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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Effects of olive fruit quality and oil storage practices on the diacylglycerol content of virgin olive oils.

The evolution of 1,3- and 1,2-isomers of diacylglycerols (DGs) in olive oils obtained from healthy olives and the influence of the olive quality was studied. Healthy olive fruits yielded oils containing almost exclusively 1,2-isomers whereas altered olives produced oils with significant amounts of 1,3-isomers. Virgin olive oils obtained from various olive cultivars and stored at different temperatures showed triacylglycerol hydrolysis and diacylglycerol isomerization depending on the acidity and temperature. The results indicated that the relationship between acidity and total diacylglycerol content has scarce utility for detecting mild refined oil in virgin olive oil. On the other hand, the 1,3-/1,2-DG isomers ratio is useful for assessing the genuineness of virgin olive oils with low acidities during the early stages of storage.

Diglycerides↗
PubMed2003

Rapid quantitative assessment of the adulteration of virgin olive oils with hazelnut oils using Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics.

The authentication of extra virgin olive oil and its adulteration with lower-priced oils are serious problems in the olive oil industry. In addition to the obvious effect on producer profits, adulteration can also cause severe health and safety problems. A number of techniques, including chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, have recently been employed to assess the purity of olive oils. In this study Raman spectroscopy together with multivariate and evolutionary computational-based methods have been employed to assess the ability of Raman spectroscopy to discriminate between chemically very closely related oils. Additionally, the levels of hazelnut oils used to adulterate extra virgin olive oil were successfully quantified using partial least squares and genetic programming.

Corylus↗
PubMed1987

Oil ingestion and the toxic-oil syndrome: results of a survey of residents of the Orcasur neighbourhood in Madrid, Spain.

To elucidate the aetiological role of food oil in toxic-oil syndrome (TOS), 212 families of a working class neighbourhood in Madrid were interviewed regarding the sources of food oil they consumed and whether they had become ill with TOS. Health information was later verified by review of the patients' medical records. All five case families consumed oil sold by travelling salesmen in five-litre plastic containers, but only 34% of the 207 non-case families did so (p = 0.005). Oil bought from travelling salesmen in the local weekly open-air market was associated with a particularly high risk of illness. Consumption of oil from sources other than travelling salesmen was similar in the two groups. Our results support the view that a food oil transmitted the causative agent of TOS.

Brassica↗
PubMed2004

Histological alterations in the liver of sea bream, Sparus aurata L., caused by short- or long-term feeding with vegetable oils. Recovery of normal morphology after feeding fish oil as the sole lipid source.

This study evaluated the effects of fish oil (FO) replacement by vegetable oils [soybean oil (SO), rapeseed oil (RO), linseed oil (LO)] and subsequent feeding with FO on the liver morphology of sea bream. A short-term trial (3 months) and long-term trial (6 months) were carried out feeding sea bream with the following experimental diets: FO100%; SO60% + FO40%; RO60% +FO40%; LO60% + FO40%; SO + RO +LO60% + FO40%. Finally, all groups from the long-term trial were fed with FO100% for 95 days (washout period). Liver samples were taken for histological and biochemical studies. In both the short- and long-term trials, livers of sea bream fed LO60% and SO + RO + LO60% showed a similar hepatic morphology to that observed in fish fed FO100%. In contrast, sea bream fed SO60% showed an intense steatosis, with foci of swollen hepatocytes containing numerous lipid vacuoles. After the washout period, a considerable reduction of the cytoplasmic vacuolation and the lipid vacuole accumulation were observed in the livers of fish fed the different experimental diets. The results of this study suggested that the type of non-essential fatty acid, characteristic of vegetable oils, induces the appearance of steatosis in the following order: linoleic acid > linolenic acid > oleic acid. However, the liver alterations found during the experimental periods with vegetable oils are reversible when the fish are re-fed with a balanced diet (FO100%), indicating the non-pathological character of these histological changes.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Effect of varying proportions of evening primrose oil and fish oil on cats with crusting dermatosis ('miliary dermatitis')

Fourteen cats with crusting dermatoses ('miliary dermatitis') were supplemented with various combinations of evening primrose oil and fish oil. The cutaneous signs improved when the cats were supplemented with either evening primrose oil alone or with a combination of evening primrose oil and fish oil. Fish oil alone was unable to maintain the remission and the cutaneous signs deteriorated. The subsequent administration of a combination of the two oils resulted in a resolution of the dermatosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Morphological evaluation of the atherogenicity of corn oil, hydrogenated corn oil, and butter fat in quail.

The atherogenicity of corn oil, hydrogenated corn oil, and butter fat was studied using 57 fourty-day-old male Japanese quails. The animals were fed one of the following diets: basal diet, basal diet with corn oil plus cholesterol, basal diet with hydrogenated corn oil plus cholesterol, or basal diet with butter fat plus cholesterol. Each atherogenic diet contained 15% fat and 2% cholesterol. Marked hypercholesterolemia developed in all fat-fed groups after 3 weeks or 3 months, but no significant difference was seen among the groups. The degree of the luminal narrowing of the ascending aorta and brachiocephalic arteries was highest in the corn oil group and lowest in the hydrogenated fat group. Ultrastructurally, all the fat-fed groups showed similar cellular changes in their aortic lesions. The major cell type of the thickened intima was fibroblast-like cells with or without lipid droplets. Immunohistochemical studies disclosed that alpha-1-antichymotrypsin was strongly positive for fibroblast-like cells in the thickened intima, whereas it was negative for those in the tunica media of the ascending aorta and its branches. These data suggest that hydrogenated corn oil has a less potent stimulating effect on the thickening of the arterial intima than corn oil and butter fat.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effect of fish oil and safflower oil in common Japanese diet on human plasma fatty acid composition.

The influence of fish oil and safflower oil contained in the common Japanese diet as the main dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid source on plasma fatty acids in ten female student volunteers (21-22 years old) was investigated. The subjects were divided into two groups and fed the experimental diets for five days. The total daily fat intake in the fish diet and safflower oil diet was 54.4 g and 56.2 g, respectively, and the fat derived from fish and safflower oil was 16 g and 23 g, respectively. The proportion of linoleic acid was reduced in the plasma of subjects fed the fish diet and increased in the plasma of subjects fed the safflower oil diet. The plasma levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were significantly elevated in the fish diet group. The ratio of EPA/arachidonic acid (AA) was higher, and those of n-6/n-3 and n-9/n-3 were lower in the plasma of subjects fed the fish diet when compared to the results obtained from plasma of subjects fed the safflower oil diet. From these results, it seems likely that fish oil in the common Japanese diet is a favorable source of plasma EPA and DHA even in such short term supplementation and with such a small amount of daily consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Tumor regression after intralesional injection of mycobacterial components emulsified in 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene (squalene), 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane (squalane), peanut oil, or mineral oil.

The influence of mineral oil, squalane, squalene, or peanut oil on the antitumor activity of emulsified Bacillus Calmette-Guérin cell walls or emulsified trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate was studied in mice, each with an established transplant of a syngeneic fibrosarcoma. Each animal received an intratumoral injection of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin cell walls (0.6 mg/mouse) or trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (0.1 mg/mouse) emulsified in 1 to 10% oil. Emulsions of squalene or squalane but not peanut oil were effective substitutes for mineral oil as carriers of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin cell walls in the treatment of the tumor. Trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate was therapeutically active when it was incorporated in any of these four oils. The number of animals in which tumor regressed completely depended on the concentration of oil in the emulsion.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Apolipoprotein B metabolism in hypertriglyceridemic diabetic patients administered either a fish oil- or vegetable oil-enriched diet.

The effect on apolipoprotein B kinetics of a diet enriched in either fish oil or safflower oil was investigated in five hypertriglyceridemic (HTG), non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. The fish oil diet decreased plasma triglycerides and VLDL-apoB but increased LDL-apoB and LDL-cholesterol. Total plasma apoB concentration did not change, nor did the increased VLDL-apoB secretion present in these HTG subjects, which, accompanied by impaired lipolysis, accounted for their elevated VLDL. The fish oil-induced fall in VLDL resulted from a decrease in secretion without a change in residence time. The IDL fraction, which also contained small VLDL, was the primary site for the secretion of apoB particles in the HTG subjects. On the fish oil diet there was a further, compensatory increase in the secretion of these lipoproteins such that the transport of apoB in IDL remained the same, as did its mass. In the HTG subjects the major portion of IDL lipoproteins was catabolized, with LDL-apoB production comprising the lesser quantity. On the fish oil diet, a shift in the channeling of the lipoprotein output from IDL resulted in a decrease in the catabolic pathway and an increase in conversion to LDL. As the residence time of LDL did not change, this increased input gave rise to the larger mass of LDL-apoB seen in these hypertriglyceridemic subjects when receiving a fish oil diet.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of water, oils and emulsifiable adjuvant oils as formulating agents for Metarhizium anisopliae for use in control of Boophilus microplus.

Studies were conducted to identify oil-based formulating agents (paraffinic oil, palm oil and emulsifiable adjuvant oils (EAOs)) for Metarhizium anisopliae that were superior to water with simple surfactants using a germination test and a bioassay against Boophilus microplus. Germination of conidia in all formulations, except 10% coconut EAO, produced more than 68% germination at 24 h and nearly 100% at 48 h. Coconut oil (average survival time (AST) = 4.6 +/- 0.28 days) and 10% liquid paraffin EAO (AST = 4.4 +/- 0.15 days) enhanced the pathogenicity of M. anisopliae to B. microplus relative to water (AST = 8.4 +/- 0.42 days). M. anisopliae in 10% liquid paraffin EAO was the most effective formulation having a moderately high germination after 24 h and a low AST as well as a high AST in the control. In the second experiment, germination of conidia in 2% liquid paraffin EAO and 2% Cropspray was higher than in 2% Codacide oil at 24 h, however, all treatments reached 100% germination after 48 h. The ASTs of the EAO based M. anisopliae formulations (Average AST = 6.4 +/- 0.54 days) were similar but lower that the ASTs of the controls (Average AST = 9.6 +/- 0.28 days).

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Lipid profile of rats fed blends of rice bran oil in combination with sunflower and safflower oil.

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of blended oils, i.e., polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) rich vegetable oils like safflower oil (SFO) and sunflower oil (SNO) with the unconventional and hypocholesterolemic rice bran oil (RBO) on the serum lipid profile of rats. Rats fed RBO+SNO/SFO at 70:30 ratio for a period of 28 days showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in animals fed a high cholesterol diet (HCD) and cholesterol free diet (CFD). Liver total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were also reduced. Fecal excretion of neutral sterols and bile acids was increased with use of RBO blends. RBO, which is rich in tocopherols and tocotrienols, may improve the oxidative stability of the blends. Tocotrienols are known to inhibit 3-hydroxy, 3-methyl, glutaryl CoA (HMG-COA) reductase (rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis), resulting in hypocholesterolemia. In addition to improving the lipid profile by lowering TC, TG and LDL-C and increasing HDL-C, blending of RBO with other oils can result in an economic advantage of lower prices.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Antifungal effect of various essential oils against Candida albicans. Potentiation of antifungal action of amphotericin B by essential oil from Thymus vulgaris.

The antifungal effect of the essential oil from Satureja montana L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Lavandula hybrida Reverchon, Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merril and Perry, Origanum vulgare L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and six chemotypes of Thymus vulgaris L. on Candida albicans growth were studied. The most efficiency was obtained with the essential oil from Thymus vulgaris thymol chemotype (MIC 80% = 0.016 microL/mL and Kaff = 296 microL/mL). The presence in the culture medium of essential oil from Thymus vulgaris thymol chemotype (0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 microg/mL) and amphotericin B involved a decrease of the MIC 80% of amphotericin B. In contrast, the combination of amphotericin B and low concentrations (0.00031-0.0025 microg/mL) of essential oil was antagonistic. The strongest decrease (48%) of the MIC 80% was obtained with medium containing 0.2 microL/mL of essential oil. These results signify that the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris thymol chemotype potentiates the antifungal action of amphotericin B suggesting a possible utilization of this essential oil in addition to antifungal drugs for the treatment of mycoses.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed2007

In vitro antimicrobial activity of Zingiber cassumunar (Plai) oil and a 5% Plai oil gel.

The essential oil of Zingiber cassumunar (Plai oil) exhibits antimicrobial activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, dermatophytes and yeasts. Dermatophytes were found to be the most susceptible microorganisms followed by yeasts, whereas bacteria were the least susceptible. The mean diameter of the inhibition zone determined by the disc diffusion screening method increased with increasing Plai oil concentration between 6.25 and 50 vol %. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determined by the broth macrodilution method ranged from 0.62 to 2.5 vol % for Plai oil and from 52 to 79 mg/mL for the 5 wt % Plai oil gel, whereas the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) ranged from 0.31 to 1.25 vol % for Plai oil and from 13.8 to 39.5 mg/mL for the 5% Plai oil gel.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2006

Flower scent of floral oil-producing Lysimachia punctata as attractant for the oil-bee Macropis fulvipes.

Most flowers offer nectar and/or pollen as a reward for pollinators. However, some plants are known to produce mostly fatty oil in the flowers, instead of nectar. This oil is exclusively collected by specialized oil-bees, the pollinators of the oil-plants. Little is known about chemical communication in this pollination system, especially how the bees find their hosts. We collected the floral and vegetative scent emitted by oil-producing Lysimachia punctata by dynamic headspace, and identified the compounds by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Thirty-six compounds were detected in the scent samples, several of which were flower-specific. Pentane extracts of flowers and floral oil were tested on Macropis fulvipes in a biotest. Flower and oil extracts attracted the bees, and some of the compounds identified are seldom found in the floral scent of other plants; these may have been responsible for the attraction of the bees.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Antifungal effects of the volatile oils from Allium plants against Trichophyton species and synergism of the oils with ketoconazole.

In an attempt to develop stable and safe antifungal agents from natural products (daily foodstuffs in particular), the activities of essential oils from Allium sativum for. pekinense, A. cepa, and A. fistulosum against three Trichophyton species responsible for severe mycoses in humans were investigated and compared with activity of allicin in this study. The fungistatic activities of Allium oils were evaluated by the broth dilution method and disk diffusion assay. The combined effects of Allium oils with ketoconazole were tested by the checkerboard titer test. Among the tested oils, A. sativum for. pekinense oil exhibited the strongest inhibition of growth of T. rubrum, T. erinacei, and T. soudanense with MICs (minimum inhibiting concentrations) of 64microg/ml, while the activities of A. cepa and A. fistulosum were relatively mild. The inhibiting activities of the oils on Sabouraud agar plates were dose dependent against Trichophyton species. Additionally, these oils showed significant synergistic antifungal activity when combined with ketoconazole in the checkerboard titer test and disk diffusion test.

Allium↗
PubMed1994

Melaleuca oil (tea tree oil) dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Melaleuca oil (tea tree oil) is the essential oil distilled from the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel. Tea tree oil is popular for treating various cutaneous maladies. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine which constituent compounds of Melaleuca oil are responsible for allergic contact eczema in seven patients who became sensitized. METHODS: The seven patients were patch tested with Finn Chambers to a 1% solution (vol/vol) of melaleuca oil and 1% solutions (vol/vol) of 11 constituent compounds. RESULTS: Of seven patients reactive to the 1% melaleuca oil solution, six patients also reacted to limonene, five to alpha-terpinene and aromadendrene, 2 to terpinen-4-ol, and one each to p-cymene and alpha-phellandrene. d-Carvone, an autooxidative derivative of limonene, caused no reactions among the seven patients. CONCLUSION: d-Limonene was the most common allergen causing allergic contact eczema in our patients. Clinicians are likely to see more contact eczema caused by the increasing use of this popular nostrum.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Treatment of functional dyspepsia with a fixed peppermint oil and caraway oil combination preparation as compared to cisapride. A multicenter, reference-controlled double-blind equivalence study.

The therapeutic equivalence of a fixed combination preparation consisting of peppermint oil and caraway oil (PCC, Enteroplant) and the prokinetic agent cisapride (CIS, CAS 81098-60-4) was investigated in a four-week randomized controlled double-blind study with planned adaptive interim analysis. The study comprised 120 outpatients with functional dyspepsia. The efficacy was evaluated in 118 patients. Of these, 60 patients received the enteric-coated combination preparation (2 x 1 capsule containing 90 mg peppermint oil +50 mg caraway oil per day) and 58 patients received the reference preparation cisapride (3 x 10 mg/day). The mean reduction of the pain score (primary variable) recorded on a visual analog scale (VAS) during the four-week treatment was 4.62 points with the peppermint oil/caraway oil preparation. This score was comparable with the mean reduction under cisapride (4.60 points) (p = 0.021; test for equivalence). Equivalence was also found in the secondary variable "frequency of pain" with a reduction by 4.65 points under PCC and by 4.16 points under cisapride carried out on an exploratory basis (p = 0.0034). Comparable results were attained with both treatments in the Dyspeptic Discomfort Score which included the other dyspeptic symptoms as well as intestinal and extraintestinal autonomic symptoms, in the prognosis as appraised by the physician and in the CGI scales (Clinical Global Impressions). Corresponding results were also found in Helicobacter pylori-positive patients and patients with initially intense epigastric pain in the two treatment groups. The combination preparation consisting of peppermint oil and caraway, oil appears to be comparable with cisapride and provides an effective means for treatment of functional dyspepsia. Both medications were tolerated well (adverse events were reported in 12 patients of the PCC group and in 14 patients of the CIS group).

Cisapride↗
PubMed2002

High-oleic and high-stearic cottonseed oils: nutritionally improved cooking oils developed using gene silencing.

Gene technology and plant breeding are combining to provide powerful means for modifying the composition of oilseeds to improve their nutritional value and provide the functional properties required for various food oil applications. Major alterations in the proportions of individual fatty acids have been achieved in a range of oilseeds using conventional selection, induced mutation and, more recently, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). In particular, a number of high-oleic oils have been developed in order to provide high-stability cooking oils. These oils provide the opportunity to replace the current widespread use of saturated fats and hydrogenated oils that contribute significantly to increased risk of cardiovascular disease due to the effect of saturated and trans-fatty acids on elevating LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream. Similarly, oils with increased stearic acid content are being developed to enable the production of solid fats without the need for hydrogenation. We have recently applied hpRNA-mediated PTGS in cotton to down-regulate key fatty acid desaturase genes and develop nutritionally-improved high-oleic (HO) and high-stearic (HS) cottonseed oils (CSOs). Silencing of the ghFAD2-1 delta12-desaturase gene raised oleic acid content from 13% to 78% and silencing of the ghSAD-1 delta9-desaturase gene substantially increased stearic acid from the normal level of 2% to as high as 40%. Additionally, palmitic acid was significantly lowered from 26% to 15% in both HO and HS lines. Intercrossing the HS and HO lines resulted in a wide range of unique intermediate combinations of palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic contents. The oxidative stability, flavor characteristics and physical properties of these novel CSOs are currently being evaluated by food technologists.

Cottonseed Oil↗