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PubMed1977

[Features of the monosaccharide composition and ultrastructure of lipopolysaccharides of different forms of Shigella sonnei].

The authors present the results of study of chemical monosaccharide composition and the ultrastructure of purified lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the I and the II phases and the R-form of Sh. sonnei. The amount of lipids in LPS preparations increased with the change from S- into R-form. Galactose content in LPS of the II phase was less than in LPS of the I phase, and it was absent entirely in LPS of R-form. It was demonstrated by negative contrasting that LPS dissociation increased with S leads to R dissociation. A marked similarity was found between macromolecular aggregates of LPS of the II phase and of R-form.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1987

[Inhibition of natural killer and interleukin 2-activated natural killer cell cytotoxicity by monosaccharides and lectins].

NK cell receptors may be saturated and inhibited by a serial monosaccharides and lectins. Subsequently, NK cytotoxicity diminished in different ratios. Phosphorylated mannose and galactose were the major inhibitors. Also, the most of the lectins have NK cell inhibitory capacity. Normal lymphocyte may be activated by IL-2 within 72 hours culture. Those activated lymphocytes exerts high cytotoxicity and wide recognition capacity for the tumor targets. Besides, their receptors are less sensitive for the sugar inhibition. Lectins, have strong inhibition capacity even the lymphocytes are activated by IL-2.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of food carbohydrate quality on monosaccharide utilization for the biosynthesis of glycogen, fat and proteins in the rat liver].

The inclusion of 3H-6-glucose and 14C-fructose metabolites into the rat liver glycogen, lipids and protein was studied in male rats receiving the rations containing 56% of carbohydrates, 18% protein, 26% fat, necessary amount of mineral substances and vitamins, during 25 days. Animals given the ration with starch, as a carbohydrate, were used as controls. In the ration of animals in groups 2, 3 and 4 some portion of starch (30% calorific value) was substituted for glucose, sucrose of the mixture of glucose and fructose (1:1). It was found that in the liver of animals given pure starch, radioactivity from 3H-6-glucose was included mainly into proteins, when starch was partly substituted for monosaccharide--mainly into lipids. These regularities were recorded in the distribution of radioactivity from 14C-fructose, all the parameters being shifted in the direction of increased inclusion of radioactivity into lipids. Partial substitution of starch for sucrose specifically changed the radioactivity distribution between proteins and lipids, thus revealing a distinct "disaccharide" effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A monosaccharide precursor of Escherichia coli lipid A has the ability to induce tumor-cytotoxic factor production by a murine macrophage-like cell line, J774.1.

A monosaccharide precursor of Escherichia coli lipid A, designated lipid X, which is a diacylglucosamine 1-phosphate with beta-hydroxymyristoyl groups at positions 2 and 3, was shown to have the ability to induce the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like tumor-cytotoxic factor by a murine macrophage-like cell line, J774.1. This cytotoxic factor was released from J774.1 cells grown in the presence of lipid X and related compounds, and it was assayed as to its lytic activity against [3H]thymidine-labeled L929 cells. Dose-response studies revealed that lipid X induced the production of smaller amounts of the tumor-cytotoxic factor than LPS at low concentrations, but it induced that of considerable amounts at and over 1 microgram/ml. Elimination of 1-phosphate or 3-O-beta-hydroxymyristoyl group from lipid X completely prevented the induction of producing this factor by the macrophages. Therefore, it is suggested that both 1-phosphate and 3-O-beta-hydroxymyristoyl groups are essential for the biologic activity of lipid X, as to the induction of the tumor-cytotoxic factor production in the macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Monosaccharide transport by Eimeria tenella sporozoites.

Eimeria tenella sporozoites were incubated in the presence of 3 different [14C]-labeled sugars; D-glucose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose. The initial velocity, Vi, of uptake of D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose was similar, 41 micrograms/10(10) sporozoites/min and 46 micrograms/10(10) sporozoites/min, respectively; whereas that for 3-O-methyl-D-glucose was significantly lower, 17 micrograms/10(10) sporozoites/min. Initial velocity studies also revealed that glucose uptake was a saturable event, with an apparent KT of 20 mM and an apparent Vmax of 312 micrograms/10(10) sporozoites/min. Uptake was unaffected by exogenous sodium levels or the presence of ouabain. However, 0.1 mM phloretin significantly inhibited glucose uptake. Thus, it would appear that E. tenella sporozoites possess a Na-independent, phloretin-sensitive, carrier-mediated monosaccharide-transport system.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An Escherichia coli strain that causes diarrhea by invasion of the small intestinal mucosa and induces monosaccharide intolerance.

E. coli can induced diarrhea either by enterotoxin production or by invasion of the colonic mucosa. Here we report a 2/12 year old infant with caute diarrhea induced by E. coli strain, isolated from the jejunal fluid, that had no enterotoxigenic activity but invaded the small intestinal mucosa and induced severe morphological alterations. Total villous atrophy and monosaccharide intolerance occured. After 51 days of hospitalization there was a partial recovery of the small intestinal morphology and the patient could also tolerate disaccharides again.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

[Monosaccharide composition of the lipopolysaccharides of bacteria of the genus Citrobacter].

The authors studied antigens obtained by Grasset's method from 13 strains of Citrobacter of the International collection. The strains possessed O- and H-antigens whose behaviur in the electric field differed. All the strains under study were divided into two groups (by the number of serologically-active components of their O-antigens); representatives of the second group had no cathode O-antigen component. Chemical composition of specific lipopolysaccharides (LPS) obtained by Westphal's method was determined. Fourteen different sugars were revealed. The strains under study were referred to the known chemotypes. Strain 16/52 (8a, 8c) was for the first time studied in respect to the monosaccharide composition of specific LPS, and was referred to chemotype designated as CC-L.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Monosaccharide composition of the exopolysaccharides of oligonitrophilic bacteria].

Exopolysaccharides from ten strains of oligonitrophilic bacteria were found to contain galactose, glucose and mannose. Strains belonging to the genus Mycobacterium contained also fucose, ramnose and three sugars that had not been identified: two of them were lipophilic and one had a lower Rf than ramnose. A correlation has been established between the composition of monosaccharides, their molar ratios in exocellular polysaccharides of oligonitrophilic bacteria, and the taxonomy of these microorganisms. Sporeforming bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus produce polysaccharides which contain galactose, glucose and mannose at a ratio of 10:19: : (13--15). The molar ratio between the same sugars in exopolysaccharides of bacteria belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and Azotomonas is 10:(12--19) : (4--6). The ratio between galactose, glucose, mannose, fucose, ramnose, the unknown sugar and the sum of two lipophilic sugars in exocellular polysaccharides of the genus Mycobacterium is 10:(15--16) : (5--6) : (7--10) : (0.1--9) : (0.3--0.5) : (0.4--0.8).

Azotobacter↗
PubMed1981

The short-term effect of cortisol, dexamethasone and ACTH administration on the serum levels of hexuronic acids and monosaccharides in man.

The levels of serum monosaccharides (SMO) and hexuronic acids (SHA) were measured in subjects without any metabolic or endocrine disease after a short-time administration of cortisol, dexamethasone and ACTH. The effects of the three hormones were evaluated in regard to the urinary excretion of free cortisol and cortisone at basal conditions. In thirteen subjects a significant increase of SMO during cortisol treatment was registered after 24 hours. A distinct difference in the response of SMO to cortisol treatment was observed in patients with normal or increased cortisol excretion, respectively. In the subjects with high urinary free corticoids a peak of SMO occurred soon after 4 hours after cortisol administration, in the next 48 hours no tendency of return towards basal levels was observed. In the subjects with normal urinary free cortisol excretion only a slight increment was seen after 24 hours. Soon after 4 hours in eight subjects dexamethasone administration resulted in an increase of SMO without regard to the excretion of urinary free corticoids. The highest values were obtained after 28 hours of dexamethasone treatment. Ten hours after cessation of dexamethasone the levels of SMO reached the basal values. In the study in which ACTH was administered, an increment of SMO was registered only in the first four hours. In the group of subjects treated with ACTH a slight difference between subjects with normal and increased corticoid excretion was seen. The levels of SHA successively increased after the administration of all three hormones, without regard to the basal excretion of urinary free corticoids. This increase persisted also 10 hours after cessation of cortisol and dexamethasone, and 40 hours after the last dosis of ACTH, respectively. The possibility of an altered metabolism of glucose through the glucuronate pathway under conditions of glucocorticoid excess is discussed.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1984

Effects of tunicamycin and various monosaccharides on phytohaemagglutinin-induced autorosette formation.

The structural characteristics of autologous red blood cell (ARBC) receptors on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) induced by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) were examined. Tunicamycin, which is known to be a blocker of the protein glycosylation of N-glycosidic type glycoprotein, significantly inhibited the production of ARBC receptors. When trypsinized PBL were cultured in the presence of tunicamycin, the inhibitory effect was enhanced. When several monosaccharides were added to the mixture of ARBC and PBL pre-treated with PHA for 24 h, D-mannose caused the most inhibition, and galactose and D-fucose also caused significant inhibition. These data suggest that N-glycosidic type glycoproteins play an important role in binding sites to ARBC on PBL surface membranes and that more than one type of glycose may be involved.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Monosaccharide composition of human monoclonal (18) and normal (8) IGM immunoglobulins: proposed structural models for their glycan chains.

The carbohydrate composition of 18 monoclonal IgM (Waldenström macroglobulinemia) was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Two populations occurred with mean sugar contents of 7.3% (12 IgM and 10% (6 IgM). A value of 7.2% was obtained for 8 IgM prepared from 8 normal sera. On the basis of mean molar ratios established for each monosaccharide residue, structural models for oligosaccharide units are proposed. The number of complex glycan chains (N-acetyllactosaminic type) is higher in the 10% population, which would correspond to IgM with a mean sedimentation constant of 18.3So20, W. On the other hand, the 7.3% population has a lower content of "mature" chains and its sedimentation constant would be inferior: 17S)20, W.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1981

Myelopoiesis in the presence of stromal cells from mouse bone marrow: I. Monosaccharides regulate colony formation.

Colony stimulating factor (CSF) was incapable of inducing the formation of granulocyte/monocyte (G/M) colonies in the presence of bone marrow-derived adherent cells. To test the possibility that interactions between adherent cells and myeloid progenitors are mediated via glycoproteins, we added a variety of sugars to methyl-cellulose cultures of BALB/c mouse bone marrow cells, in the presence of syngeneic bone marrow adherent cells. We found that a number of free sugars, as well as certain glycosides, relieved the inhibition of G/M colony formation exerted by the adherent cells. The effect of these monosaccharides was neither due to osmotic changes nor to their toxicity to the adherent cells. It is therefore concluded that glycoprotein or glycolipid factors may be involved in the interactions between myeloid progenitors and stromal cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Interactions between monosaccharides and leucine in basolateral membrane of isolated chick intestinal epithelial cells.

The characteristics of the interactions between 3-O-methyl-glucose (3-OMG) and monosaccharides or leucine transport were examined on chick isolated intestinal epithelial cells. In a Na+-medium, the unidirectional influx of 1.5 mM 3-OMG was found to be already inhibited by 37.5 mM glucose and 37.5 mM leucine after 20 s incubation. In Na+-free mannitol substituted medium, either glucose, galactose or leucine (37.5 mM) inhibited the unidirectional influx of 3-OMG. Theophylline, a drug that decreases the basolateral permeability to sugars, decreased the unidirectional influx of 1.25 mM leucine in Na+-free medium but increased the steady-state uptake of the aminoacid in Na+-medium. The efflux of 3-OMG from preloaded cells into a Na+-free medium was stimulated by extracellular galactose and leucine (37.5 mM). This was inhibited by theophylline. Our results indicate that sugars and leucine interactions at the Na+-independent transport system could be produced by mutual competition for binding the same system.

3-O-Methylglucose↗
PubMed1978

[Behavior of various blood constituents (glucose, fructose, insulin, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, inorganic phosphate) and the half-life of monosaccharides in plasma after i.v infusion of glucose, fructose, galactose and invert sugar solutions in ruminants. 3. Studies in sheep].

Monosaccharide half-life as well as the effects of intravenous infusion of 0.5 g/kg body weight glucose, fructose, and invert sugar solutions on insulin levels in blood plasma as well as on pyruvate and lactate concentrations in the blood were measured in two adult sheep weighing 72 kg and 65 kg. The half-life values for glucose were 16 minutes and 19 minutes and that for fructose 20 minutes. Glucose half-life, following infusion of invert sugar, was 35 minutes or 25 minutes, while that of fructose was 16 minutes in either case. Infusion of fructose solution was followed by a somewhat sizeable and prolonged rise of the glucose levels in blood plasma. Infusion of glucose solution resulted only in short-time increase of fructose concentrations in blood plasma. The highest insulin rise in blood plasma was found to have taken place in response to infusion of fructose solution. Pyruvate and lactate concentrations underwent merely minor changes. Reference is made to the potential benefit of using invertose solution in the treatment of ketosis (cf. second communication).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Parenteral feeding of infants with prolonged diarrhea and intolerance to monosaccharides].

The study in 14 patients with severe and protracted infectious gastroenteritis is reported. In all cases, intolerance to monosaccharides was present and in 13 cases, third degree malnutrition was evident. The period of evolution of the diarrhea was, as an average, 67.6 days at the moment when parenteral feeding was initiated. Eight of the cases had shown sepsis, intestinal pneumatosis and hypoglycemia in six and gastrointestinal hemorrhage was found in another six patients. They were managed with parenteral feeding for an average period of 21.5 days, during which, they gained an average of 14.6 g/day. Six episodes of sepsis were seen during the procedure, but in no case did it follow infection through the central catheter. Four of the patients died, but in no case was there any direct relationship to the procedure. In this type of severely ill patients with protracted diarrhea, parenteral feeding is a resource that allows the defunctionalization of the intestine and recovery of these patients.

Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors↗
PubMed1998

Insulinotropic action of the polyacetate esters of metabolized and non-metabolized monosaccharides in pancreatic islets from normal and diabetic rats.

The polyacetate esters of selected monosaccharides were recently found to either stimulate insulin release or inhibit glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in islets from normal rats. The present study extends such findings both to new combinations of either D-glucose or L-leucine and some polyacetate esters and to hereditarily diabetic, as distinct from normal, rats. In the normal animals, 2-deoxy-D-glucose tetraacetate (1.7 mM) increased both glucose- and leucine-stimulated insulin output. The secretory response to L-leucine was also increased by beta-D-glucose pentaacetate, but inhibited by alpha-D-galactose pentaacetate and D-mannoheptulose hexaacetate (1.7 mM) in the islets of normal rats. In the diabetic rats, the secretory response to D-glucose (8.3 mM) was increased by alpha- or beta-D-glucose pentaacetate and 2-deoxy-D-glucose tetraacetate (1.7 mM), inhibited by alpha-D-galactose pentaacetate and D-mannoheptulose hexaacetate, and unaffected by beta-L-glucose pentaacetate, all esters being tested at 1.7 mM concentration. L-Leucine-stimulated insulin release was also increased by alpha-D-glucose pentaacetate, but not significantly affected by beta-D-galactose pentaacetate, beta-L-glucose pentaacetate, 2-deoxy-D-glucose tetraacetate and D-mannoheptulose hexaacetate in the islets of diabetic animals. These findings suggest a dual mode of action of the esters in the pancreatic islet B-cell, involving both the metabolic response to their sugar moieties and a direct effect of the esters themselves upon a specific receptor system. It is proposed that selected esters could be used as insulinotropic tools in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Acetates↗
PubMed1991

Butyric monosaccharide ester-induced cell differentiation and anti-tumor activity in mice. Importance of their prolonged biological effect for clinical applications in cancer therapy.

The interest of butyric salts is based on their capacity to promote differentiation of malignant cells and inhibition of tumor development. The phenotypic modifications are rapidly reversible and require the continuous presence of butyric salts in the target area, which raises problems for therapeutic applications. We show here that the covalent binding of n-butyric acid on natural polyhydroxylated compounds such as monosaccharides, especially 3- or 6-O-butanoyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose, retains the majority of the biological properties of n-butyric acid. The delayed degradation of these covalent compounds is associated with an improved maintenance of cell differentiation and anti-tumor protection in mice. These butyric complexes thus seem potentially useful for therapeutic applications.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Fragmentations of isomeric sulfated monosaccharides using electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry.

Electrospray ionization combined with ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI-ITMS) is a powerful tool for structural analysis of complex carbohydrates. Although its application to sulfated glycans has been limited so far, it should provide critical information, such as sulfate positions, on their structures. In this work, MS(n) spectra of nine monosulfated monosaccharides, consisting of five hexoses and four N-acetylhexosamines, were measured in negative ion mode to find basic fragmentation rules for sulfated sugars. Two pairs of positional isomers with respect to sulfation, i.e., Gal4S and Gal6S, and GalNAc4S and GalNAc6S, showed characteristic fragmentation patterns in MS(3), and could be discriminated from one another by the appearance of particular diagnostic fragment ions that characterize individual isomers. It was also demonstrated that, even if a mixture of these positional isomers was analyzed, the proportion of each species could be estimated through analysis of the abundance ratios of the diagnostic ions. However, 3-O-sulfated saccharides (Glc3S and GlcNAc3S) gave a single abundant diagnostic ion in MS(2) corresponding to the hydrogensulfate ion, [OSO(3)H](-), and this characteristic clearly differentiated them from their positional isomers. In contrast, 6-O-sulfated diastereomers consisting of two groups, Glc6S, Man6S, Gal6S, and GlcNAc6S, GalNAc6S, could not be discriminated by the types of fragment ions; however, the abundance ratios of particular fragment ions differed significantly between Glc(NAc)6S and Gal(NAc)6S. Since ESI-ITMS yielded large quantities of useful information on structures of monosulfated hexoses and N-acetylhexosamines in an extremely simple and reproducible manner, establishment of a comprehensive strategy based on ESI-ITMS(n) appears to be a promising technique for structural elucidation of sulfated complex carbohydrates.

Journal Article↗