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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Musculotopic innervation of the primary flight muscles, the pectoralis (Pars thoracicus) and supracoracoideus, of the pigeon (Columba livia): a WGA-HRP Study.

The distribution of motoneurons innervating the primary depressor and elevator muscles of the wing of the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) was studied by using the retrograde axonal tracer lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Injection of WGA-HRP into the pectoralis (pars thoracicus) labeled neurons in the ventromedial corner of the lateral motor column of the spinal cord. These neurons were arranged in a column extending from spinal segment X or XI to spinal segment XII or XIII. The pectoralis, the primary depressor muscle of the wing, consists of two parts which are anatomically and functionally distinct, the sternobrachialis (SB) and thoracobrachialis (TB). Injection into the SB labeled neurons in the rostral and middle regions of the pectoralis motoneuron column. In contrast, injection into the TB labeled neurons in the middle and caudal regions of the pectoralis motoneuron column. Injection into the primary elevator muscle of the wing, the supracoracoideus, labeled neurons in the lateral motor column in spinal segments X and XI. These motoneurons were located dorsolateral to motoneurons labeled following pectoralis injection. These data demonstrate musculotopic segregation of the motoneurons innervating the primary flight muscles in the pigeon and, further, illustrate that the SB and TB subregions of the pectoralis are innervated by discrete aggregations of motoneurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Molecular characterization of a novel atrial-specific myosin heavy-chain gene expressed in the chick embryo.

A 1.2 kb fragment of a myosin heavy-chain (MHC) gene was isolated from the complementary DNA (cDNA) library derived from embryonic day 15 (E15), Hamburger and Hamilton (H.H) stage 41 chick embryonic ventricle, using a fragment of human beta-cardiac MHC cDNA as a probe. DNA sequence analysis determined that the gene (CCSV2) encoded the amino acid sequence of the rod portion (part of S2 and light meromyosin) of the chick atrial-specific MHC gene. The nucleotide sequence of CCSV2 was slightly different (90% homologous) from a previously reported atrial-specific MHC (AMHC1) expressed in chick embryo. Northern blot analysis, with the CCSV2 fragment (1.2 kb) used as a probe, showed that the gene is expressed intensively in the developing chick atrial muscle, but weakly in the ventricle and pectoralis muscle. S1-nuclease mapping analysis, with CCSV2 used as a probe, demonstrated a fully protected fragment in the atrium and ventricle. In this study, no intensive signal of a partially protected fragment was detected in the atrium. On the other hand, not only a fully protected fragment, but also four partially protected fragments were observed in the pectoralis muscle. Whole-mount in situ hybridization was performed in developing chick heart at H.H. stages 19, 21 and 30. The hybridization signal was intensive in the primitive atrium (H.H. stages 19 and 21) and in the atrial appendages derived from the primitive atrium (H.H. stage 30). Weak signals were detected in the primitive ventricle (H.H. stages 19 and 21), the ventricle (H.H. stage 30) and in the somites (H.H. stages 19 and 21).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Transfer of the pectoralis major muscle for the treatment of irreparable rupture of the subscapularis tendon.

BACKGROUND: The clinical diagnosis of a tear of the subscapularis tendon is difficult, and the resulting delays frequently cause a major time-lapse before repair is attempted. Diagnostic delay often means that surgical repair is no longer possible. In twelve patients who had an irreparable tear of the subscapularis tendon, the superior one-half to two-thirds of the tendon of the pectoralis major muscle was used as a substitute for the subscapularis tendon. In order to adapt the orientation of the transferred muscle to that of the subscapularis, it was routed behind the conjoined tendon of the coracobrachialis muscle and the short head of the biceps to the lesser tuberosity. METHODS: The operations were performed between May 1993 and June 1997. The average age of the twelve patients was sixty-five years old (range, forty-nine to eighty-one years old). Eight patients had an isolated rupture of the subscapularis tendon, and four had a concomitant lesion in the form of either a partial or a complete rupture of the supraspinatus tendon. The dominant symptoms were anterior shoulder pain and weakness that had responded poorly to nonoperative therapy. Four patients also had signs of recurrent anterior instability. RESULTS: After an average follow-up interval of twenty-eight months (range, twenty-four to fifty-four months), nine of the twelve patients assessed the final result as excellent or good; three, as fair; and none, as poor. Pain was reduced, with the score improving from an average of 1.7 points (of a maximum of 15 points) preoperatively to an average of 9.6 points postoperatively. The patients' subjective functional evaluation improved from an average score of 20 points preoperatively to an average of 63 points postoperatively. The average functional rating with use of the Constant and Murley score increased from 26.9 to 67.1 percent of normal. All four preoperatively unstable shoulders were stable at the time of the latest follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This repair technique can be recommended as a reconstructive procedure for elderly patients who have an irreparable tear of the subscapularis tendon.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Differentiation potentialities of distinct myogenic cell precursors in avian embryos.

Interspecific grafting experiments between chick and quail embryos were carried out to investigate the differentiation capacities of myoblasts from different development stages. Grafts consisted of 3.5-day-old embryonic quail dermomyotomes isolated from the cranial level, 7- to 10-day-old and 16-day-old embryonic quail pectoralis muscles, 15-day-old postnatal quail pectoralis muscle, and 3- to 10-day-old embryonic quail cardiac and gut muscles. Grafts were implanted into 2-day-old chick embryos in place of the dorsal halves of somites from the prospective wing level. After implantation of dermomyotome fragments, we observed that quail cells participated in trunk and limb musculature. After implantation of 7- to 10-day-old embryonic muscle, quail cells were rarely found in the limb but systematically took part in the formation of trunk muscles. All these capacities were totally lost in 16-day-old embryonic and 15-day-old postnatal muscles. After implantation of nonsomitic derivatives such as embryonic cardiac and gut muscles, implanted cells never participated either in wing or trunk musculature. After dermomyotome, embryonic muscle, and gut implantation, quail cells were capable of invading the dermis and aggregating into feather germs. Our results extend those previously reported and indicate that somitic myogenic derivatives which do not migrate in the normal course of embryogenesis have migratory potentialities and are able to give rise to axial muscles. All these potentialities are lost as myogenesis proceeds in embryos.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Myomammary flap of pectoralis major muscle for breast reconstruction: new technique.

Simple mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy is still the preferred surgical technique for management of breast cancer, as it is always in the second stage (II). Breast reconstruction in Egypt is always accompanied by reduction mammoplasty of the other breast. The new method utilizes a myomammary flap from the other side. This flap depends on the other breast being of moderate or large size. The flap being transferred depends on the pedicle of the pectoralis major tunneled under the skin. The new technique utilizes the nipple on the healthy side to reconstruct the nipple of the new breast at the same time. A reduction mammoplasty was achieved in healthy contralateral huge breasts. A total of 23 female patients were submitted for breast reconstruction using a pectoralis major myomammary flap from the other relatively large breast. The flap depended on a blood supply from the pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial artery. Good cosmetic results were achieved in 60% of cases, fair results in 25%, and unsatisfactory results in 15%. In conclusion, this new technique of breast reconstruction is suitable especially for patients with large, healthy breasts and for relatively poor patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[A case report of the pectoralis major muscle flap in the successful management of severe mediastinal infection].

A severe, post-mediansternotomy, mediastinitis was treated with pectoral muscle flap method. About 10 days after CABG this patient had purulent discharge, high fever, and unstable sternum. Under a diagnosis of mediastinitis, wound irrigation and systemic administration with antibiotics began, but these managements were ineffective. Therefore, we closed the chest primarily by the pectoral muscle flap method. Successful primary closure of the chest was accomplished.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Mammary reconstruction using tissue expander and partial detachment of the pectoralis major muscle to expand the lower breast quadrants.

The techniques commonly used in breast reconstruction with tissue expanders do not provide a good definition of the lower breast quadrant. With the authors technique a better profile of the breast is achieved. Partial detachment of the pectoral muscle is performed, suturing it to the lower skin flap and thereby avoiding cranial migration of the expander. In addition a rounded shape of the lower quadrants is achieved and the expander remains in a subcutaneous position.

Female↗