Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PERSONALITY”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Impact of comorbid personality disorders and personality disorder symptoms on outcomes of behavioral treatment for cocaine dependence.

Studies have revealed a significant adverse impact of comorbid personality disorders on treatment tenure and outcome in a variety of psychiatric and substance abuse populations. We investigated whether this negative relationship also exists among 137 urban, poor, cocaine abusers in behaviorally oriented treatment. Axis II diagnoses were generated categorically using the SCID-II as well as dimensionally using numbers of SCID-II symptoms within diagnostic categories. Contrary to expectations, there were no significant differences between subjects with and without various categorical personality disorders on any outcome measures. Categorical Axis II diagnoses were also minimally correlated with drug use severity, depression, and anxiety at intake, indicating that these were not potential coveriates of outcome. However, dimensional analyses of personality symptoms generated from the SCID-II accounted for substantial proportions of variance in treatment outcomes. Implications of these data for Axis II assessment and drug treatment planning are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Psychodiagnosis of personality structure. II: Borderline personality organization.

The borderline conditions have been the focus of considerable debate and controversy for over 30 years. This article, second in a series of three articles focusing on Kernberg's (1975, 1984) psychostructural diagnosis of personality organization, examines Rorschach contributions to the description and diagnosis of borderline personality organization. Rorschach approaches integrating nomothetic and idiographic data are applied to borderline personality functioning and appraised in light of the Rorschach's contribution to the clarification of the controversial and poorly delineated borderline diagnosis.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1991

Toward a national personal assistance program: the independent living model of long-term care for persons with disabilities.

Long-term care for people with disabilities in this country traditionally has been provided through family members and friends. Federal and state policy has focused primarily on financing professional health care services provided through nursing homes and home health agencies. An alternative to these models of long-term care is the "independent living model," which is based on the provision of services by nonprofessional personal assistants in the disabled person's home. We describe the model and consider why it is not the dominant approach to long-term care in the United States. We go on to assess options for developing a national personal assistance services program based on the independent living framework, discussing how covered services should be defined, how the program should be financed, whether the program should use means testing, how eligibility and level of benefits should be determined, and what role government should play in implementing the program. Several legislative approaches to developing a national program are explored.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Religious coping research and contemporary personality theory: an exploration of Endler's (1997) integrative personality theory.

Notable weaknesses in the literature on religion and mental health include theoretical inconsistencies and lack of integration with contemporary personality theory. The current study explored a potential solution to these theoretical limitations. A modified form of Endler's (1997) interactive model of personality was applied to the prediction of religious coping and tested using structural equation modelling. As predicted by the model, personality dispositions predicted coping directly, as well as indirectly through perception of the situation and situational anxiety. These patterns were, as expected, found to interact with the type of situation. Results indicated that having a positive disposition appears to buffer one's negative perceptions of situations over which one has little control. Participants tended to use more religious coping in low-control situations; in high-control situations, participants tended not to use negative religious coping techniques such as pleading for miracles.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Interpersonal problems of persons with personality disorders and group outcomes.

This article examines the interpersonal problems of 42 persons referred for brief group treatment at a community mental health center. Measures of symptom severity, self-esteem, and interpersonal problems were administered pre- and posttreatment. Study participants' scores were analyzed to determine possible differences in the interpersonal problems experienced by those diagnosed with personality disorders and those without them. Results revealed that both groups improved significantly on the overall measure of symptom severity. Findings further revealed that self-esteem improved significantly more for those diagnosed with personality disorders. Analysis of interpersonal problems scores revealed differences between the two groups in the areas of support and involvement prior to treatment, but not after. Possible explanations for these differences and implications for treatment are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Time perception, impulsivity, emotionality, and personality in self-harming borderline personality disorder patients.

To investigate how time perception may contribute to the symptoms of self-harming Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) patients, 19 self-harming BPD inpatients and 39 normal controls were given measures of time perception, impulsivity, personality, emotion, and BPD characteristics. A test sensitive to orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) function ("Frontal" Behavior Questionnaire) was also administered, as the OFC has been associated with impulsivity and time perception. BPD patients produced less time than controls, and this correlated with impulsiveness and other characteristics commonly associated with BPD. BPD patients were also less conscientious, extraverted, and open to experience, as well as more impulsive (self-report and behaviorally), emotional, neurotic, and reported more BPD characteristics, compared to controls. The results suggest that some of these core characteristics of BPD may be on a continuum with the normal population and, impulsivity in particular, may be related to time perception deficits (i.e., a faster subjective sense of time). Finally, BPD patients scored higher on the Frontal Behavior Questionnaire, suggesting that some symptoms of the BPD syndrome may be related to problems associated with the OFC. A control spatial working memory task (SWM) revealed that SWM deficits could not explain any of the BPD patients' poor performance. While impulsivity was correlated with time perception across all participants, emotionality, introversion, and lack of openness to experience were not. This suggests that different symptoms of the borderline personality syndrome may be separable, and therefore, related to different cognitive deficits, and potentially to different brain systems. This may have important implications for treatment strategies for BPD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Special feature: a multifacet circumplex model of personality as a basis for the description and therapy of personality disorders.

A new circumplex model of personality, based upon two higher order personality factors, mental health and behavior control, is presented. This eight-octant model, which also includes the two multifacet dimensions of "social adaptation vs. unrestraint" and "self-actualization vs. inhibition," should not be confused with two other well-known circumplex models: the interpersonal model and the Eysenck model. Mental health, a multifacet construct, is defined as the ability to cope with external and internal demands. Behavior control, also a multifacet construct, is characterized by self-control (norm-, future-, work-, and reason-orientation; orderliness) vs. spontaneity (hedonism, excitement seeking, feeling orientation, liveliness). The theoretical background and facets of these constructs are presented. The model is useful for the description of personality disorders, and etiological hypotheses are formulated from the combination of this model with a circumplex model of interpersonal behavior. Finally, some therapeutic implications of the model are discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1999

Consensus conference. Rehabilitation of persons with traumatic brain injury. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Rehabilitation of Persons With Traumatic Brain Injury.

OBJECTIVE: To provide biomedical researchers and clinicians with information regarding and recommendations for effective rehabilitation measures for persons who have experienced a traumatic brain injury (TBI). PARTICIPANTS: A nonfederal, nonadvocate, 16-member panel representing the fields of neuropsychology, neurology, psychiatry, behavioral medicine, family medicine, pediatrics, physical medicine and rehabilitation, speech and hearing, occupational therapy, nursing, epidemiology, biostatistics, and the public. In addition, 31 experts from these same fields presented data to the panel and a conference audience of 883 members of the public. The conference consisted of (1) presentations by investigators working in areas relevant to the consensus questions during a 2-day public session; (2) questions and statements from conference attendees during open discussions that were part of the public session; and (3) closed deliberations by the panel during the remainder of the second day and part of the third. Primary sponsors of the conference were the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the National Institutes of Health Office of Medical Applications of Research. EVIDENCE: The literature was searched through MEDLINE for articles from January 1988 through August 1998 and an extensive bibliography of 2563 references was provided to the panel and the conference audience. Experts prepared abstracts for their conference presentations with relevant citations from the literature. The panel prepared a compendium of evidence, including a patient contribution and reports from federal agencies. Scientific evidence was given precedence over clinical anecdotal experience. CONSENSUS PROCESS: The panel, answering predefined questions, developed their conclusions based on the scientific evidence presented during the open forum (October 26-28, 1998) and in the scientific literature. The panel composed a draft statement that was read in its entirety and circulated to the experts and the audience for comment. Thereafter, the panel resolved conflicting recommendations and released a revised statement at the end of the conference. The panel finalized the revisions within a few weeks after the conference. The draft statement was made available on the Internet immediately following its release at the conference and was updated with the panel's final revisions. CONCLUSIONS: Traumatic brain injury results principally from vehicular incidents, falls, acts of violence, and sports injuries and is more than twice as likely to occur in men as in women. The estimated incidence rate is 100 per 100000 persons, with 52000 annual deaths. The highest incidence is among persons aged 15 to 24 years and 75 years or older, with a less striking peak in incidence in children aged 5 years or younger. Since TBI may result in lifelong impairment of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning and prevalence is estimated at 2.5 million to 6.5 million individuals, TBI is a disorder of major public health significance. Mild TBI is significantly underdiagnosed and the likely societal burden is therefore even greater. Given the large toll of TBI and absence of a cure, prevention is of paramount importance. However, the focus of this conference was the evaluation of rehabilitative measures for the cognitive and behavioral consequences of TBI. Evidence supports the use of certain cognitive and behavioral rehabilitation strategies for individuals with TBI. This research needs to be replicated in larger, more definitive clinical trials and, thus, funding for research on TBI needs to be increased.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Awareness about the persons with disability act among leprosy patients and other disabled persons.

To assess the level of awareness about the different provisions of the Persons with Disability Act (PWD Act) among leprosy patients and other disabled, 233 disabled persons from the self-help groups formed by Vadathorasalur Leprosy Control Unit have been interviewed using a structured interview checklist. The results show that 74.7% of the respondents were aware that identity cards are available for the disabled, 56.2% were aware of the free education benefit to the disabled, as low as 35.6% were aware of the scholarships, 33% knew about the employment reservations, 24.9% heard about the housing scheme of the government for the disabled, but 24.5% only knew about law against discrimination, 31.8% came in contact with institutions for the severely disabled and only 16% were aware of the unemployment allowance to the disabled. The level of awareness is low among women with regard to all components of the Act. It was found that students studying up to secondary level were not aware of the availability of scholarships and free education, which needs to be seriously looked into, especially by educational institutions. The level of formal education played a significant role in increasing awareness about the Act among literates. The knowledge is low among persons of all occupations. The study showed that there is a great need for an educational intervention programme to publicize the provisions of the Act among the disabled and their families.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Gastro-esophageal reflux, personality study by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)].

Gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) is often associated with other functional digestive manifestations. The subjectivity of these manifestations permits an in-depth study of the personality of these patients as compared to a regional reference population with the use of the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. In these patients suspected to have a gastro-esophageal reflux, the means to the scales are modified except for that of the psychopathy scale, which is reassuring considering its severity. However, no personality profile may be exteriorized. The difference between patients with GER certified or not by pH measurement rests on the predominance of neurotic scales in the group presenting a gastro-esophageal reflux certified by pH measurement. This results appears to be due to the disease itself rather than to the conditions of performance of the MMPI during pH measurement. Only a pre- and post-therapeutic study will enable to confirm these data.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Testing the significance of psychic factors in the etiology of alopecia areata. II. Examination of personality by means of Eysenck's Personality Inventory (MPI) adapted by Choynowski].

We evaluated the role of psychic factors in the etiopathogenesis of alopecia areata on the basis of Eysenck's Personality Inventory adapted by Choynowski. 55 patients were tested (28 women and 27 men). The control group consisted of 50 volunteers. The analysis of the results showed that the neurotic type of personality was predominant in the group of patients (43.64%). Neurotic personality found in such a high percentage of the patients with alopecia areata may be an additional element in the group of psychic factors that possibly have some influence on the development of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Biographical Personality Interview (BPI)--a new approach to the assessment of premorbid personality in psychiatric research. Part II: Psychometric properties.

The Biographical Personality Interview (BPI) was applied to 179 subjects (158 psychiatric patients and 21 probands from the general population); 100 patients and 20 healthy controls served as a validation sample; the others had been interviewed during the training period or did not meet the inclusion criteria for the validation of the BPI. The acceptance of the interview was high, the inter-rater reliability of the ratings of premorbid personality structures ("types") varied between 0.81 and 0.88 per type. Concurrent validity of the typological constructs as assessed by means of the BPI was inferred from the intercorrelations of type scores and correlations of these scores with questionnaire data and proved to be adequate. Clinical validity of the assessment was indicated by statistically significant differences between diagnostic groups. Problems and further developments of the instrument and its application are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in borderline, schizotypal, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders: findings from the collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study.

The association between trauma and personality disorders (PDs), while receiving much attention and debate, has not been comprehensively examined for multiple types of trauma and PDs. The authors examined data from a multisite study of four PD groups: schizotypal, borderline (BPD), avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive, and a major depression comparison group. Rates of traumatic exposure to specific types of trauma, age of first trauma onset, and rates of posttraumatic stress disorder are compared. Results indicate that BPD participants reported the highest rate of traumatic exposure (particularly to sexual traumas, including childhood sexual abuse), the highest rate of posttraumatic stress disorder, and youngest age of first traumatic event. Those with the more severe PDs (schizotypal, BPD) reported more types of traumatic exposure and higher rates of being physically attacked (childhood and adult) when compared to other groups. These results suggest a specific relationship between BPD and sexual trauma (childhood and adult) that does not exist among other PDs. In addition, they support an association between severity of PD and severity of traumatic exposure, as indicated by earlier trauma onset, trauma of an assaultive and personal nature, and more types of traumatic events.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Validation of schizoid personality scales using indices of schizotypal and borderline personality disorder in a criminal population.

The external validity of 10 schizoid personality scales was assessed against dimensional measures of DSM-III borderline (BPD) and schizotypal (SPD) personality disorders in a sample of 37 top-security prisoners. Significant relationships with SPD or BPD emerged for schizophrenism, withdrawn-disturbed relationships, hallucinatory predisposition, schizoidia, disordered thinking and perceptual aberration (r = 0.30-0.66). The first four of these scales were significantly related to SPD (r = 0.29-0.51) after partialling out the effects of BPD, indicating an intrinsic link between these scales and SPD which may constitute the genetic affinity of SPD with schizophrenia. It is suggested that scales which assess the construct of schizophrenism or 'interpersonal aversiveness' may be the most central to Meehl's (1962) 'integrative neural defect' or genetic predisposition to schizotypy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

DSM-III-R narcissistic personality disorder evaluated by patients' and informants' self-report questionnaires: relationships with other personality disorders and a sense of entitlement as an indicator of narcissism.

Modified versions of the revised Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-R) for DSM-III-R personality disorders (PDs) were completed by 60 patients and their informants. Patients' ratings gave a mean number of 4.5 PDs per subject and narcissistic (NAR) PD in 42%. Informants' ratings gave NAR PD in 38%. For patients and informants, NAR PD scores (i.e., the number of positive NAR PD criteria for each subject) were significantly correlated with histrionic (HIS) and borderline (BOR) PD scores and with scores of some PDs outside DSM-III-R's "cluster B." Also, there were significant correlations between patients' and informants' NAR PD scores and between NAR PD scores and total number of positive criteria (i.e., for all 13 PDs) for patients and informants. For patients' ratings, there were significant associations between NAR PD and HIS, BOR, and passive-aggressive (PAG) PDs and, for informants' ratings, between NAR and HIS PDs. There was no significant association between patients' and informants' diagnoses of NAR PD. Grandiosity, the most characteristic feature of narcissism, is related to NAR PD criteria 3 through 6. The patients' evaluation of criterion 6 (i.e., "Has a sense of entitlement ...") shows satisfactory item-total correlation and endorsement frequency, together with "fair to good" reliability when patients' and informants' ratings are compared (kappa = 0.62). The identification of a sense of entitlement by the patient may be a relatively reliable and valid indicator of narcissism.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Splitting phenomena from a viewpoint of experiencing time: spectrum from multiple personality and hysteria to borderline personality disorder.

Splitting is defined from a viewpoint of experiencing time as an 'episodic loss or sudden shift of experiencing time induced by two opposing representational groups'. According to this definition splitting phenomena are examined in four cases arranged on a spectrum from multiple personality and hysteria to borderline personality disorder (BPD). The degree of splitting was most prominent in BPD. In Contrast to the hypermnesia associated with hysteria, that of BPD had the potential to develop into paranoia. Splitting phenomena were considered to operate as a defense mechanism against the development to paranoia. In all four cases it could be seen that the overflow of 'parole', corresponding to the hypermnesia, could not be fruitfully conceptualized due to the splitting phenomena. Assuring new integration was indispensable to the therapy of the four presented cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Passive-aggressive personality and dependent personality-- current status of the question].

The author makes a critical review of the literature concerning dependent and passive-aggressive personalities. After putting them in a historic perspective, he presents the various etiologic hypotheses. Special attention is given to the clinical and therapeutic aspects. The author concludes that despite the supposed high incidence of these two personality disorders, the reliability of the diagnoses and the natural history of the disorders remain to be explored in a prospective and systematic manner, before definite conclusions can be drawn regarding therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Assessment of DSM-III-R personality disorders by self-report questionnaire: the role of informants and a screening test for co-morbid personality disorders (STCPD)

A modified version of the revised Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-R), based on DSM-III-R personality disorders (PDs), was completed by 60 psychiatric patients. An informant's version was also completed by 60 relatives or friends nominated by each subject. Discrete DSM-III-R PDs were rare; the mean number of PDs per subject was 4.5. Cluster analysis showed that only antisocial PD was a basis for classification of patients, while most patients formed two groups which were mainly distinguished by quantitative differences related to the total scores of positive PD criteria. A shorter version of the questionnaire can be used as a screening test for co-morbid PDs (STCPD) which can predict the number of co-morbid DSM-III-R PDs. The total scores of positive PD criteria from the STCPD were usually (and significantly) higher than the corresponding scores from informants' questionnaires, but when an informant's total score exceeded that of the patient, this indicated a subject's under-reporting.

Adult↗