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PubMed2002

An intelligent biological information management system.

MOTIVATION: As biomedical researchers are amassing a plethora of information in a variety of forms resulting from the advancements in biomedical research, there is a critical need for innovative information management and knowledge discovery tools to sift through these vast volumes of heterogeneous data and analysis tools. In this paper we present a general model for an information management system that is adaptable and scalable, followed by a detailed design and implementation of one component of the model. The prototype, called BioSifter, was applied to problems in the bioinformatics area. RESULTS: BioSifter was tested using 500 documents obtained from PubMed database on two biological problems related to genetic polymorphism and extracorporal shockwave lithotripsy. The results indicate that BioSifter is a powerful tool for biological researchers to automatically retrieve relevant text documents from biological literature based on their interest profile. The results also indicate that the first stage of information management process, i.e. data to information transformation, significantly reduces the size of the information space. The filtered data obtained through BioSifter is relevant as well as much smaller in dimension compared to all the retrieved data. This would in turn significantly reduce the complexity associated with the next level transformation, i.e. information to knowledge.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2004

Intelligence and working memory systems: evidence of neural efficiency in alpha band ERD.

Starting from the well-established finding that brighter individuals display a more efficient brain function when performing cognitive tasks (i.e., neural efficiency), we investigated the relationship between intelligence and cortical activation in the context of working memory (WM) tasks. Fifty-five male (n=28) and female (n=27) participants worked on (1) a classical forward digit span task demanding only short-term memory (STM), (2) an attention-switching task drawing on the central executive (CE) of WM and (3) a WM task involving both STM storage and CE processes. During performance of these three types of tasks, cortical activation was quantified by the extent of Event-Related Desynchronization (ERD) in the alpha band of the human EEG. Correlational analyses revealed associations between the amount of ERD in the upper alpha band and intelligence in several brain regions. In all tasks, the males were more likely to display the negative intelligence-cortical activation relationship. Furthermore, stronger associations between ERD and intelligence were found for fluid rather than crystallized intelligence. Analyses also point to topographical differences in neural efficiency depending on sex, task type and the associated cognitive subsystems engaged during task performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Self-organisation and living systems: Is DNA an 'artificial intelligence'?

There seems little doubt that the maintenance and development of living systems is crucially dependent on an internal organisation of monumental complexity--particularly in higher living species. It is suggested that current thinking--particularly relating to the role of DNA in the total process cannot explain the underlying mechanisms and that a radical rethinking will be necessary. To this end it is proposed that DNA has a unique molecular electronic structure enabling it to operate as a computer analogue system for the highly efficient storage of information and as a type of artificial intelligence through which the information is translated and implemented to organise and control all aspects of the construction and activity of living systems.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1987

Validation of the pediatric speech intelligibility test in children with central nervous system lesions.

The pediatric speech intelligibility (PSI) test was administered to 21 children with a variety of documented central nervous system (CNS) lesions. Ages ranged from 3 to 8 years. PSI test results demonstrated both high sensitivity and high specificity. Results were consistently (1) abnormal in children with lesions in areas of the brain important for auditory function (CNS auditory disorders) and (2) normal in children with lesions in areas anatomically remote from auditory nuclei and pathways (nonauditory CNS disorders).

Auditory Threshold↗
PubMed1998

Smart X-ray beam position monitor system using artificial-intelligence methods for the Advanced Photon Source insertion-device beamlines.

At the Advanced Photon Source (APS), each insertion-device (ID) beamline front end has two X-ray beam position monitors (XBPMs) to monitor the X-ray beam position for both vertical and horizontal directions. Performance challenges for a conventional photoemission-type XBPM during operations are contamination of the signal from the neighbouring bending-magnet sources and the sensitivity of the XBPM to the insertion-device gap variations. Problems are exacerbated because users change the ID gap during their operations, and hence the percentage level of the contamination in the front-end XBPM signals varies. A smart XBPM system with a high-speed digital signal processor has been built at the Advanced Photon Source for the ID beamline front ends. The new version of the software, which uses an artificial-intelligence method, provides a self-learning and self-calibration capability to the smart XBPM system. The structure of and recent test results with the system are presented in this paper.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

An intelligent computer-assisted instruction system designed for rural health workers in developing countries.

This paper describes an intelligent computer-assisted instruction system that was designed for rural health workers in developing countries. This system, called Consult-EAO, includes an expert module and a coaching module. The expert module, which is derived from the knowledge-based decision support system Tropicaid, covers most of medical practice in developing countries. It allows for the creation of outpatient simulations without the help of a teacher. The student may practice his knowledge by solving problems with these simulations. The system gives some initial facts and controls the simulation during the session by guiding the student toward the most efficient decisions. All student answers are analyzed and, if necessary, criticized. The messages are adapted to the situation due to the pedagogical rules of the coaching module. This system runs on PC-compatible computer.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2002

[Expert systems in gastroenterology].

Expert systems are the software systems developed by the application of the various intelligence, which could successfully compete to peoples-experts, and have the consultant function with the characteristics of the explanations and the advices in some specific domain. These are, in essence, the intelligent information systems, which consists several thousands of the rules from the definite problem field and which are capable to explain their decisions. The knowledge systems are lesser software systems, also developed by means of the technique of the artificial intelligence which are usually less successful in some field of knowledge of the experts. In the paper are presented the basic characteristics three most often applied expert systems in gastroenterology: Quick Medical Reference (QMR), HEPAT, ILIAD.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1992

Diagnosis of periodontitis by physical measurement: interpretation from episodic disease hypothesis.

Physical measurements including the evaluation of probing depth, bleeding on probing, tooth mobility, and inflammation form the basis for most periodontal diagnostics in use today. The interpretation of these observations and the methods available for their measurement, however, have begun to change significantly. The episodic disease activity concept has done much to implement these changes. Observation of episodic attachment loss has been correlated with parallel radiographic changes, alteration in levels of probable pathogens, and changes in inflammatory mediator levels. The failure of pocket depth, suppuration, and bleeding on probing to predict episodic attachment loss has been given plausible explanations and enhanced meanings. Although attachment loss by a continuous process cannot be excluded in some disease conditions, the hypothesis of periodontal disease progression by episodic activity supplements and expands understanding of the disease process. Interest in periodontal diagnostics has accelerated in the last decade. As a parallel development, the technology of small computers has decreased in cost and increased in sophistication. The combination of these factors has created an environment for the development of intelligent diagnostic systems. Four commercially available systems and two systems under development are described. The systems, which measure pocket depth, pocket depth or attachment level, tooth mobility, and pocket temperature, all utilize computer processing of measurements. The result is to provide a simplified and more meaningful presentation of diagnostic information. As intelligent diagnostic systems prove themselves, some of these instruments are likely to become common to dental practice. The promise of more accurate identification of areas of the mouth that are diseased can increase both the efficiency and effectiveness of periodontal therapy.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Convenient intelligent cursor control web systems for Internet users with severe motor-impairments.

The objective of this research work is to simplify and improve the efficiency of cursor control and its interactions on the computer screen by applying fuzzy logic in its decision-making to make Internet users with disabilities use the networked computers conveniently and easily. "Point and click" interactions are one of the key features of operating systems based of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) [C.E. Steriadis, P. Constantinou, Designing human-computer interfaces for quadriplegic people, ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum.-Interact. (TOCHI) 10 (2) (2003) 87-118.]. People with severe motor-impairments due to spinal cord injury (SCI) or spinal cord dysfunction (SCD), however, often have difficulty with accurate and efficient control of pointing devices, limiting their integration to society and unassisted control over their environment through the use of such operating systems [S. Keates, F. Hwang, P. Langdon, P.J. Clarkson, P. Robinson, Cursor measures for motion-impaired computer users, in: Proceedings of ACM SIGCAPH Conference of Assistive Technologies - ASSETS 2002, pp. 135-142.]. The questions "How can someone with severe motor-impairments perform 'point and click' interactions as accurately and efficiently as an able-bodied person?" and "How can these interactions be advanced through use of Computational Intelligence (CI)?" are the driving forces behind the research described in this paper. Through this research, a novel fuzzy mouse cursor control system (FMCCS) is described. The FMCCS core consists of several fuzzy control functions, which define different user interactions with the system. Design and descriptions of these functions, as well first prototype implementation and testing with real users sustaining severe disabilities are presented.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1997

Human factors in modern traffic systems.

Traffic systems are undergoing enormous change with the advent of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). Although productivity and quality of mobility are emerging interests, safety remains the predominant preoccupation of ITS human factors. It should be evident that while intelligent technologies may have the potential to improve traffic safety, they also have the potential to adversely affect it. Ultimately, the effect on safety depends on the specific technologies that are invoked and the manner in which they are incorporated within the vehicle as well as within the larger road transportation system. Current automotive developments can be characterized as technology-centred solutions rather than user-centred solutions. Greater effort must be directed at understanding and accommodating the human element in the road transportation system in order that future transportation objectives can be achieved. There is a need to expand the scope of traditional human factors to include macro-level effects as well as to place greater emphasis on understanding human interactions with other elements of the system. There is also increasing recognition of the urgent need for systematic procedures and criteria for testing the safety of ITS prior to large-scale market penetration.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1989

A knowledge-based information system for monitoring drug levels.

The expert system shell SMR has been enhanced to include information system routines for designing data screens and providing facilities for data entry, storage, retrieval, queries and descriptive statistics. The data for inference making is abstracted from the data base record and inserted into a data array to which the knowledge base is applied to derive the appropriate advice and comments. The enhanced system has been used to develop an intelligent information system for monitoring serum drug levels which includes evaluation of temporal changes and production of specialized printed reports. The module for digoxin has been fully developed and validated. To demonstrate the extension to other drugs a module for phenytoin was constructed with only a rudimentary knowledge base. Data from the request forms together with the S-digoxin results are entered into the data base by the department secretary. The day's results are then reviewed by the clinical pharmacologist. For each case, previous results may be displayed and are taken into account by the system in the decision process. The knowledge base is applied to the data to formulate an evaluative comment on the report returned to the requestor. The report includes a semi-graphic presentation of the current and previous results and either the system's interpretation or one entered by the pharmacologist if he does not agree with it. The pharmacologist's comment is also recorded in the data base for future retrieval, analysis and possible updating of the knowledge base. The system is now undergoing testing and evaluation under routine operations in the clinical pharmacology service. It is a prototype for other applications in both laboratory and clinical medicine currently under development at Uppsala University Hospital. This system may thus provide a vehicle for a more intensive penetration of knowledge-based systems in practical medical applications.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed2004

Bionic epidural stimulation restores arterial pressure regulation during orthostasis.

A bionic baroreflex system (BBS) is a computer-assisted intelligent feedback system to control arterial pressure (AP) for the treatment of baroreflex failure. To apply this system clinically, an appropriate efferent neural (sympathetic vasomotor) interface has to be explored. We examined whether the spinal cord is a candidate site for such interface. In six anesthetized and baroreflex-deafferentiated cats, a multielectrode catheter was inserted into the epidural space to deliver epidural spinal cord stimulation (ESCS). Stepwise changes in ESCS rate revealed a linear correlation between ESCS rate and AP for ESCS rates of 2 pulses/s and above (r2, 0.876-0.979; slope, 14.3 +/- 5.8 mmHg.pulses(-1).s; pressure axis intercept, 35.7 +/- 25.9 mmHg). Random changes in ESCS rate with a white noise sequence revealed dynamic transfer function of peripheral effectors. The transfer function resembled a second-order, low-pass filter with a lag time (gain, 16.7 +/- 8.3 mmHg.pulses(-1).s; natural frequency, 0.022 +/- 0.007 Hz; damping coefficient, 2.40 +/- 1.07; lag time, 1.06 +/- 0.41 s). On the basis of the transfer function, we designed an artificial vasomotor center to attenuate hypotension. We evaluated the performance of the BBS against hypotension induced by 60 degrees head-up tilt. In the cats with baroreflex failure, head-up tilt dropped AP by 37 +/- 5 mmHg in 5 s and 59 +/- 11 mmHg in 30 s. BBS with optimized feedback parameters attenuated hypotension to 21 +/- 2 mmHg in 5 s (P < 0.05) and 8 +/- 4 mmHg in 30 s (P < 0.05). These results indicate that ESCS-mediated BBS prevents orthostatic hypotension. Because epidural stimulation is a clinically feasible procedure, this BBS can be applied clinically to combat hypotension associated with various pathophysiologies.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Expert systems in medicine].

Expert systems are software systems developed using different techniques of artificial intelligence that can act parallel to the "human" experts. The main role is consultative These are intelligent information systems that use more then 2000 different rules and that are capable to explain their decisions. Databases of such systems can contain huge number of data about different diseases and therapy modalities. In development of Medical Expert systems the rule of human experts is crucial. The teams of such experts are developing expert system considering the changes in medicine. Several modes of work are available. Consultation mode is used in cases when the diagnosis and treatment is uncertain. The human enter data about symptoms and signs of some medical disorder and computer creates a list of possible diagnosis and additional diagnostic test. Therapy for condition is also suggested. Simulation mode can simulate virtual patient and allows students and doctors to learn mode about some medical conditions. Some expert system as HEPAT can make "Decision Tree" for new-born jaundice. Similar expert system will be available in future for other fields in medicine. Some of expert systems are described in article.

Expert Systems↗
PubMed2004

Measuring progress in multirobot research with rating methods--the RoboCup example.

Rating the intelligence of artificially made systems is important for measuring progress in scientific and engineering methods. Unfortunately, there is currently no universal agreement about what is considered an intelligent system, and how to measure its intelligence. This research focus on measuring the progress in the robotic technologies deployed for the RoboCup competitions, since one of the original premises of those competitions was to advance the development of intelligent robotic systems. A method used for rating the competence of human chess players is adapted for measuring the advancement in the competence of robotic teams. The results indicate significant yearly improvements in the capabilities of the robotic teams. The same method can be used to indirectly quantify the benefits in specific technology choices.

Letter↗
PubMed1980

Adding information and intelligence to a family practice data system.

A critical test of any data system is its relevance; more simply, reports must present what users want. At MCV, the current system is a direct response to expressed user demands (corroborated by results of a survey of British general practitioners). That is, resident and physicians are interested in workload rates, such as visits/patient, and a delineation of diagnoses by frequency. Applications of these reports are organizational, comparative, and educational. The ultimate goal of data systems in family practice is the production of intelligence about health and health affairs: clearly, this is valuable in patient care, research, and education. Methods outlined above will contribute to achieving this end by adding information and intelligence to data systems.

Data Collection↗