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PubMed2006

Risk factors for anal sphincter tear in multiparas.

OBJECTIVE: To assess maternal, newborn, and obstetric risk factors associated with anal sphincter tear in multiparous women. METHODS: This case-control study identified 18,779 multiparous vaginal deliveries from 1992 to 2004 from an obstetric automated record database at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Two hundred eighty-four patients were selected, 145 cases and 139 controls. Variables from the index pregnancy and prior pregnancies were analyzed, and multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to determine significant predictor variables for anal sphincter tear in multiparous women. RESULTS: One hundred forty-five multiparous women with no history of cesarean delivery sustained a sphincter tear. Multivariable logistic regression showed a significant association with episiotomy (odds ratio [OR] 16.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.7-34.4), shoulder dystocia (OR 7.9, CI 1.6-38), forceps delivery (OR 4.7, CI 2.0-11.2), and being married (OR 2.2, CI 1.1-4.6). A second exploratory model that included variables from previous pregnancies, showed that in addition to episiotomy (OR 34.6, CI 8.8-136), shoulder dystocia (OR 11.1, CI 1.3-95.2), forceps delivery (OR 6.1, CI 1.6-23.5), previous sphincter tear (OR 7.7, CI 1.2-48.7), and second stage of labor greater than 1 hour (OR 6.7, CI 1.1-42.5) were associated with tear. CONCLUSION: The strongest clinical risk factors for anal sphincter tear in multiparous women are episiotomy, shoulder dystocia, previous sphincter tear, prolonged second stage of labor, and forceps delivery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-2.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Are sociodemographic factors predictive of preterm birth? A reappraisal of the 1958 British Perinatal Mortality Survey.

OBJECTIVE: Reassessment of the predictive value of sociodemographic factors on preterm birth. DESIGN: Population-based case-control study. SETTING: England, Wales and Scotland. SAMPLE: The study sample consisted of 5630 primiparous and 9538 multiparous women who were delivered during the first week of March 1958 in Britain. Multiple births were excluded. METHOD: Factors potentially predictive of preterm birth were assessed for primiparous and multiparous women separately, using the split-sample cross-validation technique. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Preterm birth, defined as birth occurring before 259 days of gestation. RESULTS: Preterm birth rates for primiparous and multiparous women were 54 and 53 per 1000 births, respectively. In primiparous women low maternal age (under 20 years) was the only sociodemographic variable that was predictive of preterm birth (P = 0.01). However, only 10.7% of preterm birth among primiparous women was associated with low maternal age. In multiparous women, using univariable analysis, employment status was statistically significantly associated with preterm birth. This association disappeared when employment status was adjusted for by other variables in the model. Social class was not predictive of preterm birth in either primiparous or multiparous women. CONCLUSION: From the results of this study it is concluded that sociodemographic factors do not have a substantial impact on the risk of preterm birth. It seems unlikely that preventative measures aimed at social-demographic adversity will reduce preterm birth rates.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2004

Effects of parity and body condition at parturition on endocrine and reproductive parameters of the cow.

The effect of parity (multiparous vs primiparous) and body condition score (BCS; <3.0 or > or =3.0, lean vs fat) at parturition on metabolic and endocrine profiles from 1 month before to 2 months after parturition were studied in 42 Holstein cows grazing on improved pastures. BCS and milk production were determined every 2 weeks. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxy-butyrate (BHB), insulin, IGF-I, leptin, thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-tri-iodothyroinine (T3) were determined in plasma every 10 days. Progesterone was determined three times per week after parturition. Primiparous cows had a lower BCS during the early postpartum period and produced less milk than multiparous animals. Primiparous cows had higher NEFA concentrations and they presented more samples with BHB concentrations of >1 mmol/l than multiparous cows. Multiparous cows had higher T3, T4 and IGF-I concentrations, while fat cows had higher leptin and IGF-I concentrations. All hormone concentrations were diminished in the first week postpartum. Primiparous cows and fat cows presented a steeper decay of IGF-I and leptin around parturition than multiparous cows and lean cows. While thyroid hormones and IGF-I showed increasing concentrations from approximately day 30, leptin concentrations remained low until the end of the experimental period. The initiation of ovarian cyclicity was delayed in primiparous cows and especially in primiparous lean cows, consistent with longer intervals from parturition to first service and to conception. The endocrine signals most likely to inform the reproductive axis regarding a negative energy balance were IGF-I and leptin.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1992

Primiparous rhesus monkey mothers are more sensitive to the nursing-induced inhibition of LH and ovarian steroid secretion.

The duration of lactational infertility is prolonged significantly in adolescent, primiparous rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) mothers compared with adult, multiparous mothers. The present study examined the hypothesis that this parity/age difference in lactational infertility is due to a difference in the physiological responsiveness to nursing behaviour between adolescent and fully adult mothers and is not a consequence of differences in nursing behaviour, per se. At 22 weeks postpartum, mother-infant pairs were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: primiparous, nursing restricted (PR; n = 9); primiparous, nursing unrestricted (PU; n = 11); multiparous, nursing restricted (MR; n = 12); and multiparous, nursing unrestricted (MU; n = 8). Nursing was restricted for a 2-week period by mothers wearing a primate vest which prevented suckling behaviour but allowed infants to interact with their mothers. Nursing restriction resulted in a significant increase in serum oestradiol concentrations in both PR and MR mothers. Although nursing bout frequencies and durations were similar between PU and MU mothers, serum oestradiol also rose in MU mothers but remained suppressed in PU mothers. Once the nursing manipulation period ended and all mothers were allowed to nurse ad libitum, serum oestradiol concentrations continued to rise in all but the PU mothers. This brief interruption of nursing at 22 weeks postpartum advanced the subsequent timing of the first postpartum ovulation in MR and PR mothers relative to that of PU mothers. Again, despite similarities in nursing behaviour, the occurrence of first ovulation was also advanced in MU mothers compared with PU mothers. Just prior to the first postpartum ovulation, females were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups to determine the effects of nursing behaviour on the hormonal parameters of the luteal phase: primiparous, nursing restricted (PRL; n = 9); primiparous, nursing unrestricted (PUL; n = 11); multiparous, nursing restricted (MRL; n = 10); and multiparous, nursing unrestricted (MUL; n = 10). Nursing restriction significantly elevated serum progesterone concentrations in PRL females compared with other mothers. Serum concentrations of oestradiol were higher in PRL, MRL and MUL mothers relative to PUL females. Again, this difference in oestradiol between PUL and MUL mothers occurred despite similarities in nursing behaviour. These data suggest that parity/age differences in the period of lactational infertility are not due to differences in nursing behaviour but rather to an increased sensitivity to the inhibitory aspects of the suckling stimulus in adolescent primiparous mothers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Early weaning to reduce tissue mobilization in lactating sows and milk supplementation to enhance pig weaning weight during extreme heat stress.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of reduced lactation length and supplemental milk replacer (MR) during high ambient temperatures. Thirty nine primiparous and 100 multiparous sows (PIC, Franklin, KY, C-22) were used in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments consisted of two lactation room temperatures (21 degrees C [TN] and 32 degrees C [HOT]), two lactation lengths (14 or 19 d), and two parity groups (primiparous, multiparous). Pigs were either: 1) sow-reared to 19 d or 2) sow-reared to 14 d, and then reared to 19 d with MR after sow removal. All sows were fed the same diet (1.07% lysine, 3,366 kcal of ME/kg). Sows were weighed and ultrasound for backfat thickness (BF) and longissimus muscle area (LMA) within 6 h after farrowing and at the time of sow removal (d 14 or 19). Pigs were individually weighed at weaning (d 19) and after a 47-d nursery period (d 66). Heat stress increased sow weight loss (-13.35 kg, P < 0.01) and decreased sow feed intake (4.63 kg/d, P < 0.01) during lactation compared with sows in TN (+4.5 kg and 7.5 kg/d, respectively). Early weaning (d 14) during heat stress decreased maternal weight loss (-10.1 vs. -16.6 kg, P < 0.01). Primiparous sows lost more BF in both environments (-2.60 vs. -1.56 mm, P < 0.05), and both parity groups lost more BF (-3.35 vs. -2.3 mm, P < 0.10) and LMA (-1.82 vs. -0.77 cm2, P < 0.05) when lactating for 19 d in the HOT environment than those lactating for 14 d. Pigs nursing primiparous and multiparous sows in the HOT environment and provided MR had heavier individual 19-d weights (7.37 and 8.12 kg/ pig, respectively) than those nursing to 19 d (5.57 and 6.04 kg/pig, P < 0.01). Milk replacer decreased the difference normally observed in 19-d weights between primiparous and multiparous sow-reared pigs in TN. Pigs fed MR in both environments and nursing multiparous sows had improved weight gains in the nursery compared with pigs nursing sows to 19 d (428 vs. 406 g/d, respectively; P < 0.01), or reared by primiparous sows (444 vs. 390 g/d , respectively; P < 0.01). Sow weaning on d 14 in the HOT environment decreased the wean-to-estrus interval in primiparous sows (22.8 vs. 9.2 d, P < 0.10). This study shows the benefit of early weaning in combination with milk replacer to preserve the sow and to restore pig weaning weights and nursery end weights under heat stress.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Synchronization of estrus in postpartum beef cows and virgin heifers using combinations of melengestrol acetate, GnRH, and PGF2alpha.

The efficacy of various combinations of melengestrol acetate (MGA), GnRH, and PGF2alpha for the synchronization of estrus in Angus-based beef cattle was compared. Hormones were administered as follows: MGA, 0.5 mg x animal(-1) x d(-1) mixed in a grain carrier; GnRH, 100 microg i.m.; PGF2alpha, 25 mg i.m. In Exp. 1, 2, and 3, cows were randomly assigned to treatments by parity and interval postpartum. The detection of estrus and AI were conducted from d -2 until 72 to 96 h after PGF2alpha, at which time cows not detected to be in estrus received GnRH and fixed-time AI (TAI). Data were analyzed separately for primiparous and multiparous cows. In Exp. 1, cows (n = 799) at three locations received GnRH on d -7 and PGF2alpha on d 0 and either no further treatment (GnRH-PGF) or short-term MGA from d -6 through d -1 (STMGA). Among multiparous cows, conception rate at TAI was greater (P < 0.05) for STMGA (41%, 47/115) than for GnRH-PGF treated cows (26%, 24/92). Across herds and parity, synchronized AI pregnancy rate (SPR) was not affected (P > 0.10) by treatment (GnRH-PGF vs. STMGA; 54%, 210/389 vs. 57%, 228/402). In Exp. 2, cows (n = 484) at three locations received either STMGA or long-term MGA from d -32 through d -19, GnRH on d -7, and PGF2alpha on d 0 (LTMGA). Among primiparous cows, SPR was greater (P < 0.01) in LTMGA (65%, 55/85) than STMGA-treated cows (46%, 40/87). Treatment had no effect (P > 0.10) on SPR among multiparous cows (STMGA vs. LTMGA; 59%, 92/155 vs. 64%, 101/157). In Exp. 3, cows (n = 838) at four locations received the LTMGA treatment and either no further treatment or an additional period of MGA exposure from d -6 through d -1 (L&STMGA). Among primiparous cows, SPR tended to be influenced (P < 0.10) by the herd x treatment interaction and was greater (P < 0.01) among L&STMGA (86%, 19/22) than LTMGA-treated cows (56%, 14/25) at a single location. Among multiparous cows, SPR was lower (P < 0.05) in L&STMGA (46%, 165/358) than LTMGA-treated cows (55%, 184/336). In Exp. 4, Angus heifers (n = 155) received either STMGA or 14 d of MGA (d -32 through d -19) and PGF2alpha on d 0 (MGA-PGF). The detection of estrus and AI were conducted from d -2 to d 6. Interval to estrus was greater (P < 0.05) and estrous response was lower (P < 0.05) in STMGA than MGA-PGF-treated heifers. In conclusion, primiparous cows responded more favorably to longer-duration MGA treatments than did multiparous cows. All protocols achieved sufficient SPR to justify their use for improved reproductive management of postpartum beef cows.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effect of whole and expanded-expelled cottonseed on milk yield and blood gossypol.

Thirty-two primiparous and 12 multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned at calving to treatments to determine the effects of type and amount of cottonseed product on plasma gossypol, milk production, and composition, and conjugated linoleic acid concentration in milk fat. Rations consisted of corn silage, corn grain, soybean meal, and cottonseed hulls, and contained on average 16.8% crude protein and 25.3% acid detergent fiber on a dry matter basis. On a dry matter basis, diets contained one of the following: 1) 14% whole cottonseed; 2) 14% expanded-expelled cottonseed; 3) 21% expanded-expelled cottonseed; or 4) 28% expanded-expelled cottonseed. Cows remained on treatment from 30 through 120 d in milk. Dry matter intakes were not significantly different, but intakes of crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and fat were higher for multiparous cows fed whole cottonseed. Multiparous cows fed whole cottonseed had higher yields of milk, fat-corrected milk, crude protein, fat and solids-not-fat than those fed any level of expanded-expelled cottonseed. Concentrations of milk fat, protein, and SNF were not affected by treatment. Although there were treatment differences in fat intake, there were no production differences in primiparous cows. Milk production efficiency (fat-corrected milk/dry matter intake) was not affected by treatment for either multiparous or primiparous cows. Cows fed 14% whole or 14% expanded-expelled cottonseed had similar levels of total plasma gossypol and plasma levels of the negative isomer of gossypol. Increasing the level of expanded-expelled cottonseed in the diet increased both total plasma gossypol and the negative isomer. In this experiment, multiparous but not primiparous cows fed whole cottonseed produced more milk than those fed expanded-expelled cottonseed at 14 to 28% of the diet dry matter, however, feed efficiencies were similar for all treatments.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Extending the postpartum anovulatory period in dairy cattle with estradiol cypionate.

Estradiol cypionate (ECP), a long-acting estrogen, has been used therapeutically in early postpartum (PP) dairy cows. In experiment 1, effects of ECP on circulating reproductive hormones, cyclicity, and ovarian function in early PP dairy cows were investigated. Lactating Holsteins received 10 mg of ECP (ECP; n = 17) or placebo (CON; n = 16) on d 7 PP. Serum and ultrasound data were acquired from 5 to 90 d of lactation. Compared to CON, ECP cows had greater serum estradiol for 10 d and lower serum FSH for 15 d posttreatment. After ECP, the appearance of follicles > or = 10 mm and time to first ovulation were delayed. Nevertheless, by 90 d PP, normal estrous cycles were found in only 50% of CON versus 88% of ECP cows. Primiparous, but not multiparous, cows receiving ECP had higher milk yields. Experiment 2 investigated effects of ECP on reproduction and milk production on a commercial dairy. Cows were blocked by parity and randomized to three treatments: 0 (n = 85), 4 (n = 85), or 10 (n = 86) mg of ECP on d 5 to 8 PP. Data included cycling status (two ultrasound examinations at 30 to 33 d PP and 7 d later), individual reproduction records, and daily milk yields from 10 to 90 d PP. In primiparous cows, ECP had no significant effects on ovulatory status or milk yields. By 40 d PP, a greater percentage of multiparous cows receiving 10 mg of ECP remained anovulatory compared with those receiving 0 or 4 mg. Milk yields were highest for multiparous cows receiving 4 mg of ECP, intermediate for the 10-mg dose, and lowest for controls. Lower conception was observed in multiparous cows receiving 4 mg of ECP. In summary, ECP delayed time to first ovulation particularly in multiparous cows, an effect associated with observed inhibition of circulating FSH. Milk yield responses to ECP were inconsistent within parity groups across the two experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of modified dry period lengths and bovine somatotropin on yield and composition of milk from dairy cows.

Dry periods of 40 to 60 d have been an industry standard because dry periods <40 d have resulted in reduced milk yields in the subsequent lactation by 10 to 30%. However, recent research has demonstrated no production losses for cows given a 30-d dry period. The current study evaluated milk production effects of shortened or omitted dry periods for cows at mature-equivalent production >12,000 kg of milk and treated with bovine somatotropin (bST). The study used 2 commercial dairies and one university dairy and included 4 treatments. Five multiparous and 5 primiparous cows from each farm were assigned to each treatment: 1) 60-d dry period, label use of bST (60DD); 2) 30-d dry period, label use of bST (30DD); 3) continuous milking, label use of bST (CMLST); and 4) continuous milking with continuous use of bST (CMCST). Per label, bST use started at 57 to 70 d in milk and ended 14 d before drying (60DD and 30DD) or expected calving date (CMLST). In primiparous cows, average milk yields during the first 17 wk of lactation were reduced for cows on treatments 30DD, CMLST, and CMCST vs. the 60DD treatment. (38.3, 35.1, and 37.5 vs. 44.1 +/- 1.3 kg/d, respectively). For multiparous cows, respective milk yields did not differ (46.6, 43.4, 46.5, and 47.7 +/- 2.1 kg/d). Shortened or omitted dry periods may impede mammary growth in primiparous cows, resulting in reduced milk yield in the subsequent lactation. In contrast, a shortened or omitted dry period with either bST protocol did not alter production in multiparous cows treated with bST. Quality aspects of prepartum milk and colostrum require additional characterization. For multiparous cows, milk income generated for short dry periods or for continuous milking might increase their profitability. At 17 wk of the subsequent lactation, estimates of the cumulative net margins of multiparous cows on the 30DD treatment and continuous milking treatments exceeded those of cows on the 60DD treatment by 40 dollars to 60 dollars per cow.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of stage of lactation and parity on mammary gland cell renewal.

Milk production is a function of the number and activity of mammary epithelial cells, regardless of stage of lactation. Milk yield is generally higher in multiparous cows than in primiparous cows, but persistency is usually greater in the latter group. We compared several measures related to metabolic activity, apoptosis, and endocrine control of mammary cell growth in 8 primiparous and 9 multiparous cows throughout lactation. Mammary gland biopsies were taken in early [10 d in milk (DIM)], peak (50 DIM), and late (250 DIM) lactation to evaluate gene expression and determine DNA and fatty acid synthase (FAS) content. Milk samples taken the day before the biopsies were used to detect protease activities and to determine stanniocalcin-1 (STC) concentrations. Blood samples served to measure insulin-like growth factor-1, prolactin, and STC concentrations. Milk yield was higher in multiparous cows than in primiparous cows at the 10 DIM (32.8 +/- 1.3 and 25.2 +/- 0.8 kg/d) and 50 DIM (38.0 +/- 1.2 and 29.8 +/- 1.1 kg/d), but it was the same for both groups at 250 DIM (23.9 +/- 1.5 and 23.8 +/- 1.1 kg/d). Except for stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase, expression of genes related to milk synthesis was not affected by stage of lactation. However, gene expression of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, beta-casein, and FAS was lower in early lactation in primiparous cows. Expression of both proapoptotic bax and antiapoptotic bcl-2 genes was higher in primiparous cows, whereas the bax-to-bcl-2 ratio was not changed. Mammary DNA concentration was higher in multiparous cows, as was the amount of FAS protein in early lactation. Two bands of protease activity were found in milk samples, and one of the bands had an apparent molecular weight similar to gelatinase A and was dependent on the stage of lactation. Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 increased with day of lactation and was higher in primiparous cows. Serum prolactin decreased in late lactation, but peak values were observed in early lactation for primiparous cows and peak lactation for multiparous cows. Milk STC content increased with advancing lactation. The results are consistent with a lower degree of differentiation and a greater capacity for cell renewal in the mammary gland of primiparous cows.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of automatic milking systems on milk yield in a hot environment.

A comparative study was performed to evaluate differences in milk yield between an automatic milking system (AMS) and a conventional herringbone milking parlor system. Two herds of Italian-Friesian cows were reared in the same barn, located in the Po Valley in northern Italy. Twenty-five primiparous cows and 10 multiparous cows were milked with an AMS, while at the same time 29 primiparous and 9 multiparous were milked twice daily in a milking parlor on the other side of the barn. A selection gate allowed cows to access the AMS only if the interval from last milking was >5 h. Multiparous cows in the AMS yielded more milk than multiparous cows in the milking parlor (34.2 +/- 0.7 vs. 29.4 +/- 0.6 kg/d). There was no difference in milk yield between primiparous cows in the AMS and in the milking parlor (28.9 +/- 0.4 vs. 28.8 +/- 0.3 kg/d). Milking frequency in the AMS was significantly higher in primiparous (2.8 +/- 0.03) than in multiparous cows (2.5 +/- 0.04). The hot season negatively affected milk yield; the milk yield reduction was higher for cows milked with the AMS (-4.5 +/- 0.6 kg/d) than in the milking parlor (-3.0 +/- 0.8 kg/d). In the AMS, milking frequency decreased during the hot season in primiparous cows (-0.3 +/- 0.1). We concluded that a positive AMS effect on milk yield is possible, but that steps must be taken to alleviate the discomfort involved with attracting cows to the AMS.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Sire and maternal grandsire effects on calving difficulty and calf mortality in Israeli Holsteins.

Associations among sire and maternal grandsire evaluations for calving difficulty and calf mortality were investigated in the Israeli Holstein population. Primiparous and multiparous calvings were analysed separately. Genetic correlations between calving difficulty and calf mortality were close to unity for primiparous calvings but lower for multiparous calvings. Genetic correlations between primiparous and multiparous sire evaluations were .94 and .72 for calving difficulty and calf mortality. Genetic correlations between sire and maternal grandsire evaluations were .6 for primiparous calvings and not-significant for multiparous calvings for both traits. These results correspond to findings that the direct genetic effect is larger than the maternal effect but that there is a slight negative correlation between them. We suggest that sire evaluations for calving difficulty of multiparous cows be used as a preliminary prediction of heifer calving difficulty and calf mortality and that the separate calving trait evaluations be combined into an overall calving selection index.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effect of dietary calcium soaps on milk yield, body weight, reproductive hormones, and fertility in first parity and older cows.

The effects were determined of dietary Ca soaps of fatty acids fed to cows to 120 DIM on milk yield, BW, peripheral concentrations of reproductive hormones, and fertility in primiparous and multiparous cows. Milk yield was increased in primiparous and multiparous cows fed Ca soaps, and milk fat and protein yields were enhanced. Body weight losses were greater for all cows fed Ca soaps, and this trend was greater and longer lasting in primiparous cows than in multiparous cows. Plasma triglyceride concentrations were elevated in multiparous cows, but FFA tended to be higher in primiparous cows fed Ca soaps. Conception rate at first AI was lower for primiparous cows fed Ca soaps (33%) than for controls (74%), but differences were not significant for later AI or between multiparous groups. No differences were apparent for plasma progesterone or estradiol in the luteal or follicular phases preceding the first AI, and differences in mean luteinizing hormone concentrations were small in a 6-h window in the follicular phase. The differences in conception rate at first AI in primiparous cows could not be explained on the basis of changes in peripheral hormone concentrations. The enhanced negative energy balance in primiparous cows fed Ca soaps apparently was related to the decrease in their conception rate.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effects of rumen-inert fat on lactation, reproduction, and health of high producing Holstein herds.

Two hundred twenty of 443 cows freshening between June 1989 and March 1990 in five commercial Holstein herds were fed .45 kg/d of rumen-inert fat from calving until 200 DIM. Control diets were fed as TMR and contained, on average, 3.7 to 4.8% supplemental fat (DM basis). Test herds had rolling herd averages of 9300 to 13,250 kg of milk. Production of 4% FCM and milk increased 1.01 (3.3%) and 1.50 kg/d (4.6%), respectively, for primiparous cows fed additional fat. Multiparous cows from four herds demonstrated no response; multiparous cows in one herd increased production of 4% FCM by 2.88 kg/d (8.2%), milk by 2.45 kg/d (6.4%), and milk fat by .14kg/d (10.6%) in response to additional fat. An explanation of response differences among herd for multiparous cows was not possible. For primiparous and multiparous cows, increased genetic potential increased treatment response. Increased body condition score at calving influenced treatment response of multiparous cows. Thinner cows produced more milk and less milk fat in response to additional dietary fat than did fatter cows. Most reproductive indices were unaffected by treatment. Cows receiving additional fat had lower, but nonsignificantly lower, incidences of most health disorders. Responses to rumen-inert fat by cows receiving high concentrations of dietary fat were marginal and were affected by body condition score at calving and by genetic potential.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2003

[Thyroid function in pregnant women with pregnancy induced hypertension].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate thyroid's function in pregnant women with pregnancy induced hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 42 pregnant women with PIH diagnosed after 20 weeks of gestation (between 22-30 hbd) were hospitalized in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Mother and Child Institute in Warsaw. This group consisted 20 multiparous and 22 primiparous. We measured thyroid hormone levels: TSH, fT4, fT3 and TBG. RESULTS: In 8 pregnant women (5 primiparous and 3 multiparous) thyroid function was normal (normal level of TSH, fT3, fT4) and middle blood pressure in term of beginning of the study was 155/100 mmHg. 34 pregnant women (19 primiparous and 15 multiparous) had abnormal thyroid function. 3 (1 primiparous and 2 multiparous) pregnant women of this group had subclinical hyperthyroidism (middle blood pressure in the beginning of the study was 155/105) and 31 (21 primiparous and 10 multiparous) had fT4 and fT3 levels lower then normal range with normal TBG levels. In this group only one patient TSH level was higher then 5 mlU/l, which allows to recognize overt hypothyroidism. In other cases the results indicate the subclinical hypothyroidism. The middle blood pressure was 140/95 mmHg. CONCLUSION: 1. Thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women was concluded in 78.2% of tested group. 2. Subclinical hypothyroidism was concluded the most frequent in the tested group. 3. The middle blood pressure at the term of beginning of the study was the lowest in pregnant women with hypothyroidism. 4. The thyroid function tests should be performed in all pregnant women with PIH.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Intrapartum assessment of fetal head engagement: comparison between transvaginal digital and transabdominal ultrasound determinations.

OBJECTIVE: To test the null hypothesis that no correlation exists between transvaginal digital examination and the gold standard technique of intrapartum transabdominal ultrasound determination of fetal head engagement, and secondarily to compare the performance of attending physicians and senior residents in depicting fetal head engagement by transvaginal digital examination. METHODS: Two hundred and twenty-two consecutive patients in labor > 37 weeks' gestation with normal singleton cephalic-presenting fetuses and with either ruptured or intact membranes were included. Of these, 119 were nulliparous and 103 were multiparous. Transvaginal digital examinations were performed by either attending physicians or senior residents and were followed immediately by transverse suprapubic sonographic assessments by a single sonographer. The fetal head was considered engaged on transvaginal digital examination if the leading part of the fetal head was positioned at least at maternal ischial spine station 0, and on transverse suprapubic ultrasound if the fetal biparietal diameter was below the maternal pelvic inlet. Examiners were blinded to each other's findings and the effect of examiner experience on the rate of agreement between the two techniques was assessed. The effect of several other independent variables upon the rate of agreement between the two modalities was also assessed. RESULTS: Overall, transvaginal digital examinations were consistent with ultrasound determinations with a raw percent agreement rate of 85.6% (95% confidence interval (CI), 80.8-90.3); kappa = 69.5% (95% CI, 59.4-73.9; P < 0.001). When stratified according to parity, the raw percent agreement rate for nulliparous patients was 81.5% (95% CI, 73.4-88.0); kappa = 60.7% (95% CI, 45.9-64.1; P < 0.001), and for multiparous patients it was 90.3% (95% CI, 84.1-95.9); kappa = 80.4% (95% CI, 63.0-87.5; P < 0.001). Maternal age, gravidity, maternal body mass index, gestational age, cervical dilatation, effacement, membrane status, ischial spine station of the fetal head, fetal head position at ultrasound assessment, birth weight and mode of delivery did not significantly affect rate of agreement. Parity did not affect examination consistency in multiparous patients, but in the whole group increasing parity increased the rate of agreement between modalities. Presence of combined spinal epidural anesthesia significantly increased the rate of agreement in the complete group and among multiparous but not among nulliparous patients. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate a high rate of agreement (85.6%) between ultrasound determination and transvaginal digital assessment of fetal head engagement. Examiner experience had no effect. These data support the use of intrapartum transabdominal assessment of fetal head engagement.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The frequency of inherited hydrocephalus is influenced by intrauterine factors in H-Tx rats.

H-Tx rats have fetal-onset inherited hydrocephalus. Linkage analysis has determined the genetics is complex, with at least three loci associated with hydrocephalus. In addition, maternal and/or intrauterine factors influence the frequency of expression. The aim of this study was to characterize nongenetic (epigenetic) factors that affect hydrocephalus in this strain. Groups of primiparous and multiparous females were used to breed fetuses for examination in utero. Multiparous females were manipulated to have either gestation with lactation or, by removal of pups at birth, gestation without lactation. In addition, hydrocephalus expression in postnatal rats from the breeding colony was analyzed for primiparous and multiparous females. The latter were subdivided according to the interval between the litter examined and the previous litter. There was no particular uterine position or horn that favored hydrocephalus and hydrocephalic fetuses were the same weight as normal littermates. The frequency of hydrocephalus was 16-20% in primiparous females and twofold higher in multiparous females that were lactating during pregnancy. Removal of the suckling pups prevented this increase. The severity of hydrocephalus was measured on 1-mm-thick fixed brain slices. Fetuses from lactating females had hydrocephalus that was significantly more severe than the nonlactating groups. However, all fetus groups had hydrocephalus that was very much less severe than the postnatal pups, suggesting that severity increases after birth. It is concluded that there is an epigenetic factor that increases the frequency of inherited hydrocephalus in fetuses if suckling pups are present during gestation. Future experiments will examine possible mechanisms for this genotype-environment interaction.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Obstetric outcome in grand multipara in the United Arab Emirates. A case control study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the obstetric outcome in grand multiparous and low parous United Arab Emirates women. METHOD: The records of 418 grand multiparous women (study group), defined as having had given birth at least 5 times after completed 22 weeks gestational age, and 418 women of parity 2-4 (control group) were reviewed. RESULTS: Mean parity in the study group was 7.9 +/- 2.4. The number of subjects who attended for antenatal care and the number of visits were equal in both groups. Diabetes mellitus (both overt and gestational) was significantly more common in the study group (p < 0.0001) but there was no significant increase in the incidence of other obstetric complications nor in perinatal mortality rate. Babies of grand multiparous mothers required significantly more admissions to special care unit because of maternal diabetes mellitus (p < 0.0002). CONCLUSION: Diabetes mellitus was more common in grand multiparous United Arab Emirates women but the incidence of other obstetric complications was similar to lower parity women.

Case-Control Studies↗