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PubMed2003

Thallium-201 myocardial SPECT in a patient with mirror-image dextrocardia and left bundle branch block.

A 53-year-old male patient with a previous diagnosis of situs inversus with mirror-image dextrocardia underwent thallium-201 (Tl-201) stress-redistribution myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Electrocardiogram (ECG) obtained on right hemithorax revealed constant complete left bundle branch block. Tl-201 stress-redistribution SPECT images revealed abnormal perfusion with reversible ischemia in the anteroseptal, septal and inferoseptal walls. Coronary angiography performed 1 month after SPECT study was normal. This case illustrates that false positive reversible perfusion defects can be seen in patients with mirror-image dextrocardia associated with constant complete left bundle branch block. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of mirror-image dextrocardia and constant complete left bundle branch block with false positive Tl-201 SPECT findings.

Bundle-Branch Block↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns of right aortic arch and mirror-image branching of the brachiocephalic vessels without associated anomalies.

It is unusual to have a right aortic arch with mirror-image branching of the brachiocephalic vessels and no associated congenital cardiac anomalies. Pathogenetic factors of this anomaly, and associated development of the derivatives of the pharyngeal arches, have not been explored extensively. Eleven patients with a mirror-image right aortic arch and no intracardiac anomalies have undergone evaluation at our institution since 1987. Of these, 4 had stenosis (n = 2) or atresia (n = 2) of the proximal left pulmonary artery. These included 2 with bilateral ductus arteriosus. Six patients had a vascular ring formed by a ductus arteriosus or ligamentum arteriosum from the descending aorta to the left pulmonary artery. Six patients were evaluated for deletion within the DiGeorge critical region of chromosome 22q11. All 6 of the patients with a vascular ring underwent division of the ductus arteriosus or ligamentum through a left lateral thoracotomy. None of the patients with stenosis or atresia of the LPA have undergone intervention. Two of the 6 patients who underwent evaluation for chromosome 22q11 deletion were found to have the deletion. At a median follow-up of 7 years (15 months to 12 years), the patients who underwent division of the ring are all alive and asymptomatic. Two of these patients have undergone repeat magnetic resonance imaging, 1 of whom had mild residual tracheal compression. A right aortic arch with mirror-image branching of the brachiocephalic vessels and no associated intracardiac anomalies is extremely uncommon. We have observed two basic patterns of this lesion: (1) with associated abnormalities of the proximal left pulmonary artery, (2) with a vascular ring formed by a ductus arteriosus or ligamentum from the descending aorta to the left pulmonary artery. Pathogenetic considerations are explored, with a focus on flow-related vascular development and the role of deletions within chromosome 22q11.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed2006

Mirror glasses for minimally invasive surgery.

INTRODUCTION: The operator performing minimally invasive surgery is prevented from seeing the whole field with both eyes by the restricted small thoracotomy incision. To overcome this problem, we developed mirror glasses. METHODS: Use of these glasses was evaluated in terms of the time required for threading of sutures with endoscopic forceps. Three surgeon ligated thread a suture five times with and without use of the glasses in the box, and the mean time was calculated for each surgeon. RESULTS: The time required for ligation (mean +/- SD) was 24.2 +/- 2.9 s with mirror glasses and 27.0 +/- 2.5 s without the glasses (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The mirror glasses may be found useful for fine manipulation for minimally invasive surgery.

Equipment Design↗

PubMed2002

A novel gene is disrupted at a 14q13 breakpoint of t(2;14) in a patient with mirror-image polydactyly of hands and feet.

Mirror-image polydactyly of hands and feet (MIP) is a very rare congenital anomaly characterized by mirror-image duplication of digits. To isolate the gene responsible for MIP, we performed translocation breakpoint cloning from an MIP patient with t(2;14)(p23.3;q13). We isolated a good candidate gene for MIP that was disrupted by the translocation of the patient. We had previously con structed a 1.2-megabase bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)/P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) contig covering the 14q13 breakpoint of t(2;14)(p23.3;q13). From a 500-kb segment consisting of seven BAC/PAC clones in the contig, we isolated a novel gene (the mirror-image polydactyly 1 gene, designated as MIPOL1, GenBank Accession No. AY059470), in addition to the hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 alpha gene (HNF3A, GenBank Accession No. XM 007360). MIPOL1 spans about 350kb, comprises 15 exons, and encodes 442 amino acids. Northern blot analysis revealed that MIPOL1 expression is definite but very weak in adult heart, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, and pancreas, and in fetal kidney. In view of the genome sequence and the contig map constructed, the 14q13 breakpoint of the patient was identified as located in intron 11 of MIPOL1, indicating that the gene was disrupted by the translocation, and that the breakage resulted in MIPOL1 protein truncation. Whole-mount in situ hybridization in mouse resulted in mouse Mipol1 signals all over E10.5-E13.5 mouse embryos. Two other unrelated patients with limb anomalies similar to MIP were subjected to mutation analysis of MIPOL1, but none had any mutations. We then isolated BAC clones from the other breakpoint, 2p23.3. A search for genes and expressed sequence tags in a more than 300-kb region around the 2p23.3 breakpoint found only the neuroblastoma-amplified protein gene (NAG, GenBank Accession No. NM 015909), which is located at least 50kb centromeric to the breakpoint and is not likely to be related to MIP. MIPOL1 is a good candidate gene for the MIP type of anomaly.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14↗

PubMed2005

Mirror responses in a group of Miopithecus talapoin.

Studies of non-human primate self-recognition in mirrors demonstrate variation both within and between species. This study applied a rigorous methodology that took into account habituation of subjects to the mirror as an object and to the experimental situation. The species observed in our study was Miopithecus talapoin, which has been little studied in the wild or in captivity. Although this species shows several interesting characteristics, including complex social organisation and a high encephalization index, the talapoin monkeys in the study did not pass the mark test; however, they showed a prerequisite for self-recognition, namely comparing their body parts to the image of these in the mirror.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Intensification of the emission signals using the reflection mirrors mounted to the sample holder of a fluorimeter.

Effects of the reflection mirrors mounted to the sample holder of a fluorimeter have been investigated. Analytical expressions are given for the emission intensity measured as a function of the concentration or optical density of the sample, in case one or two reflection mirrors are attached beside the sample holder to intensify the emission signals. The emission intensity calculated as a function of the sample concentration agreed well with the experimental data. By mounting two reflection mirrors, the emission signal was intensified by a factor of near 3.5. However, the degree of intensification depended strongly on the sample concentration and the linearity between the sample concentration and the emission intensity deviated significantly with increasing the sample concentration.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1979

A mirror for hemianopia.

I devised a small mirror for hemianopia that is mounted on a clip placed over the spectacle frames on the nasal side. The mirror is adjustable so that the peripheral retina is stimulated by any motion reflected in the mirror when the eye is gazing straight ahead.

Hemianopsia↗

PubMed1982

A mirror for self-examination by a patient with an aphakic eye.

A mirror with a radius of curvature of 211.5 mm permits a patient who has undergone cataract surgery to examine his own aphakic eye without corrective lenses. A slight adjustment of the eye-to-mirror distance also permits examination of a normal eye, a hyperopic eye, and a presbyopic eye requiring a plus lens correction. The mirror can be used to monitor postoperative status and the course of a disease, and for inserting and removing contact lenses.

Aphakia, Postcataract↗

PubMed1989

Mirror feedback and judgments of body size.

Body size perception was measured in 44 obese and normal weight subjects using a video TV methodology. Subjects performed a task whereby they manipulated the size of their body image on a TV screen. Subjects viewed their images in the presence and absence of a full length mirror. Subjects were more accurate judging body size with the mirror present. Subjects also responded more slowly and made more adjustments of their body image when the mirror was present. No differences between obese and normal weight subjects were found. Ramifications of the findings for individuals who diet are discussed.

Body Constitution↗

PubMed1989

Assessment of facial self-image by means of a distorting mirror and its relationship to personality.

A flexible distorting mirror was used to give a distorted image of volunteers, who then attempted to alter the mirror to give a true reflection of their faces. Their accuracy in performing this task was correlated with age, sex, extroversion, neuroticism and also with total body and facial self-image as obtained from questionnaires. On average, subjects could not accurately define the size of their faces to within 5 cm, and the higher the body image score on the questionnaire, the less well subjects performed on the flexible mirror.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Hemispatial factors in mirror writing.

The effect of the hemispace in which writing was performed was assessed in two left hemisphere stroke patients who demonstrated left-handed mirror writing. Both patients produced significantly more mirrored words when writing in right, as compared to left (body) hemispace. We suggest that writing in the right hemispace activates the left hemisphere. Further, we propose that mirror writing in the right hemispace is attributable to activation of the damaged left hemisphere spatial system, which fails to assist in the translation of right hand motor programs into those appropriate to the left hand. Writing in left hemispace, in contrast, activates the intact right hemisphere based spatial system which guides the execution or monitoring of motor productions in left hemispace. The result is writing which remains directionally correct when the left hand is used in left hemispace.

Agraphia↗

PubMed1988

Detection of mirror symmetry in random dot patterns at different eccentricities.

Differences between central and eccentric vision in the detection of mirror symmetry were investigated using patterns consisting of small dots. In each trial, a dot pattern was flashed for 140 msec and the subject had to decide whether the upper and lower parts of the dot pattern contained mirror symmetric pairs or whether the dots were distributed totally randomly. Detectability of mirror symmetry declined with increasing eccentricity when the retinal size of the dot patterns was constant at different eccentricities and when the size of the patterns in eccentric vision was size-scaled by the cortical magnification factor derived from the frequency of ganglion cells (M-scaling). The drop in detectability was more rapid for constant-size patterns than for M-scaled patterns. The results seem to support the notion that the encoding of positional information in eccentric vision is inferior to that of central vision even when the test patterns are M-scaled.

Form Perception↗

PubMed1976

Extinction-induced mirror responding as a baseline for studying drug effects on aggression.

Pigeons worked individually in a chamber containing a response key and a mirror. Responding on the key was controlled by a multiple schedule in which a brief period of continuous food reinforcement alternated with a 5 min period of extinction. Under baseline conditions, aggressive behavior (responding on the mirror) occurred at the onset of each extinction period. After 10 saline control sessions, 5 mg/kg of chlordiazepoxide was injected IM 30 min presession for 60 daily sessions. The drug initially produced a marked decrease in aggressive behavior but had little or no effect on key pecking. The aggressive behavior generally remained suppressed during the chronic drug regimen and returned to control levels when the drug was withdrawn. It was concluded that the technique of extinction-induced mirror responding in pigeons provides a stable, sensitive and recoverable baseline for objectively assessing selective drug effects on aggression.

Aggression↗

PubMed1993

A genetic comparison of behavioral actions of ethanol and nicotine in the mirrored chamber.

Human alcoholics are almost invariably heavy users of tobacco, perhaps because both ethanol and nicotine may have anxiolytic activity. However, studies in humans have not uniformly detected anxiolytic effects because significant individual differences in anxiolytic actions of these agents seem to exist. One factor that seems to contribute to these individual differences is tolerance to ethanol. Individuals who are more sensitive to depressant actions of alcohol seem to show anxiolytic actions more readily. Consequently, we examined the relative sensitivities of the ethanol-sensitive (to the anesthetic actions of ethanol) long-sleep (LS) and ethanol-resistant short-sleep (SS) mouse lines to diazepam, ethanol, nicotine, and ethanol-nicotine combinations in the mirrored chamber test. This test measures approach-conflict behavior. Ethanol and nicotine evoked changes in mirrored chamber activities that resembled those elicited by diazepam. These effects were seen at doses that did not markedly affect locomotor activity, thereby suggesting that these changes in behavior represent anxiolytic actions. The LS-SS mice did not differ in sensitivity to diazepam, but the SS were more uniformly responsive to the other drugs. Only the SS showed clear evidence for interactions between ethanol and nicotine. If the changes in mirrored chamber behavior elicited by ethanol, nicotine, and combinations of the two drugs occur because of anxiety reduction, it seems that the SS mouse line is more responsive to anxiolytic actions of these drugs.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Reading mirror-reversed text: sinistrals really are inferior.

R. Tankle and K. M. Heilman (1982, Brain and Language, 17, 124-132) reported a sinistral superiority in obligatory reading of left-right mirror-reversed material. Their subjects included weak left- and right-handers. J. L. Bradshaw, N. C. Nettleton, L. Wilson, and V. Burden (1985, Brain and Language, 26, 322-331) employed a variety of geometrically transformed text, including mirror-reversed, and found that strong familial sinistrals were either not different from or were even slightly inferior to dextrals in reading most transformations, including left-right mirror reversals. We now report a study using subjects selected according to criteria similar to those of Tankle and Heilman, and find under these conditions that sinistrals are indeed significantly inferior to dextrals.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Regional activation of human cerebral cortex upon an adaptation in mirror drawing.

To elucidate cerebral regions involved in adaptation to mirror drawing, changes in regional cerebral blood flow were measured using positron emission tomography at different levels of adaptation. A significant signal in subtraction images was localized in left Brodmann's area 45 (ventral sub-region of Broca's area) in the initial phase of the mirror drawing. This activity decreased as adaptation proceeded, and a small cluster in area 19 of the medial extrastriate cortex became significantly active. An after-effect of ca. 30 min of mirror-drawing was also detected in the right area 21 of the temporal association cortex. The results first demonstrated visuo-cortical regions where neurons might change their activity to evoke plastic response to the inverted vision.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are largely characterized by deficits in imitation, pragmatic language, theory of mind, and empathy. Previous research has suggested that a dysfunctional mirror neuron system may explain the pathology observed in ASD. Because EEG oscillations in the mu frequency (8-13 Hz) over sensorimotor cortex are thought to reflect mirror neuron activity, one method for testing the integrity of this system is to measure mu responsiveness to actual and observed movement. It has been established that mu power is reduced (mu suppression) in typically developing individuals both when they perform actions and when they observe others performing actions, reflecting an observation/execution system which may play a critical role in the ability to understand and imitate others' behaviors. This study investigated whether individuals with ASD show a dysfunction in this system, given their behavioral impairments in understanding and responding appropriately to others' behaviors. Mu wave suppression was measured in ten high-functioning individuals with ASD and ten age- and gender-matched control subjects while watching videos of (1) a moving hand, (2) a bouncing ball, and (3) visual noise, or (4) moving their own hand. Control subjects showed significant mu suppression to both self and observed hand movement. The ASD group showed significant mu suppression to self-performed hand movements but not to observed hand movements. These results support the hypothesis of a dysfunctional mirror neuron system in high-functioning individuals with ASD.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

On what people know about images on mirrors.

As observed by Gombrich [Gombrich, E. H. (1960). Art and illusion. Oxford: Phaidon Press], we confirm that most people are unaware of the size of their own image on mirrors. Specifically we have documented the knowledge that people have of the size of their own head and of the size of the mirror image of their own head. In addition we have explored naive beliefs about how the size of mirror images changes with distance. The main pattern of findings is consistent with a focus on target distance and a difficulty in factoring the observer's vantage point correctly when people reason about the problem. The issue of information about vantage point is discussed in relation to other literatures.

Adult↗