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PubMed2004

The interplay between women's life course work patterns and financial planning for later life.

In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between women's life course work patterns and their financial planning for later life, we examined data from semi-structured interviews with retired women (n = 28) aged 59 to 92. The majority of women disrupted their careers at some point in time, for an average of 14 years, primarily for child-rearing responsibilities. We found that financial preparedness and income security in later life are structured by women's life course work patterns. However, individuals also have the ability to shape their own lives and many of the women took the initiative to acquire financial knowledge irrespective of their work situation. Financial-planning advice that participants gave to future generations of older women was also explored and centred on the importance of saving, avoiding debt, maintaining financial independence, and planning ahead.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

The interplay between gastric cancer cell lines and PBMCs mediated by the CC chemokine RANTES plays an important role in tumor progression.

In the present study, we investigated the effect of the RANTES-mediated interaction between gastric carcinoma cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in tumor progression. RANTES production in PBMCs stimulated by highly metastatic cancer cell line-conditioned supernatants was higher than in those stimulated by a less metastatic gastric cancer cell line-conditioned supernatant. RANTES receptors were expressed in PBMCs, but not in those cancer cell lines; therefore it was suggested that RANTES might affect PBMCs but not cancer cells. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression in PBMCs was examined. Similar to RANTES production, MMP-9 expression in PBMCs stimulated by highly metastatic cell line-conditioned supernatants was higher than in that stimulated by a less metastatic cell line-conditioned supernatant. Invasion assays of gastric cancer cell lines were performed. Cancer cells cultured with PBMCs invaded into Matrigel more frequently than those without PBMCs. This invasive activity was highly inhibited by an anti-RANTES antibody. These results suggest that tumor cells can acquire the potential for invasion by cooperating with PBMCs and RANTES plays an important role in the interplay between tumor cells and PBMCs. It is thus thought that RANTES might be a candidate molecular target in the therapeutic strategy for gastric cancers.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Mechanism of tissue-specific transcription: interplay between positive and negative regulatory factors.

At least four regulatory cis-acting DNA sequences, CCAAAAGTGG (element A), TTATTTTTA (element B), TATTTATT (element C), and TATTACCTTTAT (element S), were identified in cardiac myosin light chain-2 (MLC2) proximal promoter as target sites for sequence-specific binding of nuclear proteins. For muscle-specific transcription, the proximal promoter (-53 to +1) consisting only of elements B and C is required. Addition of element A to this promoter results in a muscle-specific up-regulation, whereas the addition of element S exerts a negative effect on transcription. The negative and positive regulatory effects of elements S and A respectively were demonstrated by site-specific mutations of the promoter following transient transfection of cardiac muscle cells in culture. Elements S and A interact separately with distinct nuclear protein factor present in both muscle and non-muscle cells, even though their regulatory activities are restricted to muscle cells. Among the multiple complexes resulting from the interaction of nuclear proteins and elements S and A DNAs, one requires both S and A sequences together for binding. Element B, which exerts a muscle-specific positive effect on transcription, binds to a nuclear protein present in cardiac muscle, but not in non-muscle cells. DNA-protein binding assays and mutational analysis of the MLC2 promoter suggest that the contribution of the functionally opposed cis-elements depends upon an interplay between the positively and negatively acting DNA-binding proteins via protein-protein interactions to mediate opposite regulatory effects on gene transcription.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Interplay between intra- and extracellular calcium ions.

Two, well characterized cationic channels, the ryanodine receptor (RyR) and the canonical transient receptor potential cation channel (TRPC) are briefly reviewed with a particular attention on recent developments related to the interplay between the two channel families.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Interplay between Helicobacter pylori and the immune system. Clinical implications.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative bacteria infecting more than 50% of human population. H. pylori selectively colonizes gastric mucosa and represents the major cause of gastroduodenal pathologies, such as gastric ulcer, autoimmune gastritis, gastric cancer and B cell lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). In this review interplay between H. pylori and both innate and adaptive immune responses is discussed. The second part of this article presents current knowledge about the relationship between H. pylori infection and neoplasia.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Interplay between inotropic and lusitropic effects of cyclic adenosine monophosphate on the myocardial cell.

beta-Adrenergic agonists and other agents that increase cellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) exert complex actions on myocardial cell function that enhance both the force of contraction and the rate of relaxation. At the same time that cyclic AMP increases the amount of activator Ca2+ released at the onset of systole, which increases contractility, this intracellular messenger accelerates the removal of activator Ca2+ from the cytosol by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which promotes relaxation. Cyclic AMP also increases Ca2+ sensitivity of the sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ pump and desensitizes contractile proteins to Ca2+, both of which favor relaxation. Thus, the lusitropic effects of cyclic AMP, which allow the heart to remove increased amounts of activator Ca2+ from the cytosol, occur simultaneously with cyclic AMP's inotropic effects. This interplay between inotropic and lusitropic effects allows beta-adrenergic agonists to increase myocardial contractility while accelerating relaxation, a combination of effects that allows the ventricles to fill during the agonist-induced tachycardia.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1989

Mechanisms of splenic control of murine malaria: tissue culture studies of the erythropoietic interplay of spleen, bone marrow, and blood in lethal (strain 17XL) Plasmodium yoelii malaria in BALB/c mice.

This work characterizes the erythropoietic interplay of the spleen, blood, and bone marrow in a lethal murine malaria, strain 17XL P. yoelii. This malaria runs a fulminant 7 day course in BALB/c/ByJ mice, marked by high levels of parasitized reticulocytes with death likely due to anemia. We have quantitated the levels of burst forming units-erythroid (BFU-E), the early, niche-seeking, largely erythropoietin-unresponsive erythropoietic precursors, and of colony forming units-erythroid (CFU-E), the more differentiated sessile erythropoietin-responsive precursors, in bone marrow, blood, and spleen, through the course of this malaria. A decline in marrow BFU-E began on day 2, but recovered, relatively, after day 3. Marrow cellularity declined, being but 75% normal on day 6. Spleen weight increased about 5-fold within 6 days with enlargement of erythroid, lymphoid, macrophage, and stromal compartments. Splenic BFU-E increased in the first 24 hr and 5-fold by day 6. Splenic CFU-E increased in the first 24 hr and into day 4. They then declined and showed a secondary, large-scale, sustained rise interrupted by death. Because the spleen was enlarging, a greater than 60-fold increase in the absolute number of splenic CFU-E occurred at the time of death. Marrow CFU-E followed the same pattern as splenic CFU-E, but the terminal increase represented but a 4-fold absolute increase because of declining marrow cellularity. High levels of erythropoietin occurred only late in the course of disease, likely in response to profound anemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Immunoregulation in murine malaria. Susceptibility of inbred mice to infection with Plasmodium yoelii depends on the dynamic interplay of host and parasite genes.

Inbred and H-2 congenic mouse strains were tested for their ability to resist infections with the non-lethal 17X or with the lethal YM isolates of Plasmodium yoelii. DBA/2 and B10.D2 mice, which best resisted infections with non-lethal P. yoelii, were exquisitely susceptible to infection with lethal isolates of this malaria species. In contrast, B6 and B10 mice, which were susceptible to infection with non-lethal P. yoelii, were resistant to infection with the lethal isolates. This reversal of host response phenotype was influenced by H-2 genes, as evidenced by the divergent responses of the H-2 congenic strains B10 and B10.D2. However, a survey of mouse strains sharing common H-2 genes, but expressing different genetic backgrounds, demonstrated that genes outside the H-2 complex also influence the outcome of P. yoelii infections. By enumerating the numbers of P. yoelii-specific antibody-secreting cells in the spleens of infected mice, it was demonstrated that B6 mice, although susceptible to infection with non-lethal P. yoelii, nonetheless made a far stronger anti-parasite response after infection than did resistant DBA/2 mice. Using FACS analysis it was shown that infected B6 mice also produced large amounts of antibodies which bound to the surface of uninfected RBC. Thus, in B6 mice infected with non-lethal P. yoelii, a strong parasite-induced immune response was associated with susceptibility rather than resistance to infection. When T cell-deficient nude mice and their normal littermates were infected with the different isolates of P. yoelii, the nude mice had lower levels of parasitemia and higher RBC counts during the early stages of these infections, and lived longer than did normal littermates after infection with the lethal isolate. These data and the data from studies of B6 and DBA/2 mice support the idea that a strong immune response may be associated with susceptibility rather than resistance to P. yoelii, at least during the early stages of the infection. The finding that a single strain of mouse may present as resistant to infection with one P. yoelii isolate yet be exquisitely susceptible to infection with another suggests that the outcome of these murine malaria infections is dependent on a dynamic interplay between host and parasite genes. Thus, when genetic variability exists in both the host and the parasite populations, as would occur in nature, there may be little directed evolutionary change toward one phenotype or another.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Interplay of various factors in glucose-induced hyperkalemia during captopril treatment.

The effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition by captopril (CAP) on serum potassium (SK) changes was studied during a three-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT) in recumbent and upright positions in 16 patients with drug-resistant hypertension. An elevation of SK in the upright posture occurred in the course of GTT during CAP treatment in 50% of the patients (Group I) even without consistent changes in baseline SK. In Group II a qualitatively normal glucose-induced hypokalemic response was obtained. Aldosterone was suppressed by CAP, predominantly in the upright position in Group I due to the significant interaction between the drug and posture. Significant inverse correlations were found in Group I between glucose-induced serum potassium changes and basal glomerular filtration rate. A similar correlation was found also with serum insulin in the whole patient material. It was concluded that the interplay of various factors, CAP, upright posture and impaired renal functions resulting in suppression of aldosterone and insulin played a role in the paradoxical glucose-induced serum potassium elevation.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Interplay of alpha-2 and beta adrenoceptors in the control of free fatty acid release from bone marrow adipose tissue.

The effect of various adrenergic drugs on the free fatty acid (FFA) output from bone marrow was studied in dog tibia after constant flow autoperfusion of the nutrient artery by femoral arterial blood and cannulation of the nutrient vein. Clonidine, an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, inhibited the isoproterenol-induced FFA outflow from bone marrow adipose tissue. This effect was suppressed by the alpha-2 antagonists (phentolamine and yohimbine). Moreover, clonidine inhibited the FFA outflow initiated by theophylline associated with adenosine deaminase. When the alpha-2 sites were blocked by phentolamine or yohimbine, epinephrine exerted an enhanced effect on FFA outflow in comparison with its effect when infused alone. These in vivo experiments clearly demonstrate that alpha-2 adrenoceptor stimulation is able to inhibit beta-stimulated or theophylline plus adenosine deaminase-promoted lipid mobilization from bone marrow fat stores. The simultaneous stimulation of alpha-2 and beta adrenoceptors initiated by epinephrine could be responsible for the weaker lipid-mobilizing effect of the endogenous catecholamine. It is concluded that adrenoceptors are operative in bone marrow adipose tissue and control FFA outflow in physiological conditions. Moreover, the existence of an interplay between alpha-2 and beta adrenergic effects in in vivo conditions is demonstrated.

Adenosine Deaminase↗
PubMed1980

Energy coupling to potassium transport in Streptococcus faecalis. Interplay of ATP and the protonmotive force.

We have studied the mechanism by which metabolic energy is coupled to potassium accumulation by the fermentative bacterium, Streptococcus faecalis. In starving cells, K+ movements into the cells or out are very slow; even 42K+/K+ exchange requires concurrent metabolism of glucose or arginine. Metabolizing cells accumulate K+, establishing a concentration gradient of some 50,000. Accumulation is prevented by reagents that block or short circuit the proton circulation, but 42K+/K+ exchange persists. In glycolyzing cells whose proton pump has been blocked with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, net uptake of K+ can be induced by imposing an artificial membrane potential, interior negative. Net K+ efflux is also controlled by the interplay of ATP and the proton circulation. Addition of proton conductors to glycolyzing cells induces K+ efflux, but has no effect on starving cells; the rate of K+ efflux appears to be a function of the cells' ATP content. We conclude that K+ accumulation requires the cells to generate both a protonmotive force and ATP. K+ uptake is electrogenic and attains a concentration gradient far too steep to be in equilibrium with the membrane potential. We consider two alternative models for K+ transport: a primary ATP-driven pump regulated by the proton circulation or a secondary porter activated by ATP that mediates symport of K+ with H+.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1980

The interplay between metabolic and cationic events in islet cells: coupling factors and feedback mechanisms.

In the mechanism of glucose-stimulated insulin release, the coupling between glucose metabolism and the remodelling of cationic fluxes in the B-cell apparently represents a multifactorial process involving changes in the generation rate of H+, reducing equivalents and ATP. This process is susceptible to feedback regulatory mechanisms through which primary changes in cationic movements affect glucose metabolism. The interplay between metabolic and ionic events may participate in the rhythmogenesis of bioelectrical and secretory phenomena.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1995

[Pathogenesis of infections--a complex interplay between microbes and the immune defence].

The pathogenesis of infectious diseases is regulated by a complex interplay between microbes and the immune system. To function well, the immune system is dependent on factors in both the internal and the external environment. Behavioural, social and cultural factors are all important. Increasing resistance to drugs and greater awareness of other side effects of antibiotics have led to greater recognition by doctors of the need to use alternative ways of treating and preventing infections, particularly by modulating the immune response. Important elements of the defence against various types of infectious agents are outlined. This is intended as a framework for understanding how infectious diseases can be dealt with by modulating the immune response instead of only attempting to kill the microbe. This is particularly important in patients with serious infections and in groups of patients specially predisposed to infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Dynamic interplays during rhinoplasty.

One of the complicating factors in rhinoplasty procedures is its intricate dynamics. Not only is there a complex interaction between the soft tissue and nasal bone frame on each nasal zone, there is an intriguing interaction between the different zones of the nose and the surrounding facial structures. Understanding these interplays is mandatory to proper design and execution of the aesthetic surgical plans. This article has covered the dynamic effects that occur along the different nasal zones, elucidated the control that the nasal frame has on the soft tissue, and reviewed the different ways in which the intended aesthetic objectives can be obtained.

Esthetics↗
PubMed1998

Interplay of matrices in cartilage synovial fluid combine under moderate & high loadings.

Interplay of the constituents of the articular cartilage synovial fluid combine and its role was examined through the biochemical and rheological studies on bovine joints. The results showed an inverse relationship between the changes in the hyaluronic acid of synovial fluid and the proteoglycans content in articular cartilage together with alterations in the rheological properties of synovial fluid. The study indicated that the inter-movement of fluid solutes across the cartilage and synovial fluid may have an important role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis.

Animals↗