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PubMed1990

Leukocyte and lymphocyte subsets after a short pharmacological stress by intravenous epinephrine and hydrocortisone in healthy humans.

Nine healthy volunteers received epinephrine and hydrocortisone intravenously in order to assess the typical acute response to a brief stress, of leukocyte and lymphocyte subsets, acute phase reactants and lymphocyte reactivity to T and B mitogens. At 10 min., all leukocyte subsets were increased, especially mononuclear cells. At 1 hour, moderate lymphopenia and monocytopenia occurred. At 6 hours, neutrophilia and eosinopenia were observed. During the lymphocytic early wave, all the lymphocyte subset counts increased, particularly T-suppressive/cytotoxic and natural killer cells. As a consequence, the percentage of T cells decreased and the CD4/CD8 ratio fell. No changes in acute phase reactants occurred over the 24 hours of the study. All leukocyte and lymphocyte subsets were normalized and mitogen reactivity was unchanged 24 hours after the stress. These typical shifts in leukocyte subsets could probe the adrenocortical and medullary response to an environmental stressor.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed2004

Differential effects of cadmium on blood lymphocyte subsets.

This work was designed to analyze the possible dose dependent effects of cadmium on the blood lymphocyte subset distribution and if these effects are related to circulating cadmium concentration. For that purpose, adult male rats were exposed for one month to 0, 5, 10, 25, 50 or 100 ppm of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in the drinking water. B lymphocytes decreased in peripheral blood with the doses of 5 and 10 ppm of CdCl2. From the dose of 25 ppm on, B cells increased. T lymphocytes were increased with the doses of 25, 50 and 100 ppm of CdCl2. The lower doses of the metal induced opposite effects. CD4+ and CD8+ cells decreased with the doses of 5 and 10 ppm whereas they were increased with the dose of 25 ppm of CdCl2 on. From the dose of 10 ppm on, cadmium concentration was increased. The results on the distribution of blood lymphocyte subsets suggest that cadmium inhibits the humoral and cellular immune response with the lower doses of the metal used, and opposite effects were detected with the higher doses, the effect not being dependent on the circulating cadmium.

Aging↗
PubMed1989

Pleural T-lymphocyte subsets in amiodarone-associated pleuropneumonitis.

Two male patients presented with lung disorders with all the characteristics of amiodarone-related pneumonitis. Bilateral exudative pleural effusions were associated with pneumonitis. High lymphocytosis was present in the pleural fluid with a ratio of T-lymphocyte subsets close to that found in peripheral blood; in the blood T-lymphocyte subset ratio was nearly normal. By contrast, and as is usual in similar cases, lymphocytic alveolitis with T-lymphocyte subset imbalance was found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These findings, never published so far to our knowledge, would favor a compartmentalization of the immune response inside the lung.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Influence of operation under epidural anesthesia on peripheral t lymphocyte subsets.

This paper reports the variation of peripheral T lymphocyte subsets in patients before and after operation under epidural anesthesia using OKT monoclonal antibodies (McAb). The results show that TH and TS after anesthesia and during surgery were lower than before anesthesia and in normal controls (P less than 0.05). The ratio of TH/TS after anesthesia and during operation were lower than before anesthesia (P less than 0.05), but there was no significant difference with normal controls (P greater than 0.05). Therefore, we consider that the decrease in TH cells was one of the reasons for decrease in patient immune function during anesthesia and surgery. Five to seven days after surgery, patient TH cell levels tended to normalize. This showed that this abnormality was transient and reversible. The results also indicated that emphasising prevention of infection in post-operational case, should be done during the first 5-7 days after surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Analysis of blood lymphocyte subsets in children living on territory that received high amounts of fallout from Chernobyl accident.

The major lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood were assessed in 120 children 6-13 years old living on areas that received high levels of radioactivity as fallout after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. Seventy-one of the children were suffering from recurrent respiratory disease (RRDC) and 49 were not (non-RRDC). As controls, a total of 87 RRDC and non-RRDC living on noncontaminated areas were evaluated. We did not find significant differences in major lymphocyte subsets between the values in non-RRDC living on radionuclide-contaminated areas and noncontaminated areas. However, RRDC living on radionuclide-contaminated areas had a significantly lower percentage of CD3+ T and CD3+CD4+ T-helper/ inducer cells compared to control RRDC. Furthermore, the decrease in percentage of CD3+CD4+ cells was more profound in RRDC living in radiation-contaminated settlements with an average summary dose (ASD) Cs-137(134) and Sr-90 for the population > 1.0 mSv than in RRDC living in contaminated settlements with an ASD Cs-137(134) and Sr-90 < 1.0 mSv. These data indicated that long-time exposure to small doses of radiation could affect the immune system in children living around Chernobyl.

CD3 Complex↗
PubMed2002

Increased proliferation within T lymphocyte subsets of HIV-infected adolescents.

Proliferation within T lymphocyte subsets of HIV-infected adolescents was quantified by detection of Ki-67, a nuclear antigen found in cells in late G(1), S, or G(2) phases of the cell cycle. Median percentages and absolute counts of Ki-67(+) cells for all subsets tested (CD4 naive and memory, CD8 naive and memory) were significantly higher for HIV-infected adolescents compared to uninfected controls. CD8 naive cells of HIV-infected adolescents had the greatest increase in rate of proliferation and number of proliferating cells compared to uninfected controls. In HIV-infected adolescents, the percentage and absolute number of proliferating CD4 naive cells were considerably lower than corresponding values for the other subsets. CD4 percent correlated inversely with Ki-67 expression in CD4 memory, CD8 naive, and CD8 memory cells, while Ki-67 expression in CD4 and CD8 memory cells correlated directly with average CD38 molecules/CD8 cell and absolute number of CD8/CD38/HLA-DR cells, consistent with T cell activation. These results indicate that in adolescents, HIV infection is associated with increased proliferation within CD4 and CD8 naive and memory subsets. Proliferation within the CD8 naive subset was higher than that observed previously for HIV-infected adults, suggesting that adolescents have a greater ability to regenerate and/or expand CD8 naive cells. CD4 naive cells of HIV-infected adolescents had a low rate of proliferation, and the total number of CD4 naive cells was low, suggesting that regeneration and/or peripheral expansion are limited and may contribute to the reduced size of this subset. The Ki-67 assay provided new and useful information on in vivo lymphocyte proliferation in HIV-infected adolescents.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase↗
PubMed1990

Peripheral blood and bone marrow lymphocyte subsets in patients with multiple myeloma.

A panel of monoclonal antibodies (McAb) from the Wu series was used to characterize lymphocyte subsets of peripheral blood (PB) from 9 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) by means of indirect immunofluorescence assay. In 7 of these patients bone marrow (BM) cells were also studied. Abnormal distribution of T lymphocyte subsets was observed in these patients, and the alterations were quite similar in both PB and BM. A significant increase in the proportion of WUT8+ cells (P less than 0.001) and a reduced WuT4/WuT8 ratio (P less than 0.001) were found in patient group. In both PB and BM of patients, WuT10+ cell counts were significantly higher than normal (P less than 0.001). There was a good correlation between BM WuT10+ cells and BM myeloma cells (r = 0.76, P less than 0.05), whereas no correlation was found between PB WuT10+ cells and BM myeloma cells. The significance of abnormal T-cell subset distribution and elevated WuT10+ cells in MM is discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Effects of hypothalamic lesions on lymphocyte subsets in mice.

This study investigated the time course of the dynamics of lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of mice, after bilateral lesions were made at anterior, middle and posterior sites in the hypothalamus of the mice, using a stereotaxic technique. Lymphocyte subsets were analyzed by using monoclonal antibodies specific to cell surface markers and a laser flow cytometry system. The results indicate that the anterior and posterior parts of the hypothalamus seem to play a role in immunomodulation of both helper and suppressor T lymphocytes. The middle part of the hypothalamus is considered to be the site of a control mechanism in the immune regulation of T and B lymphocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Serum LD1 isoenzyme and blood lymphocyte subsets as prognostic indicators for severe acute respiratory syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is at present poorly understood, but advanced age and serum total lactate dehydrogenase (LD) activity >300 U L(-1) have been associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Blood leucocytes and lymphocyte subsets were reported to decrease, respectively, in 47% and up to 100% of 38 patients in Beijing. However, their prognostic implications have not been thoroughly investigated. OBJECTIVE: To investigate serum total LD, LD isoenzymes, and other parameters including blood lymphocyte subsets as prognostic indicators in SARS patients for adverse clinical outcomes in terms of admission to intensive care unit (ICU) and death. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 109 patients with a clinical diagnosis of SARS according to the modified World Health Organization case definition of SARS were recruited from two major acute hospitals in Hong Kong. They were either involved in the initial outbreak of SARS, or cases from the community outbreak of Amoy Gardens between 10 March and 5 May 2003. The clinical diagnosis was subsequently confirmed by serological test and/or molecular analysis. Serum total LD and LD isoenzyme activities, complete blood picture with total leucocyte count and differential counts, absolute counts of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, natural killer cells and B lymphocytes were measured daily upon admission. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine and compare different cut-offs for various biochemical and immunological parameters at peak serum total LD concentration in predicting adverse clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Of a total of 109 patients, 41 were admitted to ICU and 42 died. Of 42 fatal patients, 24 died in ICU and 18 died in general medical wards. Age was found to be an independent prognostic indicator for death with an area under curve (AUC) of 0.96 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.90-0.99] but not for admission to ICU [AUC = 0.61 (CI = 0.51-0.70)]. Whilst serum total LD could only achieve AUC of 0.68 (CI = 0.59-0.77) for predicting death, LD1 isoenzyme was found to be the best biochemical prognostic indicator with AUC of 0.84 (CI = 0.75-0.90), sensitivity of 62% (CI = 46-76%), specificity of 93% (CI = 83-98%) at cut-off activity of > or =80 U L(-1). CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and natural killer cell counts were promising immunological prognostic indicators for predicting admission to ICU with AUC of 0.94 (CI = 0.86-0.98), 0.91 (CI = 0.81-0.96), 0.93 (CI = 0.85-0.98), and 0.87 (CI = 0.76-0.94), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Apart from age, serum LD1 activity was the best prognostic indicator for predicting death in patients with SARS compared with serum total LD activity, haemoglobin concentration, leucocyte and lymphocyte counts. Its release could possibly be from blood erythrocytes and body tissues other than the myocardium. Blood CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and natural killer cell counts were found to be good prognostic indicators for predicting admission to ICU in patients with SARS compared with age, leucocyte count and LD isoenzymes. The suppressed CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and natural killer cell counts were also implicated in the pathophysiology of SARS. Patients with increased serum LD1 should be closely monitored to ensure prompt management, and preparation for admission to ICU could be planned ahead for patients with suppressed lymphocyte subsets.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Distribution of lymphocyte subsets and natural killer cells in the human body.

The frequency and distribution of B and T lymphocyte subsets have been determined in many body tissues and fluids by preparing cell suspensions and tissue sections from lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs. In humans these studies often concentrate on the blood or on one particular cell source for obvious reasons. However, such data can only be interpreted correctly if the whole immune system is taken into consideration [64]. To facilitate this, reports on the frequencies and the absolute numbers of B and T lymphocyte subsets within various human tissues and fluids have been collected from a wide variety of journals and are briefly summarized here. Since the size of lymphoid organs varies with age (e.g. thymus, tonsils), only the data of adult individuals were included, unless otherwise stated. Natural killer (NK) cells are morphologically quite similar to lymphocytes [59], but very different functionally. For example, they are not able to recirculate from the blood via the lymph nodes and the thoracic duct back to the blood as lymphocytes do [19]. Thus, human NK cells have been compared with lymphocytes with respect to number and distribution.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1982

Lymphocyte subsets in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

The role of abnormal numbers and function of lymphocyte subsets in SLE remains, to date, unclear. Evidence exists for both functional T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte defects although the data for T lymphocyte defects appear more compelling. The role of autoantibodies on these cellular defects is also unclear. They may take on an important pathophysiologic role in depletion of certain lymphocyte subsets with subsequent alteration of function or they may, in fact, be interesting epiphenomena since an inverse relationship of depressed T lymphocyte numbers and function to increased levels of LCTA are frequent. Many other factors clearly influence lymphocyte function and disease expression including genetics and endocrine factors. As methodologies improve, a clearer understanding of the pathogenesis of SLE will emerge.

Antilymphocyte Serum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Percoll density gradient centrifugation. (An improved method for the enrichment of lymphocyte subsets mediating different activities).

Lymphocyte fractions obtained by Percoll density gradient centrifugation were assayed for their cytotoxic activities both in NK and ADCC cytotoxic systems. Furthermore, the release of a mediator, platelet slowing factor from the same subsets, was evaluated. Different mitogens (phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A and lipid A) have been used for this purpose. The maximum of cytotoxic activities was recovered in E+ cell-enriched fractions. On the other hand, lipid A was able to stimulate the PSF production from enriched B cells (fraction I); phytohemagglutinin induced the release of PSF from E+ fractions (II and III) and concanavalin A from fraction II only. Our results suggest that Percoll density gradient is a very reproducible method in obtaining lymphocyte subsets enriched in cells mediating either cytotoxic activities or lymphokine release.

Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity↗
PubMed1995

Intrapair differences of the blood cell components and lymphocyte subsets in monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

We evaluated the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors on leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, erythrocytes, reticulocytes, hemoglobin, platelets, T lymphocyte subsets, and NK marker cells in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. Peripheral blood components were measured in 154 healthy twin pairs (118 MZ pairs and 36 DZ pairs) and lymphocyte subsets in 48 healthy twin pairs (38 MZ pairs and 10 DZ pairs). Platelets and erythrocytes showed higher intraclass correlations in the MZ pairs than in the DZ pairs in the males. However, in the females, the intraclass correlations for these components were similar between the MZ and DZ pairs. Neutrophils and monocytes showed low intraclass correlations in the MZ pairs. The absolute number of CD4+ cells and the CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio showed high intraclass correlations regardless of age in the MZ pairs in both males and females. The intraclass correlation for the absolute number of CD3+ cells was low in pairs aged > or = 60 years in the MZ pairs. The absolute numbers of CD16+ cells and CD56+ cells showed high intraclass correlations regardless of age in the MZ pairs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Effect of serial-day exposure to nitrogen dioxide on airway and blood leukocytes and lymphocyte subsets.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a free radical-producing oxidant gas. Inhalation of NO2 could cause airway inflammation, and decrease immune function. This experiment tested the hypothesis that exposure to NO2 would: 1) increase leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL); and 2) change the distribution of lymphocyte subsets and activation in BAL and peripheral blood (PB). Using a counter-balanced, repeated-measures design, 15 healthy volunteers were exposed to filtered air (FA) or 2.0 parts per million NO2 for 4 h x day(-1) (4 x 30 min of exercise), for three consecutive days. Bronchoscopy was performed 18 h following each exposure set, and PB was drawn pre-exposure and pre-bronchoscopy. Flow cytometry was used to enumerate lymphocyte subsets and activation makers in BAL and PB. In the bronchial fraction, there was an increase in the percentage of neutrophils following NO2 exposure compared to FA (median (interquartile range): 10.6 (4.8-17.2)% versus 5.3 (2.5-8.3)%; p=0.005). In the BAL, there was a decrease in the percentage of T-helper cells following NO2 exposure compared to FA (55.9 (40.8-62.7)% versus 61.6 (52.6-65.2)%; p=0.022). For PB, there were no between-condition differences in any leukocyte or lymphocyte subsets, or activation. In conclusion exposure to nitrogen dioxide results in bronchial inflammation and a minimal change in bronchoalveolar lavage T-helper cells, and no changes in peripheral blood cells.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

T-lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of patients with renal cell carcinoma.

We analyzed the phenotypic distribution of the major T-lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of 22 renal cell carcinoma patients before and after nephrectomy. We also compared these distributions to those of healthy controls and related them to tumor spread. The lymphocyte subsets were analyzed by means of flow cytometry. The CD4+ subset was the only one which was significantly decreased (x +/- SD: 36.2 +/- 6.4 vs 41.4 +/- 2.2 in healthy controls, P < 0.05), this contributing to a significant decrease in the CD4/CD8 ration (x +/- SD: 102 +/- 0.56 vs 1.42 +/- 0.28, P < 0.05). The decrease was more apparent with advanced stage. Helper cell activity increased significantly after nephrectomy in the higher stage patients (x +/- SD: 41.1 +/- 4.6 vs 36.4 +/-3.1 and 38.2 +/- 3.9 vs 30.1 +/- 4.2 for stage T3 and T4 patients respectively). Knowledge of peripheral blood lymphocyte patterns that correlate with various tumor stages and therapies could provide information in host-tumor relationship and predict the clinical outcome and response to therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The use of isotypic control antibodies in the analysis of CD3+ and CD3+, CD4+ lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry. Are they really necessary?

OBJECTIVE: Isotypic control reagents are defined as irrelevant antibodies of the same immunoglobulin class as the relevant reagent antibody in a flow cytometry panel. The use of the isotypic control antibody has been advocated as a necessary quality control measure in analysis of flow cytometry. The purpose of this study was to determine the necessity of an isotypic control antibody in the analysis of CD3+ and CD3+, CD4+ lymphocyte subsets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective study of 46 consecutive patient samples received for lymphocyte subset analysis to determine the need for the isotypic control. For each sample, a sham buffer (autocontrol) and isotypic control reagent were stained for three-color immunofluorescence, processed, and identically analyzed with Attractors software. The Attractors software allowed independent, multiparametric, simultaneous gating; was able to identically and reproducibly process each list mode file; and yielded population data in spreadsheet form. RESULTS: Statistical analysis (Fisher's z test) revealed no difference between the CD3+ autocontrol and CD3+ isotypic control (correlation = 1, P < .0001) or between the CD3+, CD4+ autocontrol and the CD3+, CD4+ isotypic control (correlation = 1, P < .0001). The elimination of the isotypic control reagent resulted in a total cost savings of $3.36 per test. Additionally, the subtraction of isotypic background can artifactually depress population enumeration. CONCLUSIONS: The use of an isotypic control antibody is not necessary to analyze flow cytometric data that result in discrete cell populations, such as CD3+ and CD3+, CD4+ lymphocyte subsets. The elimination of this unnecessary quality control measure results in substantial cost savings.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1991

Role of T lymphocyte subsets in the pathogenesis of primary infection and rechallenge with respiratory syncytial virus in mice.

The role of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in terminating respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication, causing disease, and protecting from reinfection was investigated using a BALB/c mouse model in which CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes or both were depleted by injections of Mab directed against the respective mouse lymphocyte determinants. Kinetics of RSV replication, illness, and pathology were assessed after primary infection and rechallenge. Both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subsets were involved in terminating RSV replication after primary infection. When both T lymphocyte subsets were depleted RSV replication was markedly prolonged, yet no illness was evident, suggesting that host immune response rather than viral cytocidal effect was the primary determinant of disease in mice. Both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes contributed to illness, although CD8+ lymphocytes appeared to play the dominant role in this particular system. Analysis of histological responses suggested that CD4+ lymphocytes were required for the appearance of peribronchovascular lymphocytic aggregates seen in normal mice after rechallenge, and that the presence of alveolar lymphocytes was correlated with illness. It is postulated that antibody is an illness-sparing mechanism for protecting mice from RSV infection, and that T lymphocytes are an important determinant of illness. Further delineation of RSV-induced immunopathogenesis in primary infection and reinfection will provide important information for the development of vaccine strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Lymphocyte subset and its apoptosis in chronic hepatitis C].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the autoimmune pathogenesis induced by hepatitis C virus. METHODS: Serum anti-GOR and peripheral blood lymphocyte subset and its apoptosis rate after activated by Pokeweed mitogen (pwm) in vitro were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Eighteen individuals with chronic hepatitis C and 16 healthy controls were observed. RESULTS: The positive rates of serum anti-GOR (66.7%) and ANA (44.4%) were significantly higher in chronic hepatitis C than normal controls (chi(2)=26.86, chi(2)=9.30, P<0.005). The apoptosis percentage of PBMCs and CD3(+)T cell was elevated in individuals with chronic hepatitis C when compared with normal controls (t=2.44, P<0.05). However, the apoptosis percentage of CD4(+)T and CD19(+)B cells in PBMCs was significantly decreased in patients with anti-GOR positive compared to anti-GOR negative (t=3.17, P<0.01; t=2.294, P<0.05). Similarly, the percentage of CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells in anti-GOR positive patients was increased and CD3(+)/CD4(+) was decreased (t=2. 18, P<0.05) compared to anti-GOR negative (t=2.44, P<0.05; t=2.18, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: autoimmune response exists in chronic hepatitis C patients. There is an imbalance of lymphocyte subset and its apoptosis, which may be one of the important reasons for the mechanism of autoimmune pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C.

Adult↗