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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans on the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) teeth in periodontally healthy individuals.

The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) located at Community Periodontal Index (CPI) teeth versus randomly selected teeth to determine if the CPI teeth are representative of this bacteria subgingival colonization in periodontally healthy young individuals. Forty-four individuals between 18 and 27 years of age were included in the study (mean age 23.11 +/- 2.91 years). Pooled subgingival plaque samples were collected with paper points from the mesio-buccal aspect of the CPI teeth (10 teeth for adults and 6 teeth for persons under 20 years of age) and transported in reduced Ringer's solution to the culture medium. Sixty days following the first microbial analysis, new pooled microbial samples were obtained from the mesio-buccal aspect of 10 or 6 randomly selected teeth. The presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was determined using a selective culture medium. Microbiological data were assessed by the Wilcoxon test (p < 0.05). A border line significance (p=0.51) was observed between CPI teeth and randomly selected teeth in terms of detecting the subgingival occurrence of A. actinomycetemcomitans. CPI teeth showed to be representative of A. actinomycetemcomitans subgingival colonization. Therefore, these results suggest that in periodontally healthy young individuals, CPI teeth could be an appropriate source of samples for the subginginval detection of this pathogen.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Adjunctive periodontal treatment with Centella asiatica and Punica granatum extracts in supportive periodontal therapy.

BACKGROUND: Centella asiatica and Punica granatum are medicinal plants that have been reported to promote tissue healing and modulate host responses. Preliminary study revealed positive clinical effects of an innovative preparation from the two herbal extracts in the form of biodegradable chips as a subgingival adjunct to scaling and root planing. The purpose of this research was to evaluate further augmenting efficacy the combined herbal preparation may have among maintenance patients in comparison to standard supportive periodontal therapy (SPT), with additional monitoring of certain inflammatory markers. METHODS: Fifteen patients in the recall programme who had completed conventional periodontal therapy with remaining probing pocket depths of 5-8 mm were enrolled. After baseline examination and collection of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples, SPT was provided and the target teeth in the test group received subgingival delivery of the medicated chips. The clinical parameters, which included probing pocket depth (PD), attachment level (AL), bleeding index (BI), gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were recorded and GCF samples were collected at baseline, 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: The results showed significant improvement of PD, AL, and GI at 3 and 6 months and of BI at 6 months in the test group as compared to control. No significant differences in PI were found between the two treatment modalities at all subsequent visits. The test group also showed statistically greater reduction of IL-1beta at both 3 and 6 months and lower IL-6 concentration, which almost reached the level of significance at 6 months. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that adjunctive local delivery of extracts from C. asiatica in combination with P. granatum significantly improved clinical signs of chronic periodontitis and IL-1beta level in maintenance patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Healthy periodontal tissue, periodontitis and its cure].

A well known development of the chronic periodontal disease is reviewed. However, the histological picture of gingiva varies at a much lower speed than its clinical picture, and slower than previously described. In presence of periodontitis there may exist a zone of reversible disease of about 2 mm, which gives the possibility of obtaining a re-attachment of unknown magnitude. A new connective tissue attachment (on top of the re-attachment) seems only possible if the periodontal ligament cells are allowed to proliferate coronally.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

Clinical observations of the effects of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on human periodontal disease. II. Ultrasonic scaling and root planing for 6 months.

The purpose of this study was to examine and evaluate the short-term (six months) effects of clinical trials of nonsurgical periodontal therapy. The subjects studied included consisted of 34 patients, 24-52 years of age (836 teeth), with various degrees of advanced periodontitis. Following a baseline examination which included assessments of the gingival index (GI), plaque index (PlI), calculus index (CI), probing depth, and attachment level, the patients were subjected to nonsurgical therapy. Differences between various treatment intervals for the pockets initially measuring 1-3 mm, 4-6 mm, and 7 mm or more were analyzed by using the paired Students t-test. Following meticulous debridement of periodontal pockets with ultrasonic instrumentation, routine pocket irrigation with hydrogen peroxide (2.5-3.0%) and chlorhexidine gluconate solutions (0.12%) was performed by the authors as well as by the patients at sites with moderate to deep pockets and furcation involvement. Furthermore, the patients were supervised under a maintenance care program which provided patient motivation, the teaching of oral hygiene procedures, and offered regular recall for six months. The results demonstrated that non-surgical therapy resulted in a prominent reduction of gingival inflammation, dental plaque and calculus formation, and finally increased gingival recession. Also, for sites with an initial probing depth of 1-3 mm, there was a slight loss (0.1 mm) of the attachment level, 3 and 6 months after therapy. For sites with an initial probing depth of 4-6 mm, there was some attachment gain (0.31 mm and 0.69 mm) at 3 and 6 month post-treatment intervals. For pockets 7 mm or more in depth, a pronounced gain (0.49 mm and 1.00 mm) of attachment was noted following 3 and 6 month intervals. Generally, an obvious reduction of probing depth was constantly observed after nonsurgical treatment in each of the three initial pocket groups mentioned above. The changes of probing depths between baseline and at 3 or 6 months after treatment were 0.17 and 0.23, 1.23 and 1.75, and 1.83 and 2.63 mm, respectively. With the exception of attachment loss for the pockets initially measuring 1-3 mm, the difference of GI, PlI, CI, probing depth, and attachment level between baseline and 3 or 6 months after treatment were found statistically significant in each of the three initial pocket groups when analyzed individually by ANOVA.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Periodontal and femoral bone status in periodontitis-affected hamsters receiving a high dose indomethacin treatment.

The aim of this study was to test the effect of a high dose (6 mg/kg/d) of indomethacin, a PG-synthesis inhibitor, on hamster periodontitis and to verify a possible systemic skeletal action. Thirty animals were separated into three groups: control, untreated periodontitis-affected, and indomethacin treated groups. Compared to affected untreated animals, indomethacin reduced the number of osteoclasts (p less than 0.001) to the control level, and accordingly the extent of resorption (p less than 0.01). A partial decrease in reversal (p less than 0.05) was also obtained; the persistence of aborted reversal lacunae was the scar of the pretreatment period. The extent of formation was markedly increased by indomethacin (p less than 0.01). Bacterial plaque accumulation was not modified but PMNLs investing plaque were dramatically decreased (p less than 0.02). Indomethacin had no influence on the femoral periosteal remodeling, nor on metaphyseal and epiphyseal trabecular density, nor on growth plate thickness. These results confirm the positive effect of indomethacin on hamster periodontitis and emphasize the role of PGs on periodontitic bone disturbances, particularly on the uncoupling of the remodeling sequence. The reduction in PMNL migration is an important feature, which possibly participates in the improvement of the bone status. The lack of femoral changes indicates that a mid-term treatment with indomethacin has no detrimental action on ordered skeletal growth and bone mass.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1997

Periodontal, implant, and prosthetic treatment for advanced periodontal disease.

This article reports a case that involved a challenge in multidisciplinary decision making. A patient presented with severe periodontal disease and the need for prosthetic rehabilitation for purposes of tooth replacement and the stabilization of periodontally compromised teeth. The initial diagnosis revealed that the treatment regimen would require periodontic, endodontic, and orthodontic treatment, as well as dental implants. This case report demonstrates teamwork and a sequential approach to a complex case in a postgraduate clinical setting.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed2001

Association between betel quid chewing, periodontal status and periodontal pathogens.

The present investigation examined whether an association exists between betel quid chewing and signs of periodontal disease and determined the prevalence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis by polymerase chain reaction. The periodontal status of 34 betel quid chewers and 32 non-betel quid chewers were compared. A significantly higher prevalence of bleeding on probing was found in betel quid chewers than non-chewers among the subjects with higher plaque level, greater gingival inflammation, deeper probing depth or greater attachment loss. Also, the results suggested that betel quid chewers may harbor higher levels of infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis than non-betel quid chewers. The association persists after adjusting for severity of the clinical parameters. In conclusion, betel quid chewing was associated with a higher prevalence of bleeding on probing where higher clinical levels of disease existed, and with a likelihood of subgingival infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed2002

Effect of periodontal treatment on the activity of chitinase in whole saliva of periodontitis patients.

Human salivary chitinase could play a role in the defence against chitin-containing oral pathogens. The activity levels of chitinase in the whole saliva of periodontitis patients were significantly higher than those in saliva from controls. Periodontal treatment for a period of 5-6 months resulted in a three- to fourfold decrease in this enzyme activity. The activity of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, which is another enzyme that hydrolyses glycosidic linkages, also decreased as a result of treatment, although to a lesser extent. The decrease in chitinase activity upon treatment of the disease did not correlate with the decrease that was seen in clinical attachment loss and bleeding on probing, and only a weak correlation was observed with the changes in probing pocket depth and plaque index. No correlations were found between the above clinical parameters and the decrease in beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of two automated periodontal probes and two probes with a conventional readout in periodontal maintenance patients.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to test in periodontal maintenance patients whether the systems for pressure control that have been commercially developed contribute to more reproducible probing depth measurements as compared with a manual probe. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 12 patients duplicate measurements were made at day 0 and 1 week later. In each patient four teeth with the deepest pockets were measured at six sites. In total 288 sites were available for comparisons. The Florida Probe (FP) (159 N/cm(2)), the Jonker Probe (JP) (153 N/cm(2)), the Brodontic probe (BP) (255 N/cm(2)) and the manual probe (MP) were used in a randomized scheme. RESULTS: Mean probing measurements showed for the FP and the JP lower recordings than for the BP and manual probe. The FP, the BP and the MP showed no differences between the duplicate measurements, except for the JP where the second measurement was deeper. Correlation coefficients between measurements at day 0 and 1 week show for the BP and the MP are 0.90 and 0.89, respectively, while for the FP and the JP they are 0.76 and 0.75, respectively. CONCLUSION: The BP and the MP appear to be reliable tools for reproducible pocket depth measurements in periodontal maintenance patients.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1993

The rate of periodontal attachment loss in subjects with established periodontitis.

A stepwise approach to determine attachment level changes was utilized to assess the nature of progression of periodontal disease. Following initial screening, 51 subjects with established periodontitis were monitored quarterly for 9 more months. Probing depth (PD) and relative attachment level (RAL) were recorded using an automated, pressure sensitive probe system. To establish intra-examiner error, repeated measurements were performed for all sites at the final visit. An overall standard deviation (SD) for RAL repeated measurements was initially calculated (0.76 mm) using all 6,935 double measurements. Sites were sorted by factors which contribute to the error of attachment level measurements; i.e., pocket depth (shallow, moderate, deep), tooth type (molar, non-molar) and location (buccal, lingual). Data were sorted by the above 12 groups, and SD for repeated measurements was calculated separately for them. The ratio between these SD and the overall SD served as the corrective factor. Each patient's initial threshold (2 SD) was multiplied by these corrective factors thus resulting in 12 thresholds for each subject. Next, linear, exponential and logarithmic regression models were tested for each site, and the regression model showing the highest R value was chosen for that site. AL changes were tested against the patient's threshold for that site. Sites with attachment loss exceeding the threshold were deemed active. Five hundred eighty-one sites (8.3%) exhibited attachment loss exceeding the various thresholds. Of these, linear progression occurred in 195, logarithmic in 224, and exponential in 162 sites. Individual patient's attachment loss ranged from 0.6 to 19.4% of all sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Long-term monitoring of adult periodontitis patients in supportive periodontal therapy: correlation of gingival crevicular fluid proteases with probing attachment loss.

The aim of this retrospective study was to determine if a chairside assay for neutral protease activity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) could provide an early indication of site-specific disease activity, as defined by probing attachment loss. Clinical measures and assay data were collected at 6-month intervals over an average period of 26 months (range from 24 to 36 months). 38 subjects were selected from a pool of previously-treated chronic adult periodontitis patients who were in periodontal maintenance at intervals of 3 to 6 months. GCF samples were collected from a total of 71 tooth sites exhibiting prior attachment loss, and analyzed for neutral protease activity (NPA). Positive BOP and positive NPA scores were classified as true positives if sites subsequently lost at least 1 mm of attachment over the next 12 months, as confirmed by linear regression analysis. As a predictor of breakdown, the NPA assay had an accuracy of 94% and a risk ratio of 37.6 as compared to values of 58% and 1.5 for BOP. When only the subset of sites > or = 7 mm were considered, the NPA assay had a calculated accuracy of 92% versus a value of 50% for BOP. These results indicate that the assay appears to differentiate between bleeding at sites exhibiting only chronic inflammation with no attachment loss and bleeding at sites undergoing active attachment loss.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Relationship of changes in interleukin-8 levels and granulocyte elastase activity in gingival crevicular fluid to subgingival periodontopathogens following non-surgical periodontal therapy in subjects with chronic periodontitis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) on the interrelations of subgingival periodontopathogens and both interleukin-8 (IL-8) and granulocyte elastase activity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and to assess their relations to the short-term treatment response in management of chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: GCF and subgingival plaque were collected from 16 subjects with untreated chronic periodontitis at baseline and 4 weeks after SRP. IL-8 levels were determined by ELISA. Granulocyte elastase activity was analyzed with a specific substrate, pGluProVal-pNA, and the maximal rate of elastase activity (MR-EA) was calculated. 5 DNA-probes were used to detect the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans (A. a.), B. forsythus (B.f.), P. gingivalis (P.g.), P. intermedia (P.i.), and T. denticola (T.d.), with a sensitivity = 103 cells/paper point. RESULTS: IL-8 and MR-EA levels in GCF decreased significantly after SRP (p < 0.001) with a corresponding reduction of total count of the species. Of the sites with probing depth (PD) >/= 5.0 mm and co-infection by B.f., P.g., P.i. & T.d. at baseline, the sites without persistent co-infection of these species after SRP exhibited a significant reduction of IL-8 levels (p < 0.02), MR-EA levels (p < 0.02) and PD (p < 0.01). No such change was found in the sites where such a co-infection persisted. Moreover, reduction of IL-8 levels in those pocket sites was accompanied by a concomitant reduction of MR-EA (p < 0.02) and PD (p < 0.01), while no significant change in MR-EA levels and PD was noted in those pocket sites that exhibited an increase of IL-8 levels after SRP. At baseline, the former group of sites showed significantly higher IL-8 levels than the latter group of sites (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: IL-8-related granulocyte elastase activity was related to the change in infection patterns of the target periodontopathogens following scaling and root planing. Varying initial IL-8 levels in GCF and a corresponding shifting change of granulocyte elastase activity in GCF may characterize the different short-term treatment responses.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) after periodontal treatment in a general dental practice.

The result of a study of the effectiveness of treatment of chronic periodontal disease in a general dental practice using CPITN and the time required to treat patients with differing CPITN scores indicated that although there were significant reductions in calculus and shallow pockets, the treatment did not eliminate positive CPITN scores; 41% scored 1, 24% scored 2, and 34% scored 3 or 4 after treatment. Very few patients had 'healthy' periodontal sextants at the first visit; the most frequent CPITN category was 3. Patients in this category took up most of the treatment time. The treatment times per patient were much lower than the estimates of the World Health Organisation for similar treatments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Assessment of periodontal status with CPITN and conventional periodontal indices.

This study compared CPITN with plaque index (PlI), gingival index (GI), papilla bleeding index (PBI), and probeable pocket depth (PPD). 52 patients were examined, mean age 43 years. Partial mouth random recording (2 upper and 1 lower or 1 upper and 2 lower sextants) was made by CPITN of 150 sextants, and at 6 sites around each tooth in each sextant for each index using a pressure-sensitive probe, with Newman tip and Williams markings, and a WHO 621 tip, probing pressure 0.25 N. Ranges of each index were compared with corresponding CPITN data. Most (71%) sextants had CPITN scores of 4, indicating periodontitis. None had CPITN scored 0 or 1. A given CPITN code was found to represent extremes of ranges for all other indices evaluated. There was no relation between CPITN and PlI or GI, nor did CPITN reflect the number of sites affected per sextant, but there was a tendency for CPITN to relate with PBI and PPD. It was concluded that CPITN may be used as a general indicator of bleeding and pocket depth, but not of plaque or gingivitis. Other indices are required to reliably assess chronic inflammatory periodontal disease status in a given mouth.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Periodontal probe precision using 4 different periodontal probes.

The aim of this study was to compare the relative intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility of 4 different periodontal probes. (1) The Hu- Friedy LL 20 Probe, a manual probe. (2) The Vivacare TPS Probe, a plastic manual probe with a standardised pressure of 0.20 N. (3) The Vine Valley Probe, an electronic probe using a standardised pressure of 0.25 N. 4. The Peri Probe Comp, a computerised electronic probe with a controlled pressure of 0.45 N in 2 mm pockets to 0.25 N in 13 mm pockets. Duplicate probing measurements were taken by 2 examiners in 10 patients on 3 index teeth, 1 molar, 1 premolar and 1 incisor at 6 sites per tooth. Teeth were selected to incorporate both shallow (< 5 mm) and deeper (> or = 5 mm) periodontal sites. The order of probes and examiners were changed in a systematic manner and measurements were repeated 1 week later to avoid bias due to examiner memory. Results show that the manual probe had the lowest degree of variation, with a correlation coefficient of 0.83. The manual and Peri Probe Comp frequently recorded deeper probing pocket depths compared to the TPS and Vine Valley probes. The results may have been influenced by the lack of familiarity with the automated probes.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Patterns of attachment loss in advanced periodontitis patients monitored following initial periodontal treatment.

2 main concepts seem to exist for the progression of periodontitis: (1) a slow continuous process of attachment loss; (2) periodic bursts of activity followed by quiescence or remission. This study addresses this problem and presents data for 69 sites having experienced a net loss of probing attachment amounting to > or = 3.0 mm over 42 months. The sites originated from 16 adult patients monitored after nonsurgical treatment of advanced chronic periodontitis. Probing attachment level recordings were obtained every 3rd month. The sequential probing attachment level data for each site were smoothed using cubic splines. Subjective evaluation of the raw and the smoothed data from the study sites suggested that the majority of the sites seemed to lose probing attachment in a continuous fashion, and over periods of 12 months or more. The smoothed curves were subjected to principal components analysis, which allowed the 69 sites to be ordered according to curve similarity. Nonparametric runs test failed to show that the shape of the curves for the sites was significantly associated with any of the following characteristics: patient, tooth type, tooth surface, initial probing depth, bleeding frequency, occurrence of suppuration, or a combination of inflammatory characteristics of sites.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effect of two toothcleaning frequencies on periodontal status in patients with advanced periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of once a day toothcleaning with once in 2 days toothcleaning in patients with advanced periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-two patients, aged 34-54 years were given intensive oral hygiene (OH) and half their mouth root planed with re-assessment 6 weeks later. The patients were randomised into either a once a day toothcleaning group or a once in 2 days toothcleaning group. The effects of the two cleaning regimens were assessed during a 6-week follow-up period. Two patients were excluded from the study. Analysis of covariance was used to test the difference between the two groups at baseline and at 6 weeks. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in plaque reduction (p=0.01) and reduction of probing pocket depth >6 mm (p=0.05) in the OH-only sites. No significant difference was found between the two cleaning regimens in the combined oral hygiene with root planing sites. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that in patients with advanced periodontitis, once a day toothcleaning is more effective than once in 2 days toothcleaning in otherwise untreated sites.

Adult↗