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Dr. Henry A. Parr had many aspects in his career, beginning life as secret confederate agent during the Civil War, and finally ending as the president's dentist. The way he played these roles, as a pirate, accused of murder, as a pharmacist, inventor and dental teacher, makes up a real odysey, well documented.
Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1654-1720) was a physician, archiater of the pope, well-known as an anatomist and epidemiologist, who made an important contribution to veterinary medicine of when rinderpest (cattle plague) affected Europe in the XVIIIth century. His times, his life and career and his main contributions to medicine are described. the main features of the great epidemic of rinderpest which started in 1711 are presented. His book De bovilla peste, published in 1715, illustrates the characteristics of cattle plague and, above all, the control measures is discussed. Of the control measures, the most relevant were the introduction of stamping out, with special instructions for the killing and burial of affected animals, the prohibition of animal movements, the adoption of special hygienic and political measures. The relationships between cattle plague and poverty and famine are described, together with the actions taken to deal with them. Lancisi points out the relationship between politics and history on the one hand and cattle plague on the other. He may be considered the modern co-inventor (along with Bates) of stamping out.
The story of Bulgarian physician Ivan Raev is indicative to define the importance of medical relations between Italy and Bulgary. Ivan Raev was the inventor of the "Bulgarian cure" for treating lethargic encephalitis, and he obtained a lot of remarkable results also in Italy, working in Queen Elena di Savoia's service, and studying epilepsy and tuberculosis. With Ivan Raev and many other healers, popular Bulgarian medicine married the official one, giving her dates and methods. These methods showed their efficacy in curing patients not only in the biological context but also in the social one.
At present, little is known about the creation of cancer hospitals. I will report on that of Lyons, France, with the famous surgeon, Léon Bérard (1870-1956). A specialist of neck surgery, he was the first to carry out major thoracoplasties. The cancer hospital was inaugurated in 1923 under the Great Dome of the hôtel-Dieu hospital. (The dome is the creation of the famous architect Germain Soufflot (1748)). In 1933, the cancer hospital moved in the newly-built Edouard Herriot Hospital; it became independent in 1958, two years after the famous surgeon's death, and it was rightly named after him: "Centre anticancéreux Léon Bérard". Its creation and its quick development owes a lot to generosity of Auguste Lumière, one of the two inventors of cinematograph. Auguste Lumière sponsored radiotherapy material and, at Léon Bérard's request (as there was a lack of space in Edouard Herriot hospital), created a centre for cancer patients (Bon Abr Hospital, rue Mistral, with Dr Vigne). A Lumière gave his time as well as his money for the centre; he was the car-driver, he helped L. Bérard with his university classes, and he often comforted the patients while running a private clinic (La Clinique Lumière), which combined dispensary services with research. (Micheline Bonin)
The objective of this study was to develop a simple, safe, reproducible, and efficient technique that used readily available commercial materials for percutaneous catheterization of an external jugular vein in the pig. Guidewire-assisted vascular cannulation was introduced in the early 1950s and is often called the Seldinger technique, after its inventor. With few modifications, this technique has become widely used for all types of vascular cannulation in human and veterinary patients. The technique has the advantage of minimizing damage to soft tissues and blood vessels. We adapted this procedure by using five anatomical landmarks to target and catheterize the external jugular vein in pigs. Percutaneous catheterization of the external jugular vein can be accomplished easily in most pigs by using this technique. Novice technicians were able to quickly and easily learn the procedure.
There has been developed and adopted the author's method for surgical treatment of the retropancreatic cyst of the pancreas. The method involves a one-stage internal drainage of the cyst and pancreatic duct through cystoductopancreatojejunostomy on the isolated loop of the small intestine. Overall three patients have been operated on. The immediate and late results are good. The method is defended by the inventor's certificate.
The study of Greek Mythology fully justifies Herophilus's phrase: "Medicines are the hands of Gods" (third cent. B.C.). A number of Gods are said to be the inventors of the drugs which are useful to men. Their names are still alive in the scholarly or popular appellations of a great many medicinal herbs. However, insofar as the action of a drug (of a Pharmakon) remains mysterious, one finds it in essentially female practices as well as in medicine. The study of these ancient beliefs, which have survived in spite of the progress of twentieth century science, can develop the history of epistemology of pharmacy by stimulating interdisciplinary research.
INTRODUCTION: About five thousand years ago, one of the most ancient, important and enduring civilisations in the history of Mankind flourished on the banks of the Nile. In Egypt, all the branches of human knowledge attained a high degree of development and today it is considered the mother of medicine. Despite the marked religious component that affected all its activities, the medicine of the Pharaohs was practised in a rational and deductive manner, and the Egyptians were the inventors of clinical observation. METHOD: The desert climate of the Nile Valley has preserved monuments, mummies and papyruses which have enabled us to get a certain idea of the degree of development reached in medical matters. The aim of this work is to analyse them from a neuroscientific point of view. The anatomical discoveries of the Egyptians originated in the inspection of wounds and the practice of embalming. They came to know a large number of diagnoses and were able to prescribe many different forms of treatment. They also attained a certain proficiency in dealing with neurotraumatological patients. They practised anamnesis, prognostics and a regulated surgery that infrequently included trephination. Their conservatism meant that, after the Macedonian domination, the traditional Egyptian medicine was replaced the Greek medicinal arts, which reached their maximum period of splendour in the School of Alexandria, where Herophilus and Erasistratus, pioneers in the study of anatomy and brain circulation, were especially renowned. CONCLUSIONS: From the point of view of the neurosciences, the Egyptians were the first to describe the brain, migraine, epilepsy, strokes, tetanus, Bell s palsy and the sequelae of head injuries and of spinal transection. Their artwork sometimes shows neurological patients and, according to Herodotus, there were doctors who were specialised in head diseases and could therefore be considered the precursors of our present day neurologists.
Secret remedies are preparations or medicines whose composition is not disclosed by the inventor in order to protect his invention or to deceive the public. Secret remedies have always existed. From time immemorial the communities of apothecaries in Paris or in the provinces were opposed to quack doctors or healers who sold inactive mixtures. The 1352 Royal Edict forbade preparations of secret remedies. However, in the 17th century secret remedies were authorized through commission letters or warrants. In the 18th century regulations were implemented to control secret trade. The famous 11 April 1803 Law called the Germinal Law banned the sale of secret remedies but its severity was softened through successive decrees based on divergent interpretations of the regulations. The final banning of secret remedies was pronounced by a decree on 13 July 1926.
While George Franklin Grant may be known as the second African American dental graduate and the inventor of the golf tee, it is not generally known that he was one of the pioneers in cleft palate and speech therapy, a longtime faculty member of Harvard University's dental school, and the founder of the Harvard Odontological Society.
One continuous thread in this volume is the name of Conrad H. Waddington (1905-1975), the developmental biologist known as the inventor of the term epigenetics. After some biographical notes on his life, this article explores the meaning of the Waddingtonian equation and the context wherein it was developed. This equation holds that epigenesis + genetics = epigenetics, and refers in retrospect to the debate on epigenesis versus preformationism in neoclassical embryology. Whereas Waddington actualized this debate by linking epigenesis to developmental biology and preformation to genetics, thereby stressing the importance of genetic action in causal embryology, today's epigenetics more and more offers the possibility to enfeeble biological thinking in terms of genes only, as it expands the gene-centric view in biology by introducing a flexible and pragmatically oriented hierarchy of crucial genomic contexts that go beyond the organism.
Should stock options be recorded as an expense on a company's income statement and balance sheet, or should they remain where they are, relegated to footnotes? The extraordinary boom in share prices during the Internet bubble made critics of option expensing look like spoilsports. But since the crash, the debate has returned with a vengeance. And no wonder: The authors believe the case for expensing options is overwhelming. In this article, Nobel Iaureate Robert Merton, one of the inventors of the Black-Scholes option-pricing model; his coauthor on the classic textbook Finance, Zvi Bodie; and Robert Kaplan, creator of the Balanced Scorecard, examine and dismiss the principal claims put forward by those who continue to oppose options expensing. They demonstrate that stock-option grants do indeed have real cash-flow implications that need to be reported. They show that effective ways certainly exist to quantify those implications. They detail the distortions that relegating stock-option accounting to footnotes creates. And they show why reporting option costs should in no way hamper young companies in their efforts to provide incentives. Options are indeed a powerful incentive, the authors agree, and failing to record a transaction that creates such powerful effects is economically indefensible. Worse, it encourages companies to favor options over alternative incentive systems. It is not the proper role of accounting standards, the authors argue, to distort executive and employee compensation by subsidizing one particular form of compensation and no other. Companies should choose compensation methods according to their economic benefits--not the way they are reported.
Several aspects of Shrapnell's career are still little known or erroneously typed. 1. Some historians of Medicine profess that Dr. Shrapnell was the inventor of a shell which bears his name. 2. Others neglect the negative points of Shrapnell's paper published in 1832 on the pars flaccida. To be able to comment on these different aspects of Shrapnell's life and work we compared the biographies of the anatomist and of the artillery officer. We noticed the positive and also the negative points of his paper. We conclude that: 1. Dr. Shrapnell was not an artillery officer, but the two men were present in the British Army; their surnames, their names and the period when they lived were about the same. 2. Errors in Shrapnell's paper were due to the philosophy and lack of anatomical and pathological knowledge of the time. 3. Otologists' reception was better than that of the Anatomists because for the Otologists, Shrapnell's membrane was recognized as an important original area of cholesteatoma, whereas for the Anatomists it was just a detail.
The Royal Society of Chemistry in collaboration with the Novartis Foundation held a meeting November 15, 2002, in London, United Kingdom, to discuss chemotherapeutic strategies in cancer treatment. The meeting also marked the presentation of the George and Christine Sosnovsky award, given to Prof. Malcolm Stevens, the inventor of temozolomide. Speakers included representatives from Novartis AG, the University of Nottingham, the University of Newcastle, Bart's and the London Queen Mary's Medical School, the Institute of Cancer Research, the Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research and the University of Leicester. Highlights of the meeting are discussed. (c) 2002 Prous Science. All rights reserved.
Ombrédanne was one of the founders of paediatric surgery. He was the inventor of surgery technics. His methods used in infantile urology became classics, such as hypospadias' operation.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the sociodemographic, and clinical characteristics, and comorbid diagnosis of patients with conversion disorder, and also to evaluate the relationship between the duration of conversion and comorbid diagnosis and personality factors. METHOD: Seventy-two patients who were diagnosed with conversion disorder according to DSM-IV criteria, were included in this study. The Hacettepe Personality Inventor, was administered to all patients, and they were divided into two groups. The first group had conversion symptoms for four years (Group 1), while the other group had conversion symptoms more than four years (Group 2). RESULTS: Sixty-three of patients were female, 9 were males. The average onset age of the disorder was 25.9+/-7.5. Seventy patients (97,2%) had received a maximum of 11 years of education. 40.3% of patients sought treatment because of seizures or convulsions, 40,3% because of sensory symptoms or deficits, 5% because of motor symptoms or deficits, and 12,6% because of mixed presentations. The mean duration of complaints was 4.2+/-1.4 years (min= 1, max= 20). 59.7% of the patients had prominent stress before the onset of the conversion symptoms. There were 12 (28.6%) comorbid psychiatric disorders in Group 1, and 17 (56,7%) in Group 2. Although the mean neurotic trend scores in Group 2 (6.1+/-4.1) were higher than Group 1 (3.1+/-3) (p=.03). The mean emotional resolution scores were lower in Group 2 (4.2+/-3.5) than in Group 1 (7.1+/-3.3) (P=.03). CONCLUSION: Conversion disorder tends to start in early adulthood, and usually follows a stress factor. As the duration of the disorder increases, comorbid psychopathologies, and the level of anxiety, and especially the prevalence of depression increase.
János Bolyai (1802-1860) one of the greatest mathematicians of the 19th century, the founder and inventor of non-Euclidean geometry, was born in Transylvania, as son of a Hungarian nobleman and scientist, Farkas Bolyai. Having finished his studies at the Academy for Engineering Corps in Vienna, he joined the army. From 1823 to 1833 he served at different places all over the the Empire. Being however physically and mentally unbalanced, he underwent several medical examinations during his military service. Based on archival documents and files of medical examinations and on those of the following resolutions, the author of the present article gives a comprehensive and very detailed account of the young genius's military career and on the circumstances determining his mental activities while creating the most admirable mathematical theory of the age.
First Academies originated in Italy at the beginnings of the Renaissance. Their works were of encyclopedic extent. Regarding to scientific academies, the first was the "Accademia dei Lincei" founded in Rome on August 17, 1603, due to the initiative of four young men; three naturalists and a physician. Later, several distiguished scientists were admitted, such as Giambattista della Porta, inventor of the dark chamber (1610) and Galileo Galilei (1611). This Academy sponsored the publication of a compendium of Francisco Hernández manuscripts, prepared by the Italian physician Antonio Nardo Recchi. Many years later, other scientific academies arose, such as the "Accademia del Cimento", established in 1657 in Florence and inspired by Galilean thought. In 1662, the "Royal Society" of London, was formally recognized, following Bacon's empirical line, and in 1666 the "Académie Royale des Sciences" was created in Paris, which followed the mechanicist orientation of Descartes. These scientific societies aspired to become centers of information and exchange ideas. Therefore, the "Philosophical Transactions" in London and the "Journal des Savants" in Paris began to be published in 1665. Both publications often included medical articles and notes. Regarding New Spain, the worthy "Academia médico-quirúrgica" of Puebla, mentioned since 1802, must be considered. In independent Mexico, two successive medical academies were established that paved the way for our National Academy of Medicine (1864). This society, since its birth, has been publishing the "Gaceta Médica de México", dean of the Mexican medical journals.