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PubMed2001

Effect of L-NAME on oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy-intensity exercise in the horse.

There is evidence that oxidative enzyme inertia plays a major role in limiting/setting the O(2) uptake (VO(2)) response at the transition to higher metabolic rates and also that nitric oxide (NO) competitively inhibits VO(2) within the electron transport chain. To investigate whether NO is important in setting the dynamic response of VO(2) at the onset of high-intensity (heavy-domain) running in horses, five geldings were run on a treadmill across speed transitions from 3 m/s to speeds corresponding to 80% of peak VO(2) with and without nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an NO synthase inhibitor (20 mg/kg; order randomized). L-NAME did not alter (both P > 0.05) baseline (3 m/s, 15.4 +/- 0.3 and 16.2 +/- 0.5 l/min for control and L-NAME, respectively) or end-exercise VO(2) (56.9 +/- 5.1 and 55.2 +/- 5.8 l/min for control and L-NAME, respectively). However, in the L-NAME trial, the primary on-kinetic response was significantly (P < 0.05) faster (i.e., reduced time constant, 27.0 +/- 2.7 and 18.7 +/- 3.0 s for control and L-NAME, respectively), despite no change in the gain of VO(2) (P > 0.05). The faster on-kinetic response was confirmed independent of modeling by reduced time to 50, 63, and 75% of overall VO(2) response (all P < 0.05). In addition, onset of the VO(2) slow component occurred earlier (124.6 +/- 11.2 and 65.0 +/- 6.6 s for control and L-NAME, respectively), and the magnitude of the O(2) deficit was attenuated (both P < 0.05) in the L-NAME compared with the control trial. Acceleration of the VO(2) kinetics by L-NAME suggests that NO inhibition of mitochondrial VO(2) may contribute, in part, to the intrinsic metabolic inertia evidenced at the transition to higher metabolic rates in the horse.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

L-NAME hypertension alters endothelial and smooth muscle function in rat aorta. Prevention by trandolapril and verapamil.

Nitric oxide is an important regulator of vascular function and blood pressure. Chronic administration of nitric oxide inhibitors provides a new model of hypertension with pronounced target organ damage. We investigated the effects of oral treatment with N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) for 6 weeks on vascular reactivity of the aorta in Wistar-Kyoto rats. Certain rats received verapamil or trandolapril in addition to L-NAME. Systolic blood pressure increased in the L-NAME group (by approximately or equal to 80 mm Hg systolic) but not in controls or rats treated with verapamil or trandolapril. Isometric tension changes of aortic rings were recorded. Endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine were reduced in the L-NAME group (58 +/- 6% versus 104 +/- 1% in placebo, P < .05) but were normalized by treatment with verapamil or trandolapril. In contrast, endothelium-independent relaxations to sodium nitroprusside were not significantly reduced in L-NAME hypertension but were slightly enhanced by trandolapril therapy (P < .05) in the L-NAME group only. In quiescent rings, acetylcholine caused endothelium-dependent contractions in particular after in vitro incubation with L-NAME. These contractions tended to be enhanced in L-NAME hypertension (23 +/- 4% versus 14 +/- 3% in the placebo group; P = NS) and were significantly reduced after treatment with verapamil or trandolapril (P < .05). Concentrations to norepinephrine and angiotensin I and II were unaffected by L-NAME hypertension, whereas those to endothelin-1 were reduced (P < .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1990

On patients' disclosure of parents' and siblings' names during treatment.

The patient's spontaneous disclosure of a parent's name is frequently associated with appearance of core conflicts, especially genetic and transference themes of incest, other oedipal derivatives, and separation anxiety. Using a parent's first name has the unconscious implication of incest, since one is doing something which one's other parent but not oneself is allowed to do. In some primitive cultures, saying aloud the names of one's parents was strictly forbidden. Disclosing a parent's name to the analyst may parallel the developmental step during childhood when the patient learned the parent had a first name. The child's acquisition of language, including proper names, fosters object constancy and the internalization of the parents, from whom language is learned. For patients who do not usually refer to a sibling by name, disclosure of the sibling's name may also reflect the concurrent emergence of central conflicts. In particular, such disclosure may accompany associations about an earlier closeness with the sibling giving way to subsequent estrangement. Naming the sibling may also mark an intensification of a sibling transference to the analyst.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) causes limb defects in mouse fetuses: protective effect of acute hyperoxia.

In the present study the relationship between exposure to the nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor Nomega-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) and the induction of limb defects, with respect to stage specificity and dose dependency, was investigated in the mouse. ICR (CD-1) mice were dosed s.c with l-NAME at 50 or 90 mg/kg on gestation d 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16. A group of animals treated with vehicle on gestation d 14 served as control. Uterine contents were evaluated for teratogenesis on gestation d 18. A treatment-related disruption of limb development was noted. The effect was dose dependent and phase specific. l-NAME became teratogenically operational on gestation d 13 and elicited its maximum effect on gestation d 14, whereas no significant teratogenicity was observed when exposure occurred after gestation d 15. In utero exposure to l-NAME also reduced embryo viability relative to controls. When the higher dose was injected on gestation d 16, a significant number of dams delivered preterm. In a parallel study, the ability of hyperoxia to prevent limb teratogenesis was investigated. To this aim, a group of l-NAME-treated animals (90 mg/kg s.c. on gestation d 14) were exposed to 98 to 100% O(2) for 12 h. l-NAME-treated mice breathing room air served as positive controls. In response to hyperoxia, a significant decrement of l-NAME-induced limb defects was found. This study characterizes for the first time the teratogenic capacity of l-NAME in the mouse. Results obtained with hyperoxia fit the hypothesis that hypoxic tissue damage may play a contributory role in l-NAME-induced limb defects.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Anatomic dissociation of auditory and visual naming in the lateral temporal cortex.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Visual object naming traditionally has been used to identify cortical areas essential for naming (i.e., word retrieval), and investigators have found critical naming sites in the middle and posterior temporal region in most patients. Based on clinical observation, empirical findings, and the pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy, the authors hypothesized that naming sites identified from auditory cues might also be relevant, and that within the temporal region, these sites would be anatomically distinct and located anterior to naming sites based on visual cues. METHODS: Twenty patients requiring resective surgery involving the left (language dominant) temporal lobe underwent pre-resection language mapping using direct cortical stimulation. Visual and auditory naming were tested at lateral temporal sites extending from 1 cm from the anterior tip to the parietal operculum. RESULTS: Auditory naming was consistently disrupted by stimulation in the anterior temporal lobe, whereas both auditory and visual naming were impaired by stimulation in the posterior temporal region. CONCLUSIONS: This pattern may explain why word finding difficulties sometimes arise or worsen following surgical procedures in which the anterior temporal region is resected without language mapping, or when resection is based on mapping that identifies language cortex exclusively using visual tasks. These results suggest that utilization of auditory based naming tasks might improve pre-resection identification of essential language cortex during direct stimulation cortical mapping, as well as noninvasive localization of dysfunction during presurgical cognitive testing.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1998

Effect of L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, on cardiopulmonary function in human septic shock.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: We tested the effects of continuous infusion of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, on cardiovascular performance and pulmonary gas exchange in patients with hyperdynamic septic shock. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SETTING: ICU of a university hospital. PATIENTS: Eleven critically ill patients with severe refractory septic shock. INTERVENTIONS: Standard hemodynamic measurements were made and blood samples taken before, during, and after 12 h of continuous infusion of 1 mg/kg/h of L-NAME. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Continuous infusion of L-NAME increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 65+/-3 (SEM) to 93+/-4 mm Hg and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) from 962+/-121 to 1,563+/-173 dyne x s x cm(-5)/m2. Parallel to this, cardiac index (CI) decreased from 4.8+/-0.4 to 3.9+/-0.4 L/min/m2 and myocardial stroke volume (SV) was reduced from 43+/-3 to 34+/-3 mL/m2. Left ventricular stroke work was increased in the first hour of L-NAME infusion from 31+/-3 to 43+/-4 g x m/m2 (all p<0.01 compared with baseline). Heart rate, cardiac filling pressures, and right ventricular stroke work did not change significantly (p>0.05). L-NAME increased the ratio of arterial PO2 to the fraction of inspired O2 from 167+/-23 to 212+/-27 mm Hg (p<0.05). Venous admixture (QVA/QT) was reduced from 19.4+/-2.6% to 14.2+/-2.1% (p<0.05) and oxygen extraction ratio increased from 21.1+/-2.4% to 25.3+/-2.7% (p<0.05). Oxygen delivery (DO2) was reduced following L-NAME, whereas oxygen uptake and arterial lactate and pH were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged inhibition of NO synthesis with L-NAME can restore MAP and SVR in patients with severe septic shock. Myocardial SV and CI decrease, probably as a result of increased afterload, since heart rate and stroke work were not reduced. L-NAME can improve pulmonary gas exchange with a concomitant reduction in QVA/QT. L-NAME did not promote anaerobe metabolism despite a reduction in DO2.

Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed2004

Levels-of-processing effects on a task of olfactory naming.

The effects of odor processing were investigated at various analytical levels, from simple sensory analysis to deep or semantic analysis, on a subsequent task of odor naming. Students (106 women, 23.6 +/- 5.5 yr. old; 65 men, 25.1 +/- 7.1 yr. old) were tested. The experimental procedure included two successive sessions, a first session to characterize a set of 30 odors with criteria that used various depths of processing and a second session to name the odors as quickly as possible. Four processing conditions rated the odors using descriptors before naming the odor. The control condition did not rate the odors before naming. The processing conditions were based on lower-level olfactory judgments (superficial processing), higher-level olfactory-gustatory-somesthetic judgments (deep processing), and higher-level nonolfactory judgments (Deep-Control processing, with subjects rating odors with auditory and visual descriptors). One experimental condition successively grouped lower- and higher-level olfactory judgments (Superficial-Deep processing). A naming index which depended on response accuracy and the subjects' response time were calculated. Odor naming was modified for 18 out of 30 odorants as a function of the level of processing required. For 94.5% of significant variations, the scores for odor naming were higher following those tasks for which it was hypothesized that the necessary olfactory processing was carried out at a deeper level. Performance in the naming task was progressively improved as follows: no rating of odors, then superficial, deep-control, deep, and superficial-deep processings. These data show that the deepest olfactory encoding was later associated with progressively higher performance in naming.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Modification by L-NAME of codeine induced analgesia: possible role of nitric oxide.

Objectives were to investigate the effect of nonselective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, L-NAME on codeine-induced analgesia and to see the role of NO in its antinociceptive effect. Also, to see if L-NAME can potentiate the antinociceptive response of sub-effective dose of codeine and to explore if opioid receptors have some role to play in L-NAME effects. Mice were injected with selected doses of codeine or other selected agents intraperitoneally and the latency to hot plate was recorded at zero, 15, 30, and 60 min of the treatments. The antinociceptive response of codeine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was studied in comparison to those of the NOS inhibitor, L-NAME, and of nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Assessment of nitrates and nitrites (NOx) in the sera of treated mice were also made. Codeine (20 mg/kg dose), induced analgesia significantly and dose dependently only after 15 min. L-NAME at 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg dose levels significantly changed the nonanalgesic effect of codeine (10 mg/kg) to highly significant analgesia. The effect of L-NAME 40 mg/kg was significantly higher than the other two doses and was almost equal to that of the higher dose of codeine. Naloxone itself did not show any intrinsic effect but almost abolished the L-NAME-codeine induced analgesia. Similarly, SNP (1 mg/kg) reversed the decrease in reaction time by L-NAME-codeine to its control values, significantly. Pretreatment with L-NAME rendered the nonanalgesic dose of codeine significantly analgesic almost in an equal potency to the high dose of codeine alone and indicate that the NO modulatory effect on the opioid analgesic codeine is probably, at least in part, through opioid receptors.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1997

Perceptual differentiation as a source of category effects in object processing: evidence from naming and object decision.

The locus of category effects in picture recognition and naming was examined in two experiments with normal subjects. Subjects carried out object decision (deciding whether the stimulus is a "real" object or not) and naming tasks with pictures of clothing, furniture, fruit, and vegetables. These categories are distinguished by containing either relatively many exemplars with similar perceptual structures (fruit and vegetables; structurally similar categories), or relatively few exemplars with similar perceptual structures (clothing and furniture; structurally dissimilar categories). In Experiment 1, responses to the stimuli from the structurally similar categories were slower than responses to stimuli from the structurally dissimilar categories, and this effect was larger in the naming than in the object decision task. Further, prior object decisions to stimuli from structurally similar categories facilitated their subsequent naming. In Experiment 2, we orthogonally manipulated object decision and naming as prime and target tasks, again with stimuli from the four categories. Category effects, with responses slower to objects from structurally similar categories, were again larger in naming than in object decision, and these category effects in naming were reduced by priming with both naming and object decision. We interpret the data to indicate that category effects in object naming can reflect visually based competition which is reduced by the preactivation of stored structural knowledge for objects.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Old English plant names from the linguistic and lexicographic viewpoint].

Roughly 1350 Old English plant names have come down to us; this is a relatively large number considering that the attested Old English vocabulary comprises ca. 24 000 words. The plant names are not only interesting for botanists, historians of medicine and many others, but also for philologists and linguists; among other aspects they can investigate their etymology, their morphology (including word-formation) and their meaning and motivation. Practically all Old English texts where plant names occur have been edited (including glosses and glossaries), the names have been listed in the Old English dictionaries, and some specific studies have been devoted to them. Nevertheless no comprehensive systematic analysis of their linguistic structure has been made. Ulrike Krischke is preparing such an analysis. A proper dictionary of the Old English plant names is also a desideratum, especially since the Old English dictionaries available and in progress normally do not deal with morphological and semantic aspects, and many do not provide etymological information. A plant-name dictionary concentrating on this information is being prepared by Hans Sauer and Ulrike Krischke. In our article here, we sketch the state of the art (ch. 1), we deal with some problems of the analysis of Old English plant names (ch. 2), e.g. the delimitation of the word-field plant names, the identification of the plants, errors and problematic spellings in the manuscripts. In ch. 3 we sketch the etymological structure according to chronological layers (Indo-European, Germanic, West-Germanic, Old English) as well as according to the distinction between native words and loan-words; in the latter category, we also mention loan-formations based on Latin models. In ch. 4 we survey the morphological aspects (simplex vs. complex words); among the complex nouns, compounds are by far the largest group (and among those, the noun + noun compounds), but there are also a few suffix formations. We also briefly present some morphological peculiarities, e.g. formations with blocked (unique) morphemes, the question of homonyms, cases of obscuration and of popular etymology. In ch. 5 we outline semantic structures, and in ch. 6, we introduce the structure of the proposed dictionary of the Old English plant names, also providing several specimen entries.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Confusing brand names: nightmare of medical profession.

OBJECTIVE: India has more than 20,000 registered pharmaceutical manufacturers. Consequently, there is a flood of brand names to choose from. We conducted this study to analyse and sort out the multitudinous brand names thronging the Indian market, and identified those that could create a possible confusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Recent issues of drug formularies like Indian Drug Review, Drug Index, and Monthly Index of Medical Specialities-India were checked and all the brand names given were included. Some other brand names that are available with the pharmacists but are not included in these indexes were also included in the study for analysis. OBSERVATIONS: Potentially confusing brand names were sorted out and categorised according to the severity of damage they can cause if misinterpreted by the pharmacist or the patient. Subgroups were made according to the brand name, the generic name, and the manufacturers of the drug. CONCLUSION: Several brand names are strikingly identical, similar looking (orthographic), or similar sounding (phonological). Preventing this possible confusion is not the work of any one person involved. We describe the role of prescribing doctors, dispensing pharmacists, consumer patients, and the manufacturing companies to prevent "wrong prescribing" due to similarities in brand names.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed1996

[The role of EDRF-NO in the regulation of bone blood flow in rats: inhibition with L-NAME].

EDRF-NO probably participates-besides the prostaglandins [3, 4]-in local circulatory changes in the bones of female rats with modified level of sex hormones; we could demonstrate it indirectly using methylene blue as a blocking agent [5]. In this paper, we present corresponding results of two experiments with NG-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) as a substance blocking the production of endothelium derived relaxing factor, i.e. nitric oxide (EDRF-NO). Circulatory values were estimated by means of 85Sr-microspheres. In experiment A we ascertained whether the duration of L-NAME administration (0.025% in the food) influenced the effect. It could be demonstrated that the effect of one week's, two weeks', or four weeks' administration of L-NAME was the same: 85Sr-microsphere uptake and blood flow throught the tibia of female rats, increased after oophorectomy (OOX, performed four weeks prior to the experiment), was significantly suppressed to the level in sham-operated animals. In the experiment B, L-NAME was administered in the food in concentration of 0.05% for two weeks prior to the experiment. 85Sr-microsphere uptake was decreased significantly after L-NAME in the tibia of sham-operated females, in the tibia and distal femur of OOX animals; no significant changes were found in the diaphysis of femur and in calvaria. Blood flow values were significantly decreased in all bone samples of OOX females and in tibia of sham-operated rats (besides the local reaction also due to the decrease in the cardiac output). In both experiments the cardiac output was decreased and blood pressure elevated after L-NAME. It can be concluded, from the results of both experiments, that the blockade of EDRF-NO production by L-NAME decreases local circulatory values in the bones of female rats-particularly OOX-in a similar way as methylene blue; however, in contrast to methylene blue, L-NAME induces marked increase in the blood pressure and partially decrease in the cardiac output. Thus, as in the case of methylene blue, the effect of L-NAME on the circulation of blood in the rat bones supports the hypothesis of the participation of EDRF-NO in bone blood flow regulations.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Auditory P3 responses to name stimuli.

Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were recorded from 10 normal adults in response to their own first names and to other first names spoken on tape. The following experimental conditions were used: 30 repetitions of the subject's first name; 80 other assorted first names from the same gender; 30 repetitions of a first name other than the subject's name. A P3 component was recorded from all ten subjects in response to their own first name, but not to other first names. Utility of this procedure could include assessment of cognitive processing of nonresponsive populations such as comatose patients, stroke patients, demented patients, autistics, infants, and children.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Naming of newly learned objects: a PET activation study.

The present study tracked the naming-related brain activity by positron emission tomography (PET) when successfully learned unfamiliar objects were named. Ten Finnish-speaking subjects participated in the study. Prior to the PET scan, each subject underwent a 4-day long training period in which 40 names of rare unfamiliar objects were taught. The stimulus categories were as follows: unfamiliar but real objects for which both the name and the definition were given during training, only the name was given, no information was given. In addition, familiar objects and visual noise patterns were used. The unfamiliar items mainly represented ancient domestic tools unknown to modern-day people. As semantic support did not affect the PET results, all trained items were pooled together. The trained objects vs. familiar objects contrast revealed rCBF increases in the left inferior frontal cortex (Broca's area), the left anterior temporal area, and the cerebellum. Likewise, the trained objects vs. unfamiliar objects (for which no information was given) contrast revealed more extensive left frontal (roughly Broca's area) and cerebellar rCBF increases, while anterior temporal activation was bilateral. Familiar objects, contrasted with both visual noise patterns and a rest condition, elicited activation increases in expected areas, i.e., bilateral occipital regions and the fusiform gyrus. Our results indicate that the naming of newly learned objects recruits more extensive brain areas than the naming of familiar items, namely a network that includes left-dominant frontotemporal areas and cerebellum. Its activity is tentatively related to enhanced lexical-semantic and lexical-phonological retrieval, as well as associative memory processes.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

The effect of 'masking' on picture naming.

It is frequently assumed that because compared to nonliving things, living things are less familiar, have lower name frequency, and are more visually complex, this makes them more difficult to name by patients and normal subjects. This has also been implicitly accepted as an explanation for the greater incidence of living thing disorders. Patient studies do not, however, typically contain any premorbid data and so, we do not know that the same variables would have necessarily predicted their 'normal' performance. To examine this issue, we measured picture-naming latencies in normal subjects presented with unmasked and masked versions of the same line drawings. In accord with other recent studies, living things were named faster than nonliving things. Furthermore, contrary to some theories of category naming, the living thing advantage persisted regardless of whether stimuli were undegraded, degraded or the density of degradation. Finally, multiple simultaneous regression analyses showed that one visual variable (Euclidean Overlap) and one linguistic variable (Age of Acquisition) predicted naming latencies across all masked and unmasked conditions. Other variables either had no predictive value (Contour Overlap; Name Frequency; Category); predicted only high masking (Visual Complexity; Familiarity), or normal and low masking (Number of Phonemes). These findings imply that the more commonly documented deficits for living things do not reflect an exaggeration of the normal profile (be it with masked or unmasked stimuli) or the influence of the same variables that affect normal naming.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Protein names and how to find them.

A prerequisite for all higher level information extraction tasks is the identification of unknown names in text. Today, when large corpora can consist of billions of words, it is of utmost importance to develop accurate techniques for the automatic detection, extraction and categorization of named entities in these corpora. Although named entity recognition might be regarded a solved problem in some domains, it still poses a significant challenge in others. In this work we focus on one of the more difficult tasks, the identification of protein names in text. This task presents several interesting difficulties because of the named entities variant structural characteristics, their sometimes unclear status as names, the lack of common standards and fixed nomenclatures, and the specifics of the texts in the molecular biology domain in which they appear. We describe how we approached these and other difficulties in the implementation of Yapex, a system for the automatic identification of protein names in text. We also evaluate Yapex under four different notions of correctness and compare its performance to that of another publicly available system for protein name recognition.

Dictionaries as Topic↗
PubMed1997

Personal names and the attentional blink: a visual "cocktail party" effect.

Four experiments were carried out to investigate an early- versus late-selection explanation for the attentional blink (AB). In both Experiments 1 and 2, 3 groups of participants were required to identify a noun (Experiment 1) or a name (Experiment 2) target (experimental conditions) and then to identify the presence or absence of a 2nd target (probe), which was their own name, another name, or a specified noun from among a noun distractor stream (Experiment 1) or a name distractor stream (Experiment 2). The conclusions drawn are that individuals do not experience an AB for their own names but do for either other names or nouns. In Experiments 3 and 4, either the participant's own name or another name was presented, as the target and as the item that immediately followed the target, respectively. An AB effect was revealed in both experimental conditions. The results of these experiments are interpreted as support for a late-selection interference account of the AB.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The availability heuristic: effects of fame and gender on the estimated frequency of male and female names.

In two experiments, Canadian undergraduates heard a list of 13 male names and 13 female names; then they estimated how many male and female names there seemed to be. In Experiment 1, the list consisted of 26 famous names or 26 nonfamous names. Both male and female participants gave similar estimates for the number of male and female names, contradicting hypotheses of a bias toward males or toward one's own gender. In Experiment 2, where the list contained names of famous men and nonfamous women or names of famous women and nonfamous men, participants gave higher estimates for the gender that was famous (effect size d = 0.78). This result confirmed Tversky and Kahneman's (1973) fame availability effect and showed it to be moderate to large in size.

Adult↗