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PubMed2002

Effect of citric pectin on beta-carotene bioavailability in rats.

The effect of citric pectin on the bioavailability of synthetic beta-carotene was studied. Thirty Wistar rats were used, ten animals were sacrificed at the beginning of the experiment and remaining animals were divided into two groups and received the following diets for 30 days: control group (CG)--24 micrograms beta-carotene/g diet + 0% citric pectin; experimental group (EG)--24 micrograms beta-carotene/g diet + 7% citric pectin. Plasma and liver beta-carotene, vitamin A, and retinyl palmitate concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Plasma retinol concentration was 1.42 +/- 0.36 mumol/L for CG and 1.10 +/- 0.24 mumol/L for EG (p = 0.1), and plasma beta-carotene concentration was 0.20 +/- 2.51 mumol/L for CG and 0.07 +/- 0.04 mumol/L for EG (p = 0.01). Only traces of retinyl palmitate were detected in CG and none in EG. Retinol did not differ significantly between groups CG and EG, while a significantly higher beta-carotene concentration was observed for CG. Liver concentrations of retinol (CG: 4.90 +/- 2.51 micrograms/g; EG: 2.68 +/- 1.12 micrograms/g), beta-carotene (CG: 0.98 +/- 0.28 microgram/g; EG: 0.11 +/- 0.06 microgram/g), and retinyl palmitate (CG: 95.47 +/- 45.13 micrograms/g, EG: 37.01 +/- 17.20 micrograms/g) differed significantly between groups (p < 0.05), with a lower concentration being observed for EG. We conclude that 7% citric pectin in the rat diet decreases the bioavailability of synthetic beta-carotene, reducing the liver reserves of vitamin A and beta-carotene.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Citrus pectin and oligofructose improve folate status and lower serum total homocysteine in rats.

Low folate status leads to increased total homocysteine (tHcy) concentration, and this has been associated with an increased risk of several diseases. Many colonic bacteria are capable of synthesizing folate, and certain dietary fibers may enhance this effect. We assessed the ability of non-fermentable (cellulose) and fermentable (citrus pectin and oligofructose) fibers to improve folate status and lower tHcy in rats. Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a folate-deficient diet with 5% cellulose for four weeks. Rats were then randomly assigned to one of five folate-adequate (400 micrograms/kg diet) test diets for 24 days. Diets were as follows: Basal; Basal + Sulfa Drug (succinylsulfathiazole); Cellulose; Citrus Pectin; and Oligofructose. High-fiber diets were formulated by diluting the basal diet such that the final diets contained 10% of the added fiber. Twenty-one days later, 3H-p-aminobenzoic acid was injected into the cecum, and rats were terminated three days later. Rats receiving the Citrus Pectin diet had significantly higher plasma (p = 0.011), erythrocyte (p = 0.035), and colonic tissue folate concentrations (p = 0.013) and lower tHcy (p = 0.003) than rats given the Cellulose diet. Rats receiving the Oligofructose had significantly higher plasma folate (p < 0.001) and lower tHcy (p = 0.032) concentrations than rats receiving the Cellulose diet. 3H-folate was detected in the livers of all rats except those receiving Sulfa Drug. Our study indicates that Citrus Pectin and Oligofructose, but not Cellulose, can significantly increase indices of folate status in rats and lower tHcy. It also confirms the ability of the large bowel to absorb folate.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Cellulose and pectin alter intestinal beta-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) in the rat.

Groups of rats were given a fibre-free diet containing none or one of the three fibre components: pectin, cellulose or galactomannan. After feeding for 16 weeks, total protein level and beta-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) activity in the contents and mucosa of jejunum and ileum, and in the contents only of the caecum, were determined. The pectin supplement reduced protein concentration in jejunal contents while cellulose reduced protein concentration in the ileal and caecal contents. beta-Glucuronidase activity of caecal contents was significantly reduced in both the pectin- and cellulose-fed groups. Cellulose affected the beta-glucuronidase activity of both the ileal contents while pectin reduced the beta-glucuronidase of the ileal but not the jejunal contents. Dietary fibre components did not significantly affect jejunal or ileal mucosal beta-glucuronidase activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Prevention of oxidative damage in the rat jejunal mucosa by pectin.

The role of the soluble non-starch polysaccharide pectin in the prevention of oxidative damage induced by peroxy, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals to the rat jejunal mucosa was studied. The oxidative stress was introduced to the rat jejunal mucosa by means of a closed-loop perfusion system and was characterized biochemically by monitoring the enterocyte activity of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) and the K+ level. Aqueous solutions of pectin were perfused into the rat jejunum before the oxidative stress inducers. The possible protection effect was evaluated by comparing the mucosal integrity (as measured by biochemical variables) to the values obtained after perfusion with the oxidative stress inducers only. We found that: (a) mucosal damage was detected following the perfusion of peroxy and hydroxyl radicals in the rat jejunum, but not following perfusion of the superoxide radical; (b) a significant reduction in the mucosal damage was noted when pectin was perfused before the perfusion with the peroxy radical induction; (c) full protection against the mucosal damage induced by hydroxyl radicals was achieved when pectin was perfused before the damage induction.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effect of different varieties of pectin and guar gum on plasma, hepatic and biliary lipids and cholesterol gallstone formation in hamsters fed on high-cholesterol diets.

The effect of high- (hePE) and low- (lePE) esterification pectin and high- (hvGG) and low-(lvGG) viscosity guar gum on plasma, hepatic and biliary lipids and on prevention of cholesterol gallstones was investigated in male golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Hamsters were fed on cholesterol-rich (4 g/kg), gallstone-inducing diets for 6 weeks. The diets were supplemented with 80 g hePE, lePE, hvGG or lvGG/kg or 80 g additional cellulose/kg. No significant differences in plasma total cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations between hvGG and lvGG and the gallstone-inducing or cellulose-enriched diets were observed. The hePE diet produced a 16% (non-significant) reduction in total plasma cholesterol but significantly decreased the plasma triacylglycerol level by 45%. The lePE diet caused only minor changes in plasma lipids. Hepatic cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher in hamsters fed on hvGG, lvGG, hePE or lePE primarily due to the accumulation of esterified cholesterol. Supersaturated bile samples, with lithogenic indices ranging from 1.6 to 2.0, were determined with all diets. The hePE and lePE diets slightly altered the bile acid profile by increasing glycocholic acid and decreasing taurochenodeoxycholic acid concentrations resulting in a higher cholic:chenodeoxycholic acid ratio. Cholesterol gallstone formation was not substantially inhibited by the two varieties of pectin and guar gum. The hvGG, lvGG, hePE and lePE diets did not alter faecal weight and caused only minor increases in faecal bile acid excretion. In general, the present findings demonstrate that dietary pectins and guar gums had only minor effects on cholesterol metabolism and did not prevent cholesterol gallstone formation in this hamster model. Possible explanations for this lack of a distinct response to pectin and guar gum are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Studies on the action of pectin in depressing the growth of chicks.

Citrus pectin (40 g/kg diet) significantly depressed weight gain and food utilisation when fed to young chicks. This effect was not associated with pathological manifestations or signs of deficiency. Feeding pectin at 40 g/kg diet did not affect the retention of energy, nitrogen, lipids or calcium, but decreased serum and liver total cholesterol and altered the glucose tolerance of chicks by retarding clearance of ingested glucose from blood. Supplementation of the pectin-containing diet with penicillin (70 mg/kg), with selected essential elements and vitamins, or increasing the energy density of the diet had no ameliorating effect on the depressed growth. Pair-feeding showed that pectin depressed food intake, reduced carcase lipid content and increased carcase moisture content.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of increasing additions of low-esterified pectins in the diet on the metabolism of laying hens--tested by pair-feeding studies].

A series of trials was carried out with 32 laying hens in order to study metabolism after addition of low methylated citrus pectin in levels of 2% and 6%. The following results should be pointed out: Addition of pectic substances reduced feed-intake and stimulated water intake. The limited tolerance for pectins resulted in an increasing water-content of the excreta with a rise of the concentration of volatile fatty acids and an alteration of their spectrum. In consequence of supplementation with pectins a considerable loss of body weight could be established, which exceeded the expected effects of reduced energy-intake. The egg production was impaired by addition of pectin. In the serum the level of total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, furthermore of bile acids diminished. These effects exceeded remarkably those induced solely by reduced feed-intake. The level of volatile fatty acids in the serum was elevated as result of the supplementation with pectic substances.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[The energetic utilization of rations with molasses, dried sugar beets, apple pectin and lucerne leaves by adult swine].

The energetic utilization of 6 rations with molasses, dried sugar beets, apple pectin and lucerne leaves was measured in 8 adult pigs by means of the respiration test technique. The energy digestibility of the rations ranged from 74 to 88%, the partial utilization of the metabolizable energy from 66 to 78%. From the results with apple pectin a mean energy deposition value of 7.2 +/- 12.5 kJ/g digestible pectin was derived. Taking into consideration results from previous recorded experiments and the high standard deviation for estimation of the energetic feed value as deposition effect of digestible pectin, 5 kJ/g are proposed.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

[The nitrogen metabolism in the large intestine of ruminants. 8. Metabolism of intracecally infused 15N-urea with a supplement of pectin in heifers].

Three heifers with live weights of 255, 261 and 300 kg were supplied with ileo-caecal re-entrant cannulas, jugular vena catheters and bladder catheters. The ration consisted of 4 kg maize silage and 4 kg wheat straw pellets. In a previous period 50% of the digesta flow was collected over 12 h/d on 5 consecutive days and stored in a deep-freeze. During the main period the re-entrant cannulas were disrupted and the flowing digesta was quantitatively collected. Precollected digesta and pectin were infused into the distal part of cannula hourly for about 30 hours. During the first 24 hours the digesta was also supplemented with 15N-labelled urea. The amount of pectin corresponded to about 10% of digesta dry mater. An analysis of urine, faeces, digesta and blood plasma were carried out. The application of pectin increased the 15N-incorporation in the bacterial protein of faeces from 4.7% (without supplementation in an earlier experiment) to 10.5% of the introduced 15N. The ammonia-fraction of faeces was markedly higher than the bacterial fraction. The 15N-utilization of urea by the microbes of large intestine was lower in the actual trial evident than with supplementation of starch in the anterior experiment. During the pectin administration the amount of urine increased in comparison with earlier experiments and according to the literature to about the 4.5 fold. The amount of passage of 15N at the ileum cannula (recycled 15N) was 3.8% of the 15N intake. It is the same amount as in experiments in which starch was applied.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Synthesis and enzymatic degradation of epichlorohydrin cross-linked pectins.

The water solubility of pectin was successfully decreased by cross-linking with increasing amounts of epichlorohydrin in the reaction media. The initial molar ratios of epichlorohydrin/ galacturonic acid monomer in the reaction mixtures were 0, 0.37, 0.56, 0.74, 1.00, 1.47, and 2.44. The resulting epichlorohydrin cross-linked pectins were thus referred to as C-LP0, C-LP37, C-LP56, C-LP75, C-LP100, C-LP150, and C-LP250, respectively. Methoxylation degrees ranged from 60.5 +/- 0.9% to 68.0 +/- 0.6%, and the effective cross-linking degrees, determined by quantification of the hydroxyl anions consumed during the reaction, were 0, 17.8, 26.0, 38.3, 46.5, 53.5, and 58.7%. respectively. After incubating the different cross-linked pectins (0.5% w/v) in 25 mL of 0.05 M acetate-phosphate buffer (pH 4.5), containing 50 microL of Pectinex Ultra SP-L (pectinolytic enzymes), between 60 and 80% of the pectin osidic bounds were broken in less than 1 hr. Moreover, increasing the cross-linking degree only resulted in a weak slowing on the enzymatic degradation velocity.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Antioxidant and cancer cell proliferation inhibition effect of citrus pectin-oligosaccharide prepared by irradiation.

Pectin was dissolved in deionized distilled water (2%, vol/vol) and irradiated at 20 kGy using a Co-60 gamma ray irradiator. The resulting solution was dialyzed and lyophilized. The samples were separated into three groups to estimate their antioxidant and cancer cell proliferation effects: non-irradiated (0 kGy), irradiated (20 kGy), and dialyzed (20 kGy-F, mol wt <10,000) samples. Antioxidant properties of each treatment was tested by a beta-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay and electron donating ability and compared for antioxidant index, which indicated that the activity was higher in the order of 20 kGy-F > 20 kGy > 0 kGy. Spleen cell survival effect of the irradiated pectin (20 kGy) and dialyzed (20 kGy-F) samples was higher than the non-irradiated control (0 kGy). The pectins inhibited growth of the cancer cell in the order of 20 kGy- F > 20 kGy > 0 kGy. The Ames test revealed that none of the fractions was mutagenic, and there was no indication of a dose-dependent response for any of the samples. These results suggest that a functional pectin oligosaccharide can be produced by irradiation for the food industry without any chemical treatment.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1981

Pectin: its interaction with serum lipoproteins.

In vitro studies of interaction between grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) pectin and various human serum lipoproteins indicated that pectin interacts specifically with low-density lipoprotein. Examination of observed interaction between the pectin and low-density lipoprotein under variable experimental conditions revealed the electrostatic nature of this interaction. The results obtained from these studies suggest a possible biochemical basis by which dietary pectin may cause lowering of serum and/or tissue cholesterol levels.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1983

Effects of dietary fiber on mucosal growth and cell proliferation in the small intestine of the rat: a comparison of oat bran, pectin, and guar with total fiber deprivation.

The effects of dietary fiber on small intestinal mucosal mass, morphology, and cytokinetics were studied by feeding three qualitatively different forms of fiber to 40 rats for 4 wk. A fiber-free diet was fed to the control group and a similar diet with either a 20% oat bran, 10% pectin, or 10% guar supplement to the other three groups. All groups of rats exhibited similar caloric intakes and weight gains. Only the guar diet produced a significant increase in mucosal mass, as demonstrated by 19.1% increase in mucosal weight (p less than 0.05), a 16.7% increase in RNA (p less than 0.05) and an increase in DNA from 38.3 +/- 1.8 (SEM) to 44.6 +/- 2.3 micrograms/cm intestine/100 g body weight (p less than 0.05) when compared to the controls. The pectin-diet produced a decrease in villus height from 102.1 +/- 2.4 to 94.3 +/- 2.4 cells but an increase in crypt column length from 25.3 +/- 0.6 to 27.4 +/- 0.4 cells when compared to the controls (p less than 0.05). The shift in labeling index distribution curves for pectin and guar to the right and for oat bran to the left indicated an increase and decrease respectively in labeling index. The higher rate of epithelial cell migration in the pectin- and guar-fed groups shortened their estimated villus cell transit times to 36.4 +/- 0.7 and 37.0 +/- 1.4 h, respectively, when compared with 42.6 +/- 1.2 h in the oat bran and 41.1 +/- 1.0 h in the control (p less than 0.05). These results show that the modulation of small intestinal mucosal structure and growth by dietary fiber appears to be mediated through alterations in cell proliferation and that these changes depend not only on the quantity but also the quality of the fiber present in the diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Small bowel disaccharidase activity in the rat as affected by intestinal resection and pectin feeding.

This study investigated the effects of small bowel resection (SBR) and a pectin-supplemented elemental diet (ED) on intestinal disaccharidase activity. Rats underwent placement of feeding gastrostomy and swivel apparatus. Control animals were returned to their cages while resected animals underwent an 80% SBR. Postoperatively, animals received either a pectin-free ED or the ED supplemented with 2% pectin. After 2 wk jejunal and ileal mucosal sucrase, maltase, and lactase activities and protein content were determined. Feeding the ED after SBR resulted in significant increases in all three ileal segmental disaccharidase activities but only maltase activity was significantly increased in the jejunum. The pectin-supplemented ED, however, significantly enhanced the adaptation of jejunal and ileal segmental sucrase, maltase, and lactase activity to SBR with the increase in all three jejunal disaccharidase activities being significantly greater than that of the resected animals fed the ED alone.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of parenteral nutrition and enteral feeding with pectin in experimental colitis in the rat.

The effect of a pectin-supplemented enteral diet on experimental colitis was compared with parenteral nutrition and with a pectin-free enteral diet. Forty-five rats had feeding catheters placed into either the stomach (IG, n = 31) or the superior vena cava (IV, n = 14) and then received acetic acid (colitis) or saline (control) enemas. After the enema, all rats received the same diet, either IG or IV, for 6 d except for 15 rats (IGP, 9 colitis and 6 controls), which had 1% pectin added to the diet. At the end of the feeding period the IGP group had significantly less colonic inflammation and/or necrosis than either IV (p less than 0.03) or IG (p less than 0.04) groups. Nitrogen balance, serum albumin, total iron-binding capacity and body weight did not differ significantly among dietary regimens. Thus, the degree of bowel injury in experimental colitis was decreased when animals were fed a pectin-supplemented enteral diet and this effect was independent of nutritional status.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The pattern of distribution of pectin, peroxidase and lignin in the middle lamella of secondary xylem fibres in alfalfa (Medicago sativa).

BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS: Information on the micro-distribution of lignin within the middle lamella is only just beginning to emerge. This paper provides evidence of marked heterogeneity in the micro-distribution of lignin, pectin, peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide in the middle lamella of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). METHODS: Specimens from alfalfa stems were collected and processed for transmission electron microscopy. The middle lamella architecture was examined prior to and during lignification, using transmission electron microscopy in combination with pectin- and lignin-specific staining. In addition, immuno-gold labelling of peroxidase and cytochemical localization of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were undertaken. KEY RESULTS: Lignin showed inhomogeneity in its distribution in the middle lamella. It was found that the distribution of pectin was irregular and corresponded to the pattern of deposited lignin. Additionally, a similarity in the pattern of the deposited lignin to the pattern of distribution of peroxidase and H2O2 was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: Irregular distribution of pectin in the middle lamella may be related to subsequent inhomegeneity in lignin in this region.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed1998

Prevention of colonic aberrant crypt foci and modulation of large bowel microbial activity by dietary coffee fiber, inulin and pectin.

The present experiments were aimed at developing novel dietary fibers to aid in reduction of colon cancer risk. We assessed the effects of coffee (non-fiber fraction), coffee fiber (arabino-galactose polymer) and inulin (oligo-fructose) in male F344 rats using formation of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the colon as the measure of preventive efficacy (or lack of such). At 5 weeks of age, groups of rats were fed the AIN-76A (control) and experimental diets that contained 1% coffee, 10% coffee fiber, 10% inulin, 10% pectin (positive control for fiber) or 200 p.p.m. piroxicam (a known ACF inhibitor). At 7 weeks of age, all animals were s.c injected with AOM (15 mg/kg body wt) once weekly for 2 weeks. All rats were killed 8 weeks after the last AOM injection and ACF were counted. The contents of the cecum were analyzed for bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Dietary administration of coffee fiber significantly suppressed AOM-induction of colonic ACF, in terms of total number, as well as crypt multiplicity and number of ACF/cm2 colon (P < 0.01-0.001). Inulin diet had no significant effect on total ACF, but had reduced the number of ACF/cm2 (P < 0.05). Whereas coffee had no effect on ACF formation, 10% pectin diet and 200 p.p.m. piroxicam significantly suppressed colonic ACF (P < 0.001) as had been expected. A significant reduction of cecal beta-glucuronidase activity was observed in the rats fed coffee, coffee fiber and pectin diets. Further, coffee fiber, inulin and pectin increased cecal SCFA levels 3- to 5-fold. These results suggest that coffee fiber can prevent colon cancer risk. Further studies are warranted to determine the full potential of this fiber in pre-clinical efficacy studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Effects of pectin and cellulose on growth, feed efficiency, and protein utilization, and their contribution to energy requirement and cecal VFA in rats.

Graded levels of cellulose (0 to 20%) or of pectin (0 to 10%) were incorporated in purified diets with either 22 or 8.5% casein as the protein source. Weanling male rats were fed these diets for 4 weeks. Body weight gain, food consumption, feed efficiency, protein biological value, apparent digestion of food, fiber and protein, cecal weight and cecal volatile fatty acids (VFA) were recorded. Cellulose was largely and inert diet diluent causing increased weight gains when protein was limiting but not when protein was sufficient. The 25% disappearance in the gut was due, at least in part, to compaction in the ceca and in increased cecal VFA. Pectin caused progressively greater depressions in body weight gain, food intake and efficiency and protein digestion at both levels of dietary protein. At least part of the 75% disappearance of pectin during passage through the gut could be attributed to increased cecal VFA. However, a rat growth bioassay for energy showed that pectin as well as cellulose, agar and gum arabic contributed no measurable energy to young rats.

Animals↗