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PubMed1992

Methods of monitoring menstrual function in field studies: efficacy of methods.

Efficacy of methods for monitoring female reproductive potential under field study conditions was evaluated. Women (n = 10) were recruited to participate for two menstrual cycles on the bases, in part, of not seeking fertility assistance, working full-time but not in the medical field, and having less than one year of college education. Luteinizing hormone (LH), estrone-3-glucuronide, and pregnanediol-3-glucuronide were measured in daily morning urine and normalized to creatinine concentrations. These urinary measures were parallel to serum LH, estradiol, and progesterone profiles. Based on these urinary measures, 6 of 19 cycles were judged to be atypical. Transvaginal ultrasonography provided insights into ovarian activity during the atypical cycles. Of 13 LH surges detected by radioimmunoassay, 7 were not detected by a semiquantitative dipstick (OvuSTICK), perhaps due to that method's sensitivity to loss of LH immunoactivity caused by sample freezing. While intervals from salivary and vaginal mucous electrical resistance signals to the LH surge during typical cycles were similar to those reported previously, they were not predictive of ovulatory status during atypical cycles. Fifty-three percent of the cycles were misclassified on the basis of the basal body temperature rise. Cervical mucous color, amount, and consistency were not predictive of ovulation under these study conditions. The results from these 19 menstrual cycles provide information about the efficacy of various methods for characterizing menstrual function under field study conditions. In this regard, urinary endocrine measures are the most informative or practical.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Xenopus laevis ovarian CYP17 is a highly potent enzyme expressed exclusively in oocytes. Evidence that oocytes play a critical role in Xenopus ovarian androgen production.

Progesterone has long been considered the primary mediator of Xenopus oocyte maturation. We have recently shown, however, that androgens, which are equal or more potent promoters of maturation and are present at higher levels in ovulating frogs, may also be playing an important physiologic role in mediating maturation. Here, we examined the role of CYP17, a key enzyme mediating sex steroid synthesis, in Xenopus ovarian androgen production. We found that the 17,20-lyase activities of Xenopus CYP17 exceeded the 17alpha-hydroxylase activities in both the Delta4 and Delta5 pathways; thus, Xenopus CYP17 rapidly converted pregnenolone and progesterone to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione, respectively. This remarkably robust activity exceeds that of CYP17 from most higher vertebrates, and likely explains why virtually no progesterone is detected in ovulating frogs. Additionally, ovarian CYP17 activity was present exclusively in oocytes, although all other enzymes involved in sex steroid production were expressed almost entirely in surrounding follicular cells. This compartmentalization suggests a "two-cell" model whereby Xenopus ovarian androgen production requires both follicular cells and oocytes themselves. The requirement of oocytes for ovarian androgen production further introduces the unusual paradigm whereby germ cells may be responsible for producing important steroids used to mediate their own maturation.

Androgens↗
PubMed1981

Overview of the biological aspects of the fertile period.

The fertile period of the human menstrual cycle consists of those days on which sexual intercourse can result in a pregnancy. Its duration is determined by the functional life span of the gametes within the female reproductive tract. Various mechanisms control gamete transport and survival in the reproductive tract of the human female. The ovarian hormones estradiol and progesterone have an important role in regulating these mechanisms. The nature of cervical mucus and its governing influences on sperm transport and survival following coitus are of prime importance in defining the fertile days of the menstrual cycle. Man's early concepts of the fertile period were often based on erroneous theories of the female reproductive cycle. It is only since the late 1920's that a true understanding of ovulation and the menstrual cycle has evolved. Current approaches in natural family planning to recognizing the fertile and infertile days of the menstrual cycle are discussed and evaluated.

Cervix Mucus↗
PubMed1996

Post-partum anoestrus in dairy cows: a review.

In modern high-yielding dairy herds fertility is of major economic importance. In order to gain maximum profit, calving intervals should not exceed 365 days. The achievement of a 365-day calving interval requires an early resumption of ovarian activity, an excellent oestrus detection, and a high first-service conception rate. Especially the inability to detect oestrus and to mate the cows by 60 to 80 days after calving is a common problem among dairy farmers nowadays. In this article a review is given about the occurrence, causes, treatment, and prevention of post-partum anoestrus in dairy cows.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of different methods used for oestrus examination in the bitch.

The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of oestrus symptoms of the bitch (vulvar swelling, vaginal fluid, attraction of the male, teasing) and that of the most frequently used examination methods (vaginal smear, vaginoscopy, serum progesterone determination) which indicate the stage of the cycle and allow to predict the optimal day of mating (ODM). The determination of the cycle stage was based upon the number of days left from the day of examination to the day of parturition (DTP). Our results indicate that none of the above-mentioned symptoms and examination methods is reliable alone for the determination of DTP, and even the complex picture obtained from the integrated results of different methods will not enable an exact estimation. ODM can be predicted with a higher reliability, and 1-2 days before it, it can be detected very safely. Since most bitches are presented for timing to practitioners, a scheme was created based upon a scoring system, which gives a point value to each individual symptom and examination result, and judges the bitch according to the total amount of points.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Studies on the mechanism of the ovulation-inhibiting effect of 19-norsteroids in cyclic rats.

Experiments performed in cyclic female rats demonstrated an equal ovulation-inhibiting activity of the 19-norgestagens norethynodrel, lynestrenol and norethisterone acetate after injection in oestrus and metoestrus, and after daily administration from oestrus to pro-oestrus. The results furthermore show that, after application of the minimal ovulation-inhibiting doses during oestrus and metoestrus, these substances 1. induce an increase in prolactin secretion, 2., with the exception of norethisterone acetate, possess a hypophysial site of action, 3. are able to induce deciduoma formation following traumatization of the uterus, and 4. maintain the reactivity of the cyclic corpora lutea to the injection of prolactin. The findings suggest that the prolactin-releasing and luteotrophic action of the progestagens studied may form an essential part of the mechanisms that are responsible for the inhibition of ovulation observed in rats after administration over one cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of several one-step home urinary luteinizing hormone detection test kits to OvuQuick.

OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical accuracy and ease of use for several of the new rapid one-step home urinary LH detection kits compared with the preexisting OvuQuick brand LH detection kit (designated as the standard). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: University-based infertility clinic. PATIENT(S): All women undergoing intrauterine inseminations at the clinic, regardless of infertility diagnosis, were offered enrollment during a 28-month study period. INTERVENTION(S): Each participant was supplied three one-step test kits (OvuQuick One-Step, ClearPlan Easy, and SureStep) in addition to a multistep OvuQuick test kit and instructed to run the tests in parallel on the same urine sample and to record the results. Urine testing was performed every 12 hours, beginning 3 days before the anticipated onset of an LH surge, and continued with the one-step kits every 12 hours for 48 hours after the surge was first detected by OvuQuick. Subjects also completed questionnaires evaluating the use of each test kit. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Correlation of LH surge detection by one-step kits in comparison to surge detection by OvuQuick. Satisfaction and ease of use questionnaires. RESULT(S): Sixty-three volunteers returned useable data, from which 81 evaluable cycles were analyzed. The majority of patients found the newer one-step kits to be easier to use and less time consuming than OvuQuick. The three one-step kits detected the LH surge within +/- one testing period (+/-12 hours) of detection by OvuQuick 68%-84% of the time. OvuQuick One-Step, with modified instructions allowing for an equal color intensity in the test and reference areas, had the highest correlation with OvuQuick (84%). However, with a study power (alpha = 0.05, beta = 0.10) sufficient to detect a 10% difference between Ovuquick and each one-step kit, all one-step kits were statistically equivalent to each other. There was no cycle in which a one-step kit detected a positive LH surge but OvuQuick did not. CONCLUSION(S): One-step urinary LH kits are easier for patients to use than a multistep home urinary LH kit and have reasonable correlation with the multistep kit when used clinically for timing artificial inseminations.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Pro-apoptotic signals of the bcl-2 gene family in the rat uterus occurs in the night before the day of estrus and precedes ovulation.

Although regression of the endometrium during the rat estrous cycle is a well-recognized event, little is known concerning the mechanisms involved in triggering apoptosis in the rat uterine epithelium. In an attempt to have a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying apoptosis during estrus, we evaluated the expression of several key apoptotic genes of the bcl-2 family during the transition from proestrus to estrus day in the rat. Our results show significant changes in the expression of bcl-2 family genes at midnight before estrus, characterized by a significant increase in the pro-apoptotic ratios: Bax/Bcl-2 and Bcl-xS/Bcl-xL at both mRNA and protein levels. Our results indicate the existence of a positive relation between apoptosis and pro-apoptotic ratios of bcl-2 gene family expression, during the transition from proestrus to estrus day. Importantly, pro-apoptotic signals were detected before ovulation occurred. The overall results suggest that the apoptotic process of the rat endometrium begins at midnight before the day of estrus, may be mediated by Bcl-2 family genes, and precedes ovulation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Expert in fertility appreciation: the Creighton Model practitioner.

The Creighton Model system of natural family planning (NFP) is useful in achieving pregnancy, avoiding pregnancy, and detecting some gynecologic disorders. NFP practitioners support the client in using NFP. Because the effectiveness of NFP is related to the teaching process and to teacher expertise, clients choosing NFP may be best served by referral to a certified NFP practitioner for instruction.

Certification↗
PubMed2000

Inhibition of gonadotropin surge by a brief mid-cycle regimen of ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone: possible role in in vitro fertilization.

Various methods to prevent premature luteinizing hormone (LH) surge and improve cycle control during hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF) are standard of care. The purpose of the present study was to determine the influence of a 5-day regimen of ethinyl estradiol (EE) and norethindrone (NET) on folliculogenesis, gonadotropin surge, and ovulation. In a prospective randomized and comparative study, ten patients were assigned to two groups. A combination of 50 micrograms of EE and 1 mg of NET was used in groups I and II from days 6 through 10, and days 8 through 12, respectively. Blood samples and transvaginal ultrasound imaging were carried out throughout a 28-day cycle. Follicular diameter, plasma levels of LH, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol and progesterone, and endometrial thickness were determined. No LH surge or ovulation was detected in any patient studied. Peak estradiol concentrations were not significantly different between the groups (152.04 +/- 107.1 pg/ml vs 162.1 +/- 56.1 pg/ml [mean +/- SD] for groups I and II, respectively). No differences were noted between the groups for serum concentrations of FSH (range: 2-9 mIU/ml) or LH (range: 2-10 mIU/ml) for any given cycle day. Mean follicular diameters were not different between groups I and II (20.5 +/- 8.1 mm2 vs 20.6 +/- 14.2 mm2). Ultrasound assessment of mid-cycle follicular growth revealed diameters ranging from 18.5 mm2 to 34.0 mm2. Endometrial thickness ranged from 8 to 10 mm. There was no evidence of ovulation on ultrasound examination and either persistence or gradual resolution of follicles through the luteal phase. Peak serum concentrations at mid-luteal phase were < or = 2 ng/ml. In this pilot study, the combination of EE and NET restricted to a 5-day course beginning on day 6 or 8 permitted folliculogenesis but effectively inhibited midcycle LH surge and ovulation. Such regimens may have a role in IVF cycles for prevention of premature LH surges, especially as stimulation regimens evolve toward decreased gonadotropin use for stimulation and strict FSH preparations with the potential need for less complete pituitary suppression.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mode of action of centchroman at vaginal and ovarian level in immature rats.

Centchroman studied at various doses did not cause ovulation in immature rats as judged by morphological, histological and biochemical parameters whereas, 20 mg/kh dose caused early opening of vagina and cornification of the vaginal epithelial cells. However, no ovulation was detected by this regimen. No stimulatory effect was observed in the glycogen and cholesterol content in the ovaries of Centchroman treated rats. The effects on vagina persisted even in ovariectomised immature rats administered with Centchroman. The mode of various doses of Centchroman in immature rats as judged morphologically, histologically and biochemically has been discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Use-effectiveness and client satisfaction in six centers teaching the Billings Ovulation Method.

Use-effectiveness of the Billings Ovulation Method (OM) is reported for 1139 clients from six centers who were followed for at least 24 months. Method failure rates were 1% when calculated by either Pearl formula or life table analysis. Combined method and user failure rates were 20% when calculated with the Pearl formula, and 16% at 12 months and 23% at 24 months by life table analysis. Pregnancy rates were higher for couples using OM alone, than for couples using OM in combination with additional fertility awareness methods or together with barrier methods. The difference was significant when estimated by the Pearl formula but not when analyzed by the life table. The emotional implications underlying the apparent contradiction between a desire to avoid pregnancy and the deliberate coital use of fertile days are reflected in the differences between method and user failure rates, the high client satisfaction levels reported with "user failure," and 56% continuation rate at 24 months. The will require in-depth exploration.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1994

Recovery of ovarian function after childbirth, lactation and sexual activity with relation to age of women.

The time for recovery of ovulation, lactation and initiation of sexual intercourse after childbirth was studied in 90 women, who were divided into three groups: 1) adolescents less than 19 years old (n = 30); 2) younger mothers 19 to 32 years old (n = 30); and 3) older women more than 32 years old (n = 30). No differences were found in the duration of breast-feeding or in the initiation of sexual intercourse among the three groups. The postpartum amenorrhea in lactating women was significantly longer than in nonlactating mothers. The amenorrhea was significantly less in younger women than in older mothers and tended to be lower than in adolescents. The time between delivery and detection of ovulation was significantly longer in women who breast-fed than in those who did not. Furthermore, this time was significantly shorter in younger women than in older mothers. The present work suggests that younger women had a quicker recovery of ovarian function than adolescents and older women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Oestrous behaviour and development of preovulatory follicles in goats induced to ovulate using the male effect with and without progesterone priming.

The objective of the current study was to examine follicular dynamics in goats induced to ovulate by using the male effect with or without progesterone pretreatment. Ten Murcian-Granadina goats were treated with a single dose of 25 mg of progesterone in olive oil on the day of male effect induction (Day 0), whereas ten does remained untreated. Changes in the ovarian follicular population and onset of oestrous behaviour were checked daily from Day 0 to the day on which ovulation was detected by ultrasonography. All of the treated goats and only 20% of control goats (P < 0.001) showed oestrous behaviour between 72 and 96 h after the introduction of bucks. Differences in follicle growth were found between the groups. The control goats exhibiting oestrous behaviour during the first 4 days of ovarian screening and all of the goats treated with progesterone had their preovulatory follicles in growing phase. However, the largest follicles in control does not showing oestrus in these first 4 days were in regressing phase, being necessary for the emergence of new preovulatory follicles from a new follicular wave between Days 6 and 7, for exhibition of oestrous behaviour and subsequent ovulation. In conclusion, the appearance of short luteal phases and delayed ovulation in goats treated with the male effect during seasonal anoestrous depends on the stage of follicle development at the time of buck introduction. A single injection of progesterone stimulates the emergence of a new follicular wave, able to grow and give adequate ovulation after induction of the male effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

A simple, rapid and reliable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measuring estrone-3-glucuronide in urine.

A rapid, simple and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the estimation of estrone-3-glucuronide (E1G) in diluted unprocessed urine has been developed using E1G-penicillinase (E.C.3.5.2.6.) prepared via carbodiimide linkage. Polyvinyl chloride ELISA plate (Dynatech) coated with antibody was used for separation of the antibody bound ligand. A complete assay could be performed within 4 hours with good precision (C.V. less than 17%). Minimum detectable amount of E1G was 25 pg/well. Parallelism was observed between sample dilution curve and standard curve. Recovery of E1G from urine ranged between 85-105%. Results obtained on 29 urine samples by the ELISA procedure were comparable to those obtained with an established RIA procedure (r = 0.96). The present method may thus provide a useful tool for the assessment of ovarian function.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗
PubMed1988

Evaluation of methods for the prospective identification of early fetal losses in environmental epidemiology studies.

A major problem in the epidemiologic investigation of early fetal losses has been incomplete or biased ascertainment. In order to assess early fetal losses more accurately, one must first develop a simple method to identify early pregnancy. This study, conducted at the University of Pittsburgh from October 1985 through October 1986, has developed such a method through the use of monoclonal antibody urine pregnancy testing kits. A total of 88 volunteers collected urine samples beginning on the seventh postovulatory day and continued until either menses occurred or a serum radioimmunoassay pregnancy test was performed on day 16. If pregnancy was diagnosed, all of the participants' urine specimens from that menstrual cycle were analyzed by five monoclonal antibody tests. A total of 34 pregnancies were diagnosed, six (18%) of which resulted in early fetal losses. Pregnancy was first detectable between eight and 18 days postovulation. The mean time to the first positive test was 14 days for all five kits. The results indicate that it is possible to diagnose early pregnancy with urine testing and that this method is likely to prove acceptable for use in large-scale prospective studies.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1981

Post weaning oestrus and luteal function in primiparous and pluriparous sows.

The ovarian activity in 33 primiparous and 52 pluriparous post weaning sows was studied by progesterone determination. The progesterone profiles revealed that 90.4 per cent of the pluriparous and 66.7 per cent of the primiparous sows had resumed ovarian activity within 10 days. Ovulation within 10 days with overt oestrus occurred in 45.5 per cent of the primiparous and in 53.8 per cent of the pluriparous sows. Ovulation without detectable heat ('silent heat') occurred in 31 per cent of all sows during the first 10 days after weaning. The ability to resume ovarian activity was better in sows weaned in the period January to June than in sows weaned from July to December. Irregularities of luteal function were seldom observed in unmated sows. In mated sows which later proved to be non-pregnant, high progesterone values were common three weeks after mating.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Differential effects of repeated ovarian stimulation on cytoplasmic and spindle organization in metaphase II mouse oocytes matured in vivo and in vitro.

The effects of four rounds of ovarian stimulation spaced 1-6 weeks apart on the normality of metaphase II (MII) spindle formation, chromosomal alignment and cytoplasmic organization were examined in intact ovulated mouse oocytes and at MII for oocytes obtained at the germinal vesicle stage from the same ovaries and matured in vitro. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUDP nick-end labelling assay was used to identify DNA strand breaks in chromosomes, and histological studies of ovaries between and at each round of ovarian stimulation were performed. The results demonstrate a progressive and significant increase in the frequency of spindle defects with each round of ovarian stimulation, including those spaced weeks apart. Oocytes with spindle defects were also characterized by the occurrence of detached chromosomes and cytoplasmic asters. In contrast, in-vitro matured oocytes derived from the same ovaries were normal. No evidence of DNA strand breaks with repeated rounds of ovarian stimulation was detected in ovulated or in-vitro matured oocytes. The development and persistence of nodules of hypertrophied granulosa in regions where follicular growth occurs suggest that a progressively increasing proportion of oocytes in the ovulatory pathway may experience an intrafollicular milieu that has negative consequences for competence. The results are discussed with respect to ovarian and oocyte biological ageing and possible adverse implications for human oocyte competence with repeated hyperstimulation.

Animals↗