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PubMed2002

Working in partnership to develop evidence-based practice within the massage profession.

In view of changing policy and recommendation for complementary medicine, the moves towards regulatory mechanisms and an evidence base for practice, there is a need to establish the extent to which this is happening within professions and identify away forward that will benefit the individuals and organisations involved. This paper outlines the views and opinions of professional masseurs at the Northern Institute of Massage in the North of England and discusses how such a professional organisation for massage can work in partnership with Higher Education to develop a stronger evidence base for practice. The study concludes that a significant number of practitioners of the Northern Institute are aware of the need for an evidence base for practice but need to be supported in finding, reading and applying research findings to their practice. A partnership between professional organisations for massage and higher education can benefit both parties and help to facilitate change for the future.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Warm-up, stretching and massage diminish harmful effects of eccentric exercise.

The effect of a combination of a warm-up, stretching exercises and massage on subjective scores for delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and objective functional and biochemical measures was studied. Fifty people, randomly divided in a treatment and a control group, performed eccentric exercise with the forearm flexors for 30 min. The treatment group additionally performed a warm-up and underwent a stretching protocol before the eccentric exercise and massage afterwards. Functional and biochemical measures were obtained before, and 1, 24, 48, 72 and 96h after exercise. The median values at the five post-exercise time points differed significantly for DOMS measured when the arm was extended (p = 0.043). Significant main effects for treatment were found on the maximal force (p = 0.026), the flexion angle of the elbow (p = 0.014) and the creatine kinase activity in blood (p = 0.006). No time-by-treatment interactions were found. DOMS on pressure, extension angle and myoglobin concentration in blood did not differ between the groups. This combination of a warm-up, stretching and massage reduces some negative effects of eccentric exercise, but the results are inconsistent, since some parameters were significantly affected by the treatment whereas others were not, despite the expected efficacy of a combination of treatments. The objective measures did not yield more unequivocal results than the subjective DOMS scores.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

[Tympanic membrane massage, origin and decline of a promising therapeutic concept].

BACKGROUND, APPLICATION OF STATIC PRESSURE AT THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE: Cleland in London (1741) presumed that the pressure of a strong sound wave would push the tympanic membrane inward, thereby causing deafness. He recommended correcting this situation by applying suction to the auditory canal, and he demonstrated a small tube suitable for this purpose. Toynbee in London (about 1860) realized that, following a malfunction of the Eustachian tube, a negative pressure would develop in the middle ear and draw the tympanic membrane inward, thus causing hearing loss. This concept resulted in efforts to actively support the aeration of the middle ear via the Eustachian tube. In addition to these measures, Politzer in Vienna (1867) suggested blocking the external auditory canal tightly so that resorption of the air would produce negative pressure, counteracting the low pressure in the middle ear. Lucae in Berlin (1874) proposed the theory that the two small muscles in the drum would act as antagonists on the tympanic membrane and accommodate the ear for high and low-pitched sounds respectively. He tried to correct malpositions of the tympanic membrane due to a misbalance of the two muscles by applying static positive or negative pressure in the auditory canal. APPLICATION OF ALTERNATING PRESSURE AT THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE: Siegle in Stuttgart (1864) put forward the idea that repeated strong movements driven by the pneumatic ear speculum that he had invented would be able to loosen adhesions in the middle ear. Lucae (1884) later devised an elastic probe to be placed on the short process of the malleus for massage of the ossicular chain. Delstanche in Brussels (1885) presented two instruments called "rarefacteur" and "masseur du tympan et des osselets" which in the auditory canal would produce negative pressure or alternating pressure respectively. The next step were suggestions and devices enabling the patient to treat himself for reduced mobility of the tympanic membrane or the ossicular chain, such as alternating pressure on the tragus, or tubes to conduct pressure from the mouth or a rubber bag to the ear. With the aim of speeding up the frequency of the pressure impulses, mechanic pumps were constructed, which were first driven by hand, later on by electric power. CRITICAL EVALUATION: At the turn of the century numerous attempts were made to evaluate the effectiveness of the pneumatic massage of the middle ear and to specify the indication for this kind of treatment. Although no convincing and predictable results could be demonstrated and even harmful effects had been observed in animal experiments, the massage of the tympanic membrane continued its triumphant march for half a century. The reason for this seems to be the suggestive and plausible therapeutic approach to a well known pathology of the middle ear. Since the middle of this century it has been regarded as obsolete and is no longer mentioned in text books. The history of this episode is presented in detail.

Deafness↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Providing tender touch massage to elderly nursing home residents: a demonstration project.

This 1-year demonstration project looked at the effects of gentle massage on two groups of elderly nursing home residents: those suffering from chronic pain and those with dementia who were exhibiting anxious or agitated behaviors. The certified nursing attendants were trained by a licensed massage therapist. The project was divided into three 12-week phases; different staff and residents were involved in each phase. Fifty-nine of 71 residents completed the 12-week program. Pain scores declined at the end of each phase, and anxiety scores declined in two of the three phases. Eighty-four percent of the nursing attendants reported that the residents enjoyed receiving tender touch, and 71% thought this type of massage improved their ability to communicate with the residents.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Good vibrations: do electrical therapeutic massagers work?

Health, leisure and beauty activities are increasing in popularity, with a particular emphasis on self-help and alternative health practices. One product type that has increased sales with this expansion is the hand-held electric massager. These are products that use vibration as a means of alleviating muscular strains and pains, as well as promoting relaxation. Paradoxically, these products are extremely popular as gifts, but are soon discarded. A multi-disciplinary research team was commissioned by a British manufacturer of electrical consumer products to investigate user attitudes and perceptions of existing massagers, to identify areas of user dissatisfaction. The manufacturer was also concerned about a possible stigma attached to these products because of an association with sex aids. This paper provides an account of the perceptions of both consumers and therapists regarding the use of these products. Identifying the differences between the perceptions of consumers and therapists should help provide a basis for effective integration of user needs, manufacturer requirements, designers' skills and sound therapeutic practice. The results provide insight to support the development of more effective hand-held massagers.

Consumer Behavior↗

PubMed2006

The effects of lumbar massage on muscle fatigue, muscle oxygenation, low back discomfort, and driver performance during prolonged driving.

An increasing dependence of society on automobiles for both work and leisure and the corresponding increase in time spent seated in the car has been correlated with a greater risk of low back pain and absence from work (Porter and Gyi 2002). This study examined the effects of three types of lumbar massage units on seating comfort, muscle fatigue, muscle oxygenation, muscle blood flow and driving performance during a 1 h simulated driving task. Electromyographic (EMG) signals were recorded from the right and left thoracic and lumbar erector spinae musculature. Average EMG (AEMG), mean power frequency (MPF), gaps and amplitude probability distribution function (APDF) parameters were analysed from the three massage seats and compared to a control seat. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and skin temperature from the right thoracic and lumbar erector spinae were used as an indication of muscle oxygenation and blood flow throughout the driving task. Ratings of perceived discomfort were used to assess driver discomfort, and driving performance was assessed by calculating mean lap times for the duration of each driving trial. The results showed statistically significant increases in skin temperature compared with the control seat after 60 min of driving. The NIRS results reflected these trends although the results were not statistically significant. AEMG and MPF measures showed no significant differences between the seats. MPF measures were found to increase over time, effects attributed to increases in muscle temperature. Gaps and APDF analyses revealed greater rest times and lower activation levels, respectively, with the control seat, which could result in increased loading of passive structures. This study demonstrated the beneficial effects of lumbar massage systems in increasing muscle blood flow and oxygenation. Although EMG parameters were not significantly different, the trends support the significant blood flow results. Future research should include longer driving times and adjustments in EMG measures to account for the effects of increasing muscle temperature on AEMG and MPF measures.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Effect of vibration massage therapy after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in patients with lower caliceal stones.

PURPOSE: To determine whether vibration massage influences the results of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) in patients with lower caliceal stones. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred three patients with lower caliceal stones were entered in the study. Patients were divided into two groups that received either SWL alone (Group A, N = 52) or with vibration massage (Group B, N = 51). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in stone size, duration of follow-up, or patient age. The complication, stone-free, and stone recurrence rates of the groups were compared. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the number of shockwaves, number of SWL sessions, or shockwave energy. The renal colic rate was higher in Group B than in Group A (P = 0.03). The stone-free rates in Group A and Group B were 60% and 80%, respectively (P = 0.003). The stone recurrence rate was higher in Group A than in Group B (P = 0.0006). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study demonstrates that SWL with vibration massage appears to have a beneficial effect on the passage of fragments in patients with lower caliceal stones.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Effects of duration of ventricular fibrillation and heart massage on haemodynamic responses after defibrillation in dogs.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of duration of ventricular fibrillation (VF), and of closed chest manual cardiac massage during VF on the recovery of the circulation. 24 open chest episodes and 50 closed chest episodes were studied. Longer duration of VF resulted in slower recovery. The critical recovery time was 60 to 90 s, beyond which no recovery occurred spontaneously. Heart massage improved recovery in nearly all cases. This indicates that the favourable effect of heart massage is not only confined to carotid flow to the brain but also that it has a favourable effect on the contractility of the heart, probably by the generation of coronary flow. Changes in coronary flow during spontaneous recovery were similar to those in reactive hyperaemia. The maximum mean coronary flow during recovery was 1.7 to 6 times the steady state values. When the duration of VF was longer than 60 s the recovery of the circulation was often worsened by a pronounced transient bradycardia, occasional ventricular tachycardia or frequent ventricular premature excitations.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Triplet pregnancy achieved through intracytoplasmic sperm injection with spermatozoa obtained by prostatic massage of a paraplegic patient: case report.

Spinal cord-injured men with ejaculation disorders can have children thanks to assisted reproduction techniques. Spermatozoa from these patients are usually obtained through vibratory stimulation, electroejaculation or by puncturing the seminal duct or the testicle. We present the first published case, as far as we are aware, of spermatozoa obtained through prostatic massage of a paraplegic patient. Penile vibratory stimulation was unsuccessful in this patient. In-vitro fertilization (IVF) with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with spermatozoa obtained through electroejaculation was performed at another centre but pregnancy was not achieved. Through prostatic massage, we obtained a total semen volume of 6 ml containing a total count of 12.32x10(6) spermatozoa (6.24x10(6) with tails), 8% of which had motility (graded + and ++); and 16% of which had normal morphology. The spermatozoa obtained were then used to perform IVF with ICSI and a triplet pregnancy was achieved. Prostatic massage appears to be an easy, non-traumatic and risk-free method to obtain spermatozoa from paraplegic patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Massage therapy improves behavior in neonates born to HIV-positive mothers.

Assigned randomly 28 neonates born to HIV-positive mothers to a massage therapy or control group. The treatment infants were given three 15-minute massages daily for 10 days. The massaged group showed superior performance on almost every Brazelton newborn cluster score and had a greater daily weight gain at the end of the treatment period unlike the control group who showed declining performance.

Child of Impaired Parents↗

PubMed1975

The cooling, analgesic, and rewarming effects of ice massage on localized skin.

The study was designed to produce objective data on the rate of local cooling following the ice massage technique of cold application and the rate of rewarming following termination of the ice application. More importantly, the onset of skin analgesia and its duration were evaluated. Sixteen normal subjects participated in four testing sessions, two of which were control session. A thermistor unit with probes monitored skin temperature and a standardized pain-evoking stimulus was used to verify analgesia. Analgesia was elicited by the ice massage only after the localized region had been cooled to, and maintained below, 13.6 degrees Celsius. The rate of cooling for the localized skin was more rapid than the rate of rewarming. The ten-minute ice massage was an effective procedure in achieving analgesia and, thus, may be sufficient to permit therapeutic exercise of selective painful conditions during, and for approximately three minutes immediately following, application.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Foot massage. A nursing intervention to modify the distressing symptoms of pain and nausea in patients hospitalized with cancer.

This article describes the findings of an empirical study on the use of foot massage as a nursing intervention in patients hospitalized with cancer. The study was developed from the earlier work of Ferrell-Torry and Glick (1992). In a sample of 87 subjects, a 10-minute foot massage (5 minutes per foot) was found to have a significant immediate effect on the perceptions of pain, nausea, and relaxation when measured with a visual analog scale. The use of foot massage as a complementary method is recommended as a relatively simple nursing intervention for patients experiencing nausea or pain related to the cancer experience. Further research into its effectiveness in the management of these symptoms by the family at home is warranted.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of massage therapy on health outcomes among orphaned infants in Ecuador: results of a randomized clinical trial.

Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death among infants and young children in the developing world. This project investigated whether therapeutic infant massage could reduce diarrheal episodes and decrease overall illness of infants. Infants living in 2 orphanages in Quito, Ecuador, were matched by age and randomly assigned to an experimental or a control condition. The experimental group received an intervention, daily infant massage therapy by orphanage staff or volunteers, which lasted an average of 53 days, and symptoms of illness data were documented daily by volunteers in the orphanages. Results indicated that control group infants had a 50% greater risk of having diarrhea than experimental infants (rate ratio [RR] = 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18, 2.03, P < 0.001). Control group infants were also 11% more likely than experimental infants to experience illness of any kind (RR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.96, 1.28, P = 0.17). The implications for the use of therapeutic infant massage, a remarkably inexpensive intervention, are discussed, and the need for further research is highlighted.

Diarrhea↗

PubMed1992

Massage reduces anxiety in child and adolescent psychiatric patients.

A 30-minute back massage was given daily for a 5-day period to 52 hospitalized depressed and adjustment disorder children and adolescents. Compared with a control group who viewed relaxing videotapes, the massaged subjects were less depressed and anxious and had lower saliva cortisol levels after the massage. In addition, nurses rated the subjects as being less anxious and more cooperative on the last day of the study, and nighttime sleep increased over this period. Finally, urinary cortisol and norepinephrine levels decreased, but only for the depressed subjects.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed2002

Massage therapy by mothers enhances the adjustment of circadian rhythms to the nocturnal period in full-term infants.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of massage therapy on phase adjustment of rest-activity and melatonin secretion rhythms to the nocturnal period in full-term infants. Rest-activity cycles of infants (measurement 1, n = 16) were measured by actigraphy before and after 14 days of massage therapy (starting at age 10 [+/-4] d) and subsequently at 6 and 8 weeks of age. 6-Sulphatoxymelatonin excretion was assessed in urine samples at 6, 8, and 12 weeks of age (measurement 2, n = 21). At 8 weeks the controls revealed one peak of activity at approximately 12 midnight (11 p.m.-3 a.m.) and another one at approximately 12 noon (11 a.m.-3 p.m.), whereas in the treated group, a major peak was early in the morning (3 a.m.-7 a.m.) and a secondary peak in the late afternoon (3 p.m.-7 p.m.). At 12 weeks, nocturnal 6-sulphatoxymelatonin excretions were significantly higher in the treated infants (1346.38 +/- 209.40 microg/night vs 823.25 +/- 121.25 microg/night, respectively; <.05). It is concluded that massage therapy by mothers in the perinatal period serves as a strong time cue, enhancing coordination of the developing circadian system with environmental cues.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1989

Hemodynamic effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock.

The effectiveness of closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCCPR) in maintaining cardiac output has been well studied in cardiac arrest. Trauma surgeons most often encounter shock secondary to hypovolemia or cardiac tamponade, and the effectiveness of CCCPR in that setting has not been established. To determine the hemodynamic effects of external massage in profound shock, hypotension was induced in baboons. Pressures obtained with external massage were compared to spontaneous intra-arterial pressures before compression. Although external massage increased systolic pressures in both tamponade and hypovolemia, diastolic pressures were consistently decreased. We conclude that CCCPR does not augment arterial pressure in the clinical situations associated with decreased LVEDV and is unlikely to provide organ perfusion for trauma victims.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Analysis of the effects of deep mechanical massage in the porcine model.

Deep mechanical massage has been advocated as an alternative or adjunctive therapy for the contouring of subcutaneous fat and as a treatment for cellulite. We evaluated the effects of deep mechanical massage using two pig models. Yucatan pigs were divided into three groups (n = 4). One side of each body received 4, 10, or 20 treatments and the other side served as a control. Full-thickness tissue sections, including the underlying muscle, were harvested from identical treated and untreated regions. Examination of these regionally matched samples revealed an accumulation of dense, longitudinal collagen bands in the middle dermal and deep subdermal regions, which progressively increased with the number of treatments. Distortion and disruption of adipocytes was noted. In Yorkshire pigs, force-transducing balloon catheters were surgically placed between the deep subcutaneous tissue and muscle fascia. Catheters were inserted into two regions with different skin and subcutaneous tissue characteristics, the midflank and the hip. Standardized maneuvers were performed at suction settings 3, 5, 7, and 9 to record baseline tissue forces. Each maneuver carried a unique force signature. The measurement of tissue forces was repeated on the opposite side after 10 standardized treatment sessions. Analysis showed a significant reduction of measured forces at the midflank after the treatments. The actual force measured with each particular maneuver varied between different operators but not with different suction settings, suggesting that the technique of administering the treatments is the primary factor in creating the force within the tissue. This leads to the conclusion that deep mechanical massage is highly dependent on the individual operator of the device.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1994

A prospective randomized three-week trial of spinal manipulation, transcutaneous muscle stimulation, massage and corset in the treatment of subacute low back pain.

STUDY DESIGN: A randomized prospective trial of manipulation, massage, corset and transcutaneous muscle stimulation (TMS) was conducted in patients with subacute low back pain. OBJECTIVES: The authors determined the relative efficacy of chiropractic treatment to massage, corset, and TMS. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Although all of these treatments are used for subacute low back pain treatment, there have been few comparative trials using objective outcome criteria. Patients were enrolled for a period of 3 weeks. They were evaluated once a week by questionnaires, visual analog scale, range of motion, maximum voluntary extension effort, straight leg raising and Biering-Sorensen fatigue test. The dropout rate was highest in the muscle stimulation and corset groups and lowest in the manipulation group. Rates of full compliance did not differ significantly across treatments. A measure of patient confidence was greatest in the manipulation group. RESULTS: After 3 weeks, the manipulation group scored the greatest improvements in flexion and pain while the massage group had the best extension effort and fatigue time, and the muscle stimulation group the best extension. CONCLUSION: None of the changes in physical outcome measures (range of motion, fatigue, strength or pain) were significantly different between any of the groups.

Adult↗