. Sequential extraction of the soddy soil 30 days after surface contamination with 239Pu, 137Cs and 90Sr showed the following differences in radionuclide distribution: the largest amount of 239Pu (60%) and 137Cs (70%) were extracted from the residual fraction while 90Sr in this fraction reached only about 10%. This suggests that organic substances and some inorganic compounds, which usually are the main components of the residual fraction, affect the retention and migration of plutonium in the soil.

Plutonium↗
PubMed1991

Expression of transforming growth factor alpha in plutonium-239-induced lung neoplasms in dogs: investigations of autocrine mechanisms of growth.

We have previously shown that 47% of radiation-induced lung neoplasms in dogs exhibit increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In this study, we investigated the expression of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha), a ligand for EGFR, to determine if an autocrine mechanism for growth stimulation was present in these tumors. As determined by immunohistochemistry, 59% (26/44) of the lung neoplasms examined had increased expression of TGF-alpha. Expression of TGF-alpha was not related to the etiology of the tumor, e.g., spontaneous or plutonium-induced; however, it was related to the phenotype of the tumor. Statistical analysis of the correlation of EGFR and TGF-alpha expression within the same tumor did not show a positive association; however, specific phenotypes did have statistically significant expression of EGFR or TGF-alpha, suggesting that overexpression of either the ligand or its receptor conferred a growth advantage to the neoplasm. Twenty-seven percent (32/117) of radiation-induced proliferative epithelial foci expressed TGF-alpha, and a portion of those foci (8/32) expressed both EGFR and TGF-alpha. This supports the hypothesis that these foci represent preneoplastic lesions, and suggests that those foci exhibiting increased expression of the growth factor or its receptor are at greater risk for progressing to neoplasia.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1991

[Behavior of plutonium-239 in the body of rats inhaling it in a complex with tributyl phosphate in hexachlorobutadiene].

3.2-fold increase of resorption of plutonium-239 administered as a 239Pu complex with tributyl phosphate (TBP) in hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) was observed during the first 4 days in an experiment on 120 Wistar rats, as compared to the resorption level during the administration of 239Pu alone, greater accumulation in the organs of secondary deposition, followed by disappearance of differences, but for the kidneys, where the differences were observed until the end of the experiment. These features did not lead to an increase of absorbed radiation doses in the critical organs by the end of the study. It is proposed to maintain control over safe levels of the 239Pu-TBP-HCBD complex in the working area air for DKA 239Pu.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1990

[Effect of separate and combined effects of plutonium-239, hexachlorobutadiene and tributyl phosphate on the thymus gland of rats].

It has been established in the experiment on rats exposed to a joint action of plutonium-239, hexachlorobutadiene and ++tributyl phosphate, that manifestations of disturbances from radiation and chemical factors which are more expressed under a joint exposure, are characteristic of the thymus gland damage pattern. As far as lymphocytes count in the organ is concerned, the effect of the joint exposure is no more than additive.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The behavior of plutonium in the body of rats after its intragastric administration as its tributyl phosphate complex in a mixture of organic diluents].

Dilution of tribytylphosphate with normal paraffin, hexachlorbutadiene and trichlorobenzene does not change the pattern of plutonium distribution, but introduces some peculiarities in its dynamics. The lowest resorption of the radio element from the gastrointestinal tract was noted in the case of normal paraffins which, together with their low toxicity, makes this diluent preferable.

Absorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of iron on the excretion by rats of intratracheally administered plutonium-239].

A study was made of the effect of ferric citrate on excretion of intratracheally administered plutonium-239. The preparation used permitted to increase the radionuclide excretion via the gastrointestinal tract by 1.8 times as compared to the control. The positive effect of the iron preparation was maximally displayed between days 4 and 11 following administration: the value of the increase was 2.2.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Distribution of plutonium-239 in the bodies of rats after its administration together with tributyl phosphate combined with organic solvents].

The experiments on Wistar rats were undertaken to analyze metabolism of 253Pu in combination with tributylphosphate and organic solvents of trichlorobenzene and H-paraffin entering the organism through stab-wounds. It was shown that the combination of tributylphosphate with the above substances increased the levels of plutonium accumulation at the early stage of investigation twice as much.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Disorders of hematopoiesis induced by plutonium-239 dioxide].

A large-dispersed plutonium 239 dioxide intravenously administered to rats in doses of 92.5, 46.3, 23.2 kBq/kg of body mass was shown to impair haemopoiesis which was manifested by a more profound injury to erythropoiesis, a stable increase in the number of bone marrow lymphocytes, a remote development of lymph node hypoplasia, and reduction of functional neutrophil and lymphocyte pools.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Early endosteal bone response to incorporated plutonium-238 in mice.

Ten Swiss albino ICR SPF female mice 110 days old (weight about 30 g) were exposed for 48 hours to a solution of plutonium-238 nitrate (spec. act. 5 MBq/1 m1, pH 2.7) injected in amounts of 0.01 ml into the popliteal area of the right femur, each thus receiving about 500 kBq per 30 g body weight. Of the injected activity, 50% was retained in the right femur, 2% in the left femur and approximately 2-3% in the excrements collected separately from each animal during the whole exposure period. Ultrastructurally, electron micrographs revealed a variety of changes, including hypertrophy and destruction of endosteal cell organelles (primary damage), deformation and hypertrophy of osteocytes (secondary damage) and the irregularities in the osteocyte self-burial process leading to an abnormal formation of bone tissue structure (tertiary damage). Qualitatively, these changes in the irradiated bone ultrastructure were analogous to those occurring with age. This was confirmed by comparing two groups of control mice 110 and 330 days old. Assessed quantitatively, changes due to irradiation were more pronounced than those associated with aging.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Cardiopulmonary function of dogs with plutonium-induced chronic lung injury.

Beagle dogs had signs of restrictive lung disease 1 to 5 years after exposure by inhalation to 239PuO2 aerosols. The 239PuO2 aerosols were monodisperse with activity median aerodynamic diameters of 0.75, 1.5, or 3.0 microns. The plutonium particles produced protracted alpha irradiation of the lungs. Ten dogs had specific initial pulmonary burdens (IPB) of 330 to 4,100 kBq of 239PuO2/kg of body mass. The average onset time of clinical signs of lung injury was 3 years after exposure; the average time from the onset of signs until cardiorespiratory function evaluation was 5.5 years. A second group of 10 dogs had IPB of 110 to 2000 kBq of 239Pu/kg of body mass but no signs of lung injury. A third group of 10 dogs, not exposed to 239Pu, were matched for age and sex. Cardiopulmonary function tests were performed. Only the dogs in group I with signs of lung injury had a mild respiratory function disorder consisting of smaller lung volumes, reduced compliance, increased respiratory frequency and minute volume, and reduced carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. Cardiac function of all three groups was similar. These findings indicate that alpha irradiation of the lungs of man could produce restrictive lung disease at long times after initial exposure.

Aerosols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Possibility of a change in the parameters of plutonium-238 metabolism in the body].

The influence of macro amounts of iron on 238Pu metabolism in the animal body has been studied. The data obtained indicate that 238Pu metabolism parameters change under the effect of iron. The efficiency of the agent used is demonstrated by a diminished deposition of the radionuclide in bone tissues and an increased (by 2.65 times as compared with the control) excretion of plutonium 238 in faeces.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Alkaline phosphatase and transaminase activity in the liver and blood serum of rats in the late periods following combined exposure to external gamma radiation and alpha radiation from plutonium-239].

A study was made of activity of alkaline phosphatase and alanine- and aspartate aminotransferase in rat liver and blood serum at remote times after external gamma-irradiation combined with internal exposure to 239Pu nitrate delivered in two chronically effective doses. The radionuclide was shown to be mainly responsible for the changes observed in activity of the enzymes under study. The degree to which the changes were manifest depended upon dose of plutonium administered.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗