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PubMed2006

Do food availability, parasitism, and stress have synergistic effects on red colobus populations living in forest fragments?

Identifying factors that influence animal density is a fundamental goal in ecology that has taken on new importance with the need to develop informed management plans. This is particularly the case for primates as the tropical forest that supports many species is being rapidly converted. We use a system of forest fragments adjacent to Kibale National Park, Uganda, to examine if food availability and parasite infections have synergistic affects on red colobus (Piliocolobus tephrosceles) abundance. Given that the size of primate populations can often respond slowly to environmental changes, we also examined how these factors influenced cortisol levels. To meet these objectives, we monitored gastrointestinal parasites, evaluated fecal cortisol levels, and determined changes in food availability by conducting complete tree inventories in eight fragments in 2000 and 2003. Red colobus populations declined by an average of 21% among the fragments; however, population change ranged from a 25% increase to a 57% decline. The cumulative basal area of food trees declined by an average of 29.5%; however, forest change was highly variable (a 2% gain to a 71% decline). We found that nematode prevalence averaged 58% among fragments (range 29-83%). The change in colobus population size was correlated both with food availability and a number of indices of parasite infections. A path analysis suggests that change in food availability has a strong direct effect on population size, but it also has an indirect effect via parasite infections.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Entamoeba dispar, but not E. histolytica, detected in a colony of chimpanzees in Japan.

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) residing in the Kumamoto Primate Research Park, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, were surveyed for the presence of intestinal parasites. Stool samples from 107 chimpanzees were examined by microscopy after formalin-ether sedimentation. Of these animals, 100 were infected with at least 1 species of ameba. The positivity rates recorded were as follows: Entamoeba coli, 88%; E. histolytica/E. dispar, 48%; E. hartmanni, 15%; Iodamoeba buetschlii, 8%; Endolimax nana, 4%; and Entamoeba chattoni, 2%. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis to distinguish between E. histolytica and E. dispar was performed on these samples. E. dispar DNA was detected in 60 of 107 samples (56%), including 9 that had been microscopically determined to be negative for E. histolytica/ E. dispar. In contrast, no E. histolytica DNA was detected in the 107 samples. Zymodeme analysis indicated that 10 isolates were E. dispar. When 104 chimpanzees were examined serologically for E. histolytica infection, 1 sample was scored as positive by indirect hemagglutination and another was found to be positive by an indirect fluorescent antibody test. However, both specimens were borderline-positive and were clearly negative in other tests, suggesting that they might be false-positives. These results demonstrate that the pathogenic E. histolytica was absent in this colony, regardless of the high degree of prevalence of other amebas. For an accurate diagnosis, PCR analysis is recommended in addition to microscopic examination.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Nonhuman primate models for human disease.

The value of nonhuman primates as models for a variety of human diseases is well documented. These species have been used extensively during the past 25 years or so as models for a variety of bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases, either as naturally occurring or experimentally induced infections. They are often the only nonhuman species susceptible to experimental infection with agents of human disease. Spontaneous diseases of nonhuman primates are often comparable to human diseases, and with the continued long-term maintenance of nonhuman primates in the laboratory as well as in domestic breeding colonies, it is reasonable to assume that additional disease models will be discovered. Such models may include degenerative diseases, diseases and/or lesions associated with the aging process, and genetic diseases. In this article we have reviewed four spontaneous diseases and one induced disease that have essentially identical counterparts in humans. Three of these are bacterial diseases that currently cause severe and sometimes fatal infections in humans; one is a degenerative disease that is usually progressive and fatal in humans, and one is possibly a genetic disease for which there is currently no animal model. The clinical and pathologic similarities between these nonhuman primate diseases and their human counterpart make these nonhuman primate diseases potentially valuable models for further studies on the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of these serious and often fatal human diseases.

Amyloidosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathology of toxoplasmosis in captive new world primates.

Clinical information was available for 32 of 33 New World primates with fatal toxoplasmosis, all of which were subjected to a variable number of pathological observations. Death without apparent clinical signs occurred in 43.7% of cases. The most common clinical findings were malaise (40.6%), dyspnoea (18.7%), hypothermia (15.6%) and a sero-sanguinous or foamy nasal discharge (12.5%). Nutritional status was good in 71.8%, average in 18.7% and poor in 9.4%. The most common post-mortem findings were pulmonary congestion (78.8%), pulmonary oedema (75.8%), splenomegaly (57.6%) and mesenteric lymphadenitis (54.6%). The most common histopathological findings were multifocal necrotic hepatitis (97%), lymphadenitis (95.4%), interstitial pneumonia (90.3%) and necrotic splenitis (71.4%). The gross post-mortem changes in cebids were more variable than those observed in callitrichids, a fact that may complicate the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in cebids.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Intestinal parasite burden in five troops of olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania.

A cross-sectional parasitological study of a population of wild olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis), consisting of 5 troops, was conducted in Gombe Stream National Park. Baboons were individually recognizable. Information on age, sex, troop membership, reproductive status, social rank and life-history of each individual baboon could be related to parasite infection. Seven helminth taxa and 2 protozoan taxa were found. All baboons were parasitized by at least 1 taxon. Distributions of helminths were aggregated among hosts. There were significant differences among troops in the prevalence of all but 2 of the recorded helminths. Age had a significant impact on the prevalence and intensity of Strongyloides sp. No significant effect of sex on the prevalence of infection could be detected. There was some indication that female reproductive status was related to Trichuris egg output. In contrast to a previous study, no significant correlations between parasite infection and social rank could be found. Troop membership constituted the predominant factor contributing to heterogeneity of prevalence of infection. This suggests that spatial location and/or genetics may be important in determining levels of parasite infection.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Molineus torulosus (Nematoda, Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea) a parasite of Neotropical primates: new morphological and histological data.

Molineus torulosus (Molin, 1861) parasite of Cebus spp. from South America is redescribed in Cebus apella and C. olivecaeus (new host) from French Guyana with emphasis on the synlophe. During the maturation process, the larvae dwelt in the cysts carved alongside the external part of the small intestine. The turn-out of the mature worms and the laid eggs depended on the tissular organisation of cyst walls as the inflammatory process waned and fibrosis progressed to seal the cystic lumen. Adult worms entwine themselves in the cysts, live there permanently as their presence has never been evidenced in the intestinal lumen. They copulated, laid eggs, degenerated and died once entrapped by the fibrotic process. Laid eggs released in the intestinal lumen through a narrow channel ensured the continuation of the developmental cycle. However, erratic migration was possible via the vascular channels surrounding the cysts.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Clinical, biochemical, and electrocardiographic aspects of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in free-ranging golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia).

BACKGROUND: Wild golden lion tamarins from the Biological Reserve of Poço das Antas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, have high prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection leading us to clinically assess the disease in this endangered species. METHODS: 34 tamarins were sampled for the presence of T. cruzi infection (through serology) and clinical evaluation (electrocardiography, blood counts and biochemical analysis). RESULTS: 32% of the sampled tamarins were T. cruzi positive, 45% of these displayed cardiac abnormalities. Main cardiac abnormality in infected tamarins was T wave low voltage; R wave low voltage and V3S wave high voltage were also found. The tamarins displaying T wave low voltage had high proportion of seric cardiac creatine kinase. Seric mean total protein was significantly higher in infected tamarins. CONCLUSIONS: Sampled tamarins displayed typical signs of T. cruzi infection, similar to experimentally infected primates and human natural infection. Potential risk of T. cruzi infection to this endangered species is discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed1998

Unusual case of metabolic bone disease in a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

Metabolic bone disease was diagnosed in an 11-month-old female common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). It was depressed, reluctant to move, and was cachectic and small for its age. Laboratory findings included anaemia, azotaemia and an inverse calcium to phosphorus ratio. The radiological findings showed simultaneous signs of osteomalacia and soft-tissue calcification. There was decreased bone density with lytic areas in the pelvis and femur, and severe bilateral nephrocalcinosis. Postmortem examination revealed marked focal dystrophic calcification of the epi- and myocardium. Calcium and vitamin D3 deficiency (nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism) was the most likely cause of the osteomalacia.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Helminthic infestation complicated by intussusception in baboons (Papio hamadryas).

Two juvenile baboons presented with diarrhoea, which did not resolve completely following antibiotic therapy. Ileal intussusception was identified at autopsy in both cases. Trichuris was the only gastrointestinal pathogen for which evidence could be found. This helminth is well-recognized as a cause of intussusception in human infants, but the complication has not been reported previously in non-human primates. It is likely to be fatal if undiagnosed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Cytomegalovirus-associated discrete gastrointestinal masses in macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-associated gastrointestinal masses have been reported in human acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. This is the first report on CMV-associated gastrointestinal masses in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques. Two SIV-infected macaques presented at necropsy with multiple nodular or umbilicated masses within the gastrointestinal tract. In one animal, the masses were located throughout the gastrointestinal tract, whereas in the other, the masses were restricted to the proximal small intestine. Grossly, the masses were indistinguishable from those caused by neoplastic conditions such as lymphoma and, histologically, were composed of hyperplastic glandular tissue, dense neutrophilic infiltrates within the lamina propria, and multifocal proprial hemorrhage. Frequent cytomegalic cells with basophilic intranuclear inclusions were found in affected regions. Immunohistochemistry for CMV demonstrated frequent immunopositive cells within affected areas. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry for the proliferation marker Ki-67 demonstrated increased proliferation in hyperplastic glands and crypts. CMV should be considered a cause of discrete mass lesions in the gastrointestinal tract of SIV-infected macaques.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Intestinal parasites of baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Gombe National Park.

A survey of gastrointestinal parasites of nonhuman primates in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, was conducted during July and August 1989. Fresh fecal samples collected from 35 baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) and 20 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were analyzed for intestinal parasites. Parasite identifications were based upon the size and appearance of eggs and larvae on both direct and fecal flotation examinations. Seven species of helminths and three species of protozoa were noted in the chimpanzees, and seven species of helminths, two species of trematodes, and one species of protozoa were noted in baboons. An unidentified parasite, with a thick egg shell similar to that of ascarids, was noted in both the chimpanzee and baboon population. Unfortunately a definitive identification of this parasite could not be made based upon egg size and morphology alone and insufficient numbers of larva were present to aid identification. One previously unreported parasite, Schistosoma mansoni, was identified in the baboon population. This is the first report of a schistosome in Gombe's nonhuman primate population.

Animals↗