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PubMed1981

Effect of (-)-hydroxycitrate on development of obesity in the Zucker obese rat.

Young Zucker lean (Fa/-) and obese (fa/fa) female rats were fed the fatty acid synthesis inhibitor (-)-hydroxy-citrate as a dietary admixture for 39 days. In the lean rats, (-)-hydroxycitrate treatment decreased body weight, food intake, percent of body fat, and fat cell size. In the obese rat, food intake and body weight were reduced but the percent of body fat remained unchanged. Throughout the treatment period, obese rats maintained a fat cell size equivalent to their obese controls. Although a reduction in fat cell number in the obese rats occurred during the treatment period, marked hyperplasia was observed during the posttreatment period. The results of this study indicate that the obese rat, despite a substantial reduction in body weight produced by (-)-hydroxycitrate, still defends its obese body composition.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Child obesity in Navarra: evolution, tendency and relation between child and adult obesity. Pecna study].

INTRODUCTION: Excess of weight at an adult age is linked to an increased risk of dying. Obesity during childhood has been increasing in recent years in the developed countries. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of obesity in an infant-youth population of Navarra and its follow up over six years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Longitudinal study of a cohort formed by 1,164 children of both sexes of 4, 10 and 17 years of age at the start of the study, with data collection in 1987 and 1993. Obesity was calculated using the Index of Corporal Mass or Quetelet Index (QI) higher than percentile 90 for their age and sex. RESULTS: The rate of response obtained was 63.3% (n=737). Between 1987 and 1993 there was an increase of 5% in the obese population (p<0.01). There is a significant correlation (r=0.72) between the values of the QI at the start of the study and those obtained at its conclusion. Some 61.4% of the individuals belonging to the higher quintile of the sample at the start of the study continued belonging to this quintile after six years of follow up. CONCLUSIONS: There was an increase in obesity, in correspondence with the findings of similar studies. There is good "tracking" between obesity during childhood and its presence at an adult age. The strategies for prevention of obesity must start from infancy.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1995

Fiber intake of normal weight, moderately obese and severely obese subjects.

The lack of dietary fiber may be a contributing factor in obesity. This study examined the fiber intake of three weight groups: normal (20.0 < or = BMI < or = 27.0), moderately obese (27.1 < or = BMI < or = 39.9) and severely obese (BMI > or = 40.0). Each group contained 50 subjects. Detailed 3-day food records were used to gather the nutritional data. Fiber intake in the normal weight group was 18.8 +/- 9.3 grams, the moderately obese consumed 13.3 +/- 5.8 grams of fiber and the severely obese 13.7 +/- 5.7 grams. Total fiber intake in grams was found to be significantly higher in the lean group (p < 0.05) and was positively associated with sex and education level with men and more highly educated individuals consuming more fiber. Using regression analysis total fiber in grams and fiber in g/1000 kcalories was inversely associated with BMI after adjusting for sex, age, education level and income (p < 0.01). A high fiber diet may help to promote a negative energy balance by causing early satiety secondary to gastric distention. Dietitians and physicians need to emphasize the importance of a high fiber diet to their obese patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Protein intake in the first year of life: a risk factor for later obesity? The E.U. childhood obesity project.

Effective strategies for primary prevention are urgently needed to combat the rapidly increasing prevalence of childhood obesity. Evidence accumulates that early nutrition programmes later obesity risk. Breast feeding reduces the odds ratio for obesity at school age, adjusted for biological and sociodemographic confounding variables, by some 20-25%. We propose that the protective effect of breast feeding is related in part by the induction of a lower weight gain in infancy, which is related to differences in substrate intake. Protein intake per kg bodyweight is some 55-80% higher in formula fed than in breast fed infants. We hypothesize that high early protein intakes in excess of metabolic requirements enhance weight gain in infancy and increase later obesity risk (the "early protein hypothesis"). The European Childhood Obesity Programme tests this hypothesis in a randomized double blind intervention trial in 1150 infants in five European centres. Infants that are not breast fed are randomized to formulae with higher or lower protein content and followed up to school age. If an effect of infant feeding habits on later obesity risk should be established, there is great potential for effective preventive intervention with a significant potential health benefit for the child and adult population.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Effect of swim training on development of obesity in the genetically obese rat.

Seven-week-old female lean and obese Zucker rats were swim trained or kept sedentary for 8 wk. Another group of obese rats was exercised plus food restricted. During exercise training, obese and lean rats ate more but gained less body weight than sedentary controls. Exercise favorably altered body composition, adipose cellularity, and plasma insulin of the obese rat. Exercise plus food restriction more dramatically affected body composition and adipose cellularity but was no more effective in depressing hyperinsulinemia than exercise alone. Following 8 wk of retirement, dorsal fat cell number remained depressed to formerly exercised obese rats whereas adipose cellularity in other depots, body composition, and plasma insulin were similar to control levels. Thus, exercise delayed but did not prevent the full development of obesity in the Zucker rat. Food restriction along with exercise resulted in more permanent effects on adipose cellularity than exercise alone but stunted muscle and skeletal growth.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1983

Diurnal rhythm for corticosterone in obese (ob/ob) diabetes (db/db) and gold-thioglucose-induced obesity in mice.

The present studies have examined the diurnal rhythm of corticosterone in genetically obese mice and in mice made obese by treatment with gold thioglucose. The values of corticosterone were significantly higher in the ob/ob mice than in lean mice at each of the four time points measured. The diurnal pattern for corticosterone in ob/ob mice, however, was similar to that in lean mice at both 6 and 12 weeks of age and had a nadir at 0700 h and a zenith at 1800 h. In mice with gold thioglucose-induced obesity, on the other hand, the corticosterone values were the same in the obese and lean control mice 6 weeks after treatment with gold thioglucose. By 12 weeks after gold thioglucose treatment, the obese animals had higher corticosterone levels in the morning than lean animals, but the peak values at 1800 h were not different. Restriction of body weight gain by allowing obese and lean mice food for only 4 h daily altered the pattern of corticosterone, but the values in the ob/ob mice remained higher than those in the lean mice. The corticosterone values of db/db mice housed at 24 C were significantly higher at 0800 and 1800 h than those in lean mice, and the diurnal rhythm was present, but smaller, in the db/db mice. In db/db and lean mice housed at an ambient temperature of 33 C, the corticosterone concentrations increased to the same values, and the diurnal rhythm was blunted in both. At the higher ambient temperature, the db/db mice gained weight more slowly, whereas the lean mice showed no weight gain.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Exercise therapy as a treatment for psychopathologic conditions in obese and morbidly obese adolescents: a randomized, controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a proof-of-concept, randomized, controlled trial to investigate the effects of a supervised exercise therapy intervention on psychopathologic outcomes in obese adolescents. METHODS: The participant sample consisted of 81 adolescents (age: 11-16 years) who had been referred to a children's hospital for evaluation of obesity or who responded to a community advertisement. Participants were assigned randomly to exercise therapy, an equal-contact exercise placebo intervention, or usual care. Intervention participants attended 3 one-on-one sessions per week for 8 weeks and then completed a home program for another 6 weeks. Outcomes included self-perceptions (self-esteem), depression, affect, physical activity, aerobic fitness, and BMI. RESULTS: A total of 18 of 81 participants were categorized as morbidly obese (BMI SD score: > 3.5; adult equivalent BMI: > or = 40). At baseline, 30.3% of participants had a Children's Depression Inventory score of > or = 13, and 27% reported recent suicidal ideation. Repeated-measures mixed analysis of covariance (controlling for baseline scores) revealed significant changes in physical self-worth, associated measures of self-esteem, and physical activity over time, consistently favoring exercise therapy. There were no significant changes in BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Findings confirmed psychopathologic conditions as a serious health concern in obese and morbidly obese adolescents. Our study is the first randomized, controlled trial to demonstrate that a brief supervised exercise therapy intervention has the potential to improve psychopathologic outcomes significantly and to increase physical activity in obese adolescents, relative to usual care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Effect of phillyrin on the anti-obesity in nutritive obesity mice].

OBJECTIVE: To study on the anti-obesity effect of phillyrin in nutritive obesity mice. METHOD: The alimentary obesity model was established by hyperalimentation. The wet weight of fat, fat index, number of fat cells per unit visual field, Lee's index, jejunum microvillus area, serum triglyceride and cholesterol were selected to observe the anti-obesity effect of phillyrin. RESULT: Phillyrin could lower wet weight of fat (P < 0.01), fat index (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), diameter of fat cell and Lee's index (P < 0.05), decrease the jejunum microvillus area, lower the level of serum triglyceride and cholesterol. CONCLUSION: Phillyrin has anti-obesity effect in nutritive obesity mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[New knowledge about obesity--news for obese patients?].

This review explains and surveys very recent findings and experimental results concerning molecular pathology and genetics of overweight and obesity and also evaluates their relevance for the actual treatment of obesity at present. Most of these studies were done on inbred obese mice or rats and it is yet unknown to what extent the results do apply to human overweight. Nevertheless these studies led to the discovery of a new hormone--OB-protein or leptin--produced by adipocytes of animals. It does not only increase satiety by influencing feeding centers and decrease body weight but it also interferes with several peripheral metabolic functions. Mutations of leptin expression or expression of leptin receptors as observed in animals are, however, very rare in humans. In obese individuals (and animals) there is a yet unexplained resistance to the effects of leptin which interferes with successful therapeutic use of leptin in human obesity. Various other recently discovered transmitters modifying feeding habits may, however, become targets of future drugs making dietary weight loss and its maintenance more acceptable and successful. At present obese people and patients have to rely, however, on traditional methods of weight loss though these are known to yield poor results over prolonged periods of time. Orlistat, a recently introduced drug results in malabsorption of fat from the gut by inhibiting lipases. Though it is not based on recent insights to regulation of body weight it is promising primarily for educating patients to reduce their nutritional fat intake.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001.

CONTEXT: Obesity and diabetes are increasing in the United States. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of obesity and diabetes among US adults in 2001. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Random-digit telephone survey of 195 005 adults aged 18 years or older residing in all states participating in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 2001. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Body mass index, based on self-reported weight and height and self-reported diabetes. RESULTS: In 2001 the prevalence of obesity (BMI > or =30) was 20.9% vs 19.8% in 2000, an increase of 5.6%. The prevalence of diabetes increased to 7.9% vs 7.3% in 2000, an increase of 8.2%. The prevalence of BMI of 40 or higher in 2001 was 2.3%. Overweight and obesity were significantly associated with diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, asthma, arthritis, and poor health status. Compared with adults with normal weight, adults with a BMI of 40 or higher had an odds ratio (OR) of 7.37 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.39-8.50) for diagnosed diabetes, 6.38 (95% CI, 5.67-7.17) for high blood pressure, 1.88 (95% CI,1.67-2.13) for high cholesterol levels, 2.72 (95% CI, 2.38-3.12) for asthma, 4.41 (95% CI, 3.91-4.97) for arthritis, and 4.19 (95% CI, 3.68-4.76) for fair or poor health. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in obesity and diabetes among US adults continue in both sexes, all ages, all races, all educational levels, and all smoking levels. Obesity is strongly associated with several major health risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Childhood obesity and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a newly described comorbidity in obese hospitalized children.

OBJECTIVE: The current study described a subgroup of children presenting with obesity and comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and assessed a possible casual relationship. METHOD: School-aged children hospitalized for obesity (body mass index [BMI] >85%) in a tertiary referral center underwent extensive evaluations and were prospectively assessed for comorbid AD/HD. RESULTS: During a 4-year period, 32 obese school-aged children were hospitalized and 26 were included in the current study. We found that over one half (57.7%) suffered from comorbid AD/HD. DISCUSSION: AD/HD shows a high comorbidity among obese hospitalized children. The characteristic difficulty in regulation found in AD/HD may be a risk factor for the development of abnormal eating behaviors leading to obesity. We suggest that obese children should be screened routinely for AD/HD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Zinc supplementation aggravates body fat accumulation in genetically obese mice and dietary-obese mice.

A perturbation of zinc metabolism has been noted in numerous laboratory animals with diabetes and obesity. The effects of zinc supplementation on body fat deposition in two types of experimental obese mice: genetically obese (ob/ob) mice and high-fat diet-induced ICR obese (HF) mice were investigated in this study. Their lean controls were +/? mice, and ICR on basal diet, respectively. The mice in the zinc-supplemented groups were administered 200 mg/kg zinc in their diets for 6 wk. Both the ob/ob mice and the HF mice, that were fed a diet containing a marginal zinc dosage (4-6 mg/kg), had lower zinc levels in their serum and carcass, and higher body fat content than their respective lean controls (p < 0.01). After zinc supplementation, ob/ob mice and the HF mice significantly (p < 0.05) increased their body fat by 49.4% and 18.9%, respectively. This study revealed that body fat deposition can be aggravated by zinc supplementation in both types of obese mice. Zinc may be associated with the energy homeostasis of obesity, via its interaction with dietary fat consumption.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

Plasma B-cell tropin (ACTH22-39) concentration in lean and obese (ob/ob) mice and lean and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats.

A method has been developed for the measurement of plasma concentrations of Beta-cell tropin (BCT), which is a potent insulinotropic and lipogenic peptide secreted by the pituitary. The method was employed to compare plasma Beta-cell tropin concentrations between lean and genetically obese (ob/ob) mice and between lean and genetically obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. The plasma concentration in lean mice was 0.17 +/- 0.02 (5)nmole/l (mean +/- SEM, n = 5), while that in obese (ob/ob) mice was significantly higher, being 2.88 +/- 1.13 (5)nmole/l. The plasma BCT concentration in Zucker rats was 0.14 +/- 0.02 (15)nmole/l, while that in obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats was significantly higher, being 1.69 +/- 0.72 (16)nmole/l. These results explain previously observed differences in the Beta-cell tropin-like biological activity in plasma from lean and obese animals, and support the hypothesis that the peptide has a role in the development of hyperinsulinaemia and obesity.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1994

Characterization of plasma lipids in genetically obese mice: the mutants obese, diabetes, fat, tubby, and lethal yellow.

Plasma lipid levels were measured in control strains C57BL/6J (B6) and C57BL/KsJ (BKs) and in the mutants obese (ob), diabetes (db), fat (fat), tubby (tub), and lethal yellow (Ay), which are considered models of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), to determine if perturbations in plasma lipids were similar to those observed in the obese or diabetic human population. Compared with control mice, obese, diabetes, tubby, and lethal yellow mice had triglyceride levels that were elevated 1.5-fold to twofold, but fat mice had triglyceride levels similar to those of controls. Elevated plasma cholesterol levels, which were also observed in most mutant mice, were mainly due to an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The degree of hypercholesterolemia appeared to be related to the age of onset and severity of the obesity and diabetes phenotype, with the greatest elevations occurring in obese and diabetes, milder elevations in fat mice of both sexes, male tubby, and male yellow mice, and no apparent changes in female tubby or lethal yellow mice. Plasma HDL-C and glucose levels and body weight in B6-db/db mice and their normal littermates were measured at intervals between 2 and 12 weeks of age to determine when the changes in cholesterol occurred in relationship to hyperglycemia and obesity. An elevation in HDL-C in B6-db/db mice was apparent by 3 weeks of age, a time concurrent with the elevation in blood glucose but before any weight differences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of dyslipidemia in non-obese prepubertal children and its association with family history of diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity.

BACKGROUND: Because obesity masks the need for screening, there is no previous description of dyslipidemia in healthy normal-weight children. The aims of this study were a) to determine the prevalence of disorders in lipid profile among non-obese prepubertal children, and b) to establish its association with the family history (FH) of high blood pressure (HBP), type 2 diabetes (T2-DM), and obesity. METHODS: A random sample of 439 healthy normal-weight children, 218 girls and 221 boys, aged 10-13 years and Tanner stage 1-2 were enrolled in a community-based cross-sectional study carried out in Durango, in northern Mexico. For verifying accuracy of FH, a direct detailed medical history including anthropometric and laboratory measurements was directly obtained from both parents. RESULTS: Among parents, prevalence (95% CI) of T2-DM, HBP, and obesity was 8.3% (3.5-14.3), 14.2% (8.6-24.6), and 28.5% (24-33), and for hypercholesterolemia, low HDL-cholesterol, high LDL-cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, and mixed hyperlipidemia 17.9 % (15-20), 27.8% (25-30), 14.3% (12-16), 32.3% (29-35), and 9.8 % (8-12), respectively. Among children, prevalence (95% CI) for high total cholesterol, low HDL-cholesterol, high LDL-cholesterol, isolated hypertriglyceridemia, and mixed hyperlipidemia was 15.9% (12.6-19.5); 6.2% (4.0-8.5); 14.6% (11.4-18.0); 9.3% (6.7-12.2); and 3.6% (2.1-5.8), respectively. Sex- and birth weight-adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) showed that FH of T2-DM, but not of HBP and obesity, was associated with hypercholesterolemia (2.1; 1.2-6.2), low HDL-cholesterol (1.8; 1.1-5.7), and hypertriglyceridemia (2.3; 1.1-6.4). CONCLUSIONS: Non-obese children in this sample display a high prevalence of abnormalities in lipid profile associated with FH of T2-DM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Obese type 2 diabetics and obese patients have comparable plasma phospholipid fatty acid compositions deviating from that of healthy individuals.

There exist controversial reports regarding the differences in phospholipid fatty acids in type 2 diabetic and obese patients as compared to controls. The study was aimed at assessing the combined effect of type 2 diabetes and obesity on the fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids. The experimental group consisted of 23 Belgian obese type 2 diabetics on Metformin. Two control groups were used: healthy lean and obese individuals in the same BMI range as the diabetics. Plasma phospholipids were isolated and their fatty acids and vinyl ether moieties were determined. Significance was set at P < 0.01. Plasma phospholipid fatty acids and plasmalogen-derived dimethyl acetals in diabetics deviated in many respects from these of lean controls but were not significantly different from those of obese non-diabetic patients. Therefore, the deviations of the fatty acid pattern of plasma phospholipids in type 2 diabetes may be attributed to obesity rather than to diabetes itself.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Elevated energy expenditure and reduced energy intake in obese prepubertal children: paradox of poor dietary reliability in obesity?

The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of two common methods used to assess energy intake. A 3-day weighed dietary record and a dietary history were collected and compared with the total daily energy expenditure (TEE) assessed by the heart rate method in a group of 12 obese and 12 nonobese prepubertal children (mean age 9.3 +/- 1.1 years vs 9.3 +/- 0.4 years). The TEE value was higher in obese than in nonobese children (9.89 +/- 1.08 vs 8.13 +/- 1.39 MJ/day; p < 0.01). Energy intake assessed by the dietary record was significantly lower than TEE in the obese children (7.06 +/- 0.98 MJ/day; p < 0.001) but comparable to TEE in the nonobese children (8.03 +/- 0.99 MJ/day; p = not significant). Energy intake assessed by diet history was lower than TEE in the obese children (8.37 +/- 1.35 MJ/day, p < 0.05) but close to TEE in the nonobese children (8.64 +/- 1.54 MJ/day, p = not significant). These results suggest that obese children underreport food intake and that the dietary record and the diet history are not valid means of assessing energy intake in obese prepubertal children.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2005

Development and validation of a French obesity-specific quality of life questionnaire: Quality of Life, Obesity and Dietetics (QOLOD) rating scale.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a new health related quality of life (HRQOL) questionnaire specific to obesity and its management. METHODS: This study was in two parts. The first (Study 1) consisted of the creation of a new tool derived from the American "Impact of Weight on Quality of Life Questionnaire" (IWQOL, 74 items) by adding to it a 17 items specific complementary module. This initial questionnaire (91 items) was reduced so as to obtain a questionnaire adapted to socio-cultural factors of obesity and dietary weight management in France. The objective of the second (Study 2) was to validate this final questionnaire by evaluating its psychometric properties: construction validity, internal reliability, concurrent validity in relation to a generic questionnaire, the SF-12, clinical validity by studying the effects of age, gender and body mass index (BMI), and reproducibility. RESULTS: The results of Study 1, obtained in 128 obese patients (mean age: 42.5 12.1, BMI: 34.5 2.8 kg/m2, women: 83.6%) enabled reduction of the 91 questionnaire items to 36, grouped into 5 dimensions: physical impact, psycho-social impact, sex life, comfort with food and diet experience. Two hundred and twelve patients (mean age: 43.3 12.2, BMI: 35.8 7.4 kg/m2, women: 77.7%) were included in Study 2, among whom 75 filled out the questionnaire twice at a one week interval. Analyses enabled verification of the construction validity and internal reliability (Cronbach alpha > 0.7) of the questionnaire as well as its concurrent validity in relation to summarized SF-12 scores and its clinical validity. The "physical impact" dimension was significantly influenced by BMI and age, the dimensions "sex life" and "diet experience" by the factors gender and BMI, while "psycho-social impact" was influenced by the 3 factors cited. Its reproducibility was also deemed satisfactory (intra-class correlation coefficient > 0.8). CONCLUSION: This new questionnaire, called the "Echelle Qualité de Vie, Obésité et Diététique (EQVOD)"/"Quality of Life, Obesity and Dietetics (QOLOD)" rating scale is sufficiently reliable and reproducible to be used in clinical practice. It is a simple tool adapted to socio-cultural factors of obesity in France, enabling taking into account of the effects of dietary management on the HRQOL of obese people.

Activities of Daily Living↗