Stability of the pictorial test of intelligence with retarded children.
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “Intelligence Tests”
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Do infant and early childhood tests predict intelligence quotients better than maternal characteristics?
The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of infant and early childhood testing for subsequent intelligence tests at 3 and 5 years of age were assessed and compared to the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of maternal education for the same. The study was based on prospective surveillance of a population of infants attending the Maternal and Child services in western Jerusalem. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of the 9- and 24-month tests were low, thus leading to labeling of false positives and inadequate detection of those with developmental delay. Maternal education was shown to be the single best predictor for intellectual performance on the 3- and 5-year test in the above analysis, as well as in a multivariate model where the 9- and 24-month tests, maternal education, origin, birth order, and sex were introduced as independent variables. It is recommended to take a detailed history, listen to parents' complaints, and use developmental testing selectively for children suspected to have problems, and not to apply developmental tests as a routine for all children in well-child care.
Child↗
SEQUELAE OF BACTERIAL MENINGITIS IN INFANTS.
Electroencephalograms, developmental tests and intelligence tests indicated that six of ten children under two years of age who had purulent meningitis, had apparent permanent neurological damage. The data suggested that this damage may be related in part to the occurrence of subdural effusions. Serial electroencephalograms and developmental tests appeared useful for suggesting which patients might retain a high risk of compromised brain function. The lack of further decrease in mortality from this disease in recent years may be because of cases in which meningitis is "secondary" to a primary disease of the central nervous system-that is, due to operation for brain tumor or myelomeningocele which affords direct entry of organisms. The incidence of permanent sequelae following this disease may not be decreasing.
Brain↗
Intellectual function following penetrating head injury in Vietnam veterans.
The extent to which intellectual processes are preserved as a function of preinjury 'intelligence' and of size and location of the brain lesions was evaluated in Vietnam war veterans who survived penetrating missile wounds. With regard to an overall postinjury intelligence test score, preinjury intelligence was most predictive, size of lesion was next most predictive and lesion location was least important. For subtest scores from the same intelligence test, lesion location assumed much greater predictive value. Specifically, left temporal and occipital lesions impaired performance on subtests assessing vocabulary and object-function matching ability.
Adult↗
The Bender-Gestalt test and intelligence.
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Bender-Gestalt Test↗
[The development of an intelligent vision testing instrument].
The paper introduces an intelligent vision testing instrument, which works on automatic method or manual method. The examinee inputs his or her judgement about the direction of the letter "E" with remote control. The system examines and judges the examinee's judgement, and then prints the testing report. The vision testing range is from logarithm vision 3.0 to 5.3. The distance between examinee and optometer can be measured automatically by the system with infrared and ultrasonic testing functions and a good accuracy.
Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults.
Elderly adults (N = 116; average age = 73 years) were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups varying in the amount of training and testing on fluid intelligence tests. They were compared before and after treatment on self-efficacy and utility beliefs for intelligence tests and everyday competence. Although both ability training and extended retest practice resulted in significant gains in objective test performance (Baltes, Kliegl, & Dittmann-Kohli, 1988), only ability training resulted in positive changes in self-efficacy. However, these changes were restricted to test-related self-efficacy. Training had no impact on perceived utility or on everyday self-efficacy beliefs. Implications of the results are discussed with regard to interventions to increase intellectual self-efficacy in elderly persons.
Aged↗
[The "Adaptive Intelligence Diagnostic Test" in clinical practice: 3 case examples].
After the main advantages of the new German intelligence test-battery "Adaptive Intelligence Diagnosticum" (AID) are stated, this paper gives several case-studies in order to illustrate AID's support to clinical psychology. The case-studies are all quoted from a Child-Guidance-like institution. They allow inferences which might not be likely to be gained by some other tests. Besides, they serve for pursuing practical handling, computation, and interpretation of the AID.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Design factors in the assessment of intelligence.
The use of intelligence tests to assess the effects of otitis media on the development of children is discussed in this article. An overview of the development of intelligence tests is provided and some of the limitations and central issues of controversy concerning intelligence testing and the IQ are reviewed. Basic intelligence tests are described in terms of their characteristics and uses; the questions which an investigator must ask about any given intelligence test measure are posed and answered. Finally, cautions concerning the applicability of intelligence tests for evaluating the effects of otitis media are offered.
Humans↗
The relationship of scatter in test performance to intelligence level.
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Humans↗
An assessment of the Pictorial Test of Intelligence for use with young cerebral-palsied children.
In order to determine the concurrent and predictive validity of the Pictorial Test of Intelligence for use with cerebral-palsied children, this test was administered to 46 cerebral-palsied children aged between four and seven years, together with the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. The results, compared with a classroom Achievement Rating Scale, showed the Pictorial Test of Intelligence to be superior to the other two tests as a predictor of classroom achievement of the children in this study.
Cerebral Palsy↗
Cerebral asymmetries: neuropsychological measurement and theoretical issues.
First this paper reviews methodological issues in the study of right brain/left brain functions; and then discusses a model of integrated brain functioning. This integrated brain model has implications for schizophrenia and creativity. Measures of right and left brain functioning are: Behavioral measures of lateralization; neuropsychological test batteries; tachistoscopic presentations; dichotic listening tasks; verbal and performance sub-tests of intelligence tests; standardized measures of verbal and visual functions; gaze as a measure of hemispheric dominance. Individual characteristics of these measures are explored. A theory of the integrated brain is presented which includes both hemispheres as part of an organized information processing system. Hypotheses are drawn from this model. The model suggests that schizophrenia is the disorganization of information processing between two hemispheres and between the cortex and sub-cortical regions. In contrast, creativity is the exchange of excitatory and inhibitory stimulation between both hemispheres. Complex problem solving and the 'aha' phenomena, are examples of integrated brain functioning. Research paradigms to test these hypotheses are discussed.
Brain↗
A reconsideration of testing for competence rather than for intelligence.
David C. McClelland's 1973 article has deeply influenced both professional and public opinion. In it, he presented five major themes: (a) Grades in school did not predict occupational success, (b) intelligence tests and aptitude tests did not predict occupational success or other important life outcomes, (c) tests and academic performance only predicted job performance because of an underlying relationship with social status, (d) such tests were unfair to minorities, and (e) "competencies" would be better able to predict important behaviors than would more traditional tests. Despite the pervasive influence of these assertions, this review of the literature showed only limited support for these claims.
Achievement↗
Analysis of the articulation after glossectomy.
Rehabilitation of the oral cancer patient should aim to achieve not only morphological restoration but also post-operative functions. However, there are few reports describing quantitative evaluation of the latter. The authors have attempted quantitative evaluation of post-operative articulatory function after glossectomy, and report the evaluation of it by speech intelligibility, electropalatography (EPG), and acoustical analysis. Subjects were five directly sutured patients and five patients reconstructed with forearm flap, all after glossectomy. The target syllable was /ta/ from among speech intelligibility test samples. The speech intelligibility and acoustical analysis were investigated pre-operation, and 1,6 and 12 months post-operation. EPG data were collected by DP-01(RION) at 6 months post-operation. Acoustical analyses were carried out by consonant frequency characteristics and formant variance from consonant to vowel transitions. As a result, subjects reconstructed with a forearm flap showed higher restorative tendency than directly sutured subjects. Articulatory characteristics expected from acoustical analysis were more in agreement with the results of EPG than with the results of the speech intelligibility test. From the results, it was suggested that the acoustical analysis used for this research could reveal changes in articulatory movement and will be useful for quantitatively evaluating post-operative articulatory functions.
Adult↗
Effects of age-related reductions in processing resources on text recall.
Available processing resources are presumed to determine the amount of deep, elaborative processing people can carry out, with reduced resources resulting in poor integration of details from texts, but preserved selection of main points. Two experiments examined whether experimentally reducing resources and levels of processing eventually results in a failure of selection and also whether it produces in younger people the pattern of recall normally observed in elderly people. Experiment 1 examined the effect of the added demand of selecting for preferential recall of a primary theme from a two-theme text. Subjects who putatively had greater processing resources ("younger" elderly in their 60s and those with high intelligence test scores) began to behave like older and lower intelligence test score individuals in that they recalled well main points from both themes but showed reduced recall of details from the secondary theme. In a sentence recognition task, subjects in their 70s more often accepted distractor sentences that did not preserve the meaning of the original text. In Experiment 2, encouraging subjects to process text more elaborately improved recall, especially the recall of the elderly, who began to produce recall protocols resembling those of younger and higher intelligence test score individuals. However, discouraging depth of processing did not have the converse effect of reducing quality of recall by younger and high intelligence test score individuals to resemble that of the old and less able. Instead, recall was generally depressed, with recall of main points being especially affected, suggesting that the oldest, lowest ability subjects were beginning to show a failure of selection here.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Aged↗
A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF THE RELATION OF TEST ANXIETY TO PERFORMANCE ON INTELLIGENCE AND ACHIEVEMENT TESTS.
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Achievement↗
A description of the comprehensive test of nonverbal intelligence.
The Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, or CTONI, has become an essential compliment to the traditional tests of intelligence, such as the WISC-III, DTLA-3, and the Binet. The CTONI provides examiners with a measure of nonverbal reasoning that requires no spoken language or complex motor skills. The CTONI has been proven to be unbiased with regard to gender, minority, or disabling condition. Finally, it is possible to estimate the intelligence of people without the contamination of social, ethnic, or disability bias.
Child, Gifted↗
Birth weight and intellectual performance in late adolescence.
The impact of birth weight on cognitive performance in late adolescence was assessed in a study of 20,567 male infants born in Jerusalem between 1964-1970. The 17-year follow-up was performed by matching computerized data base records. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to estimate the effect of birth weight on intelligence test scores, adjusting for the influence of ethnic origin, maternal and paternal education, social class (determined by area of residence), maternal age, and birth order. These confounders explained 22% of the variance in intelligence test scores. The adjusted differences in intelligence test scores were significantly lower for groups with birth weight less than 2000 g (-6.5 points), 2000-2499 g (-3.6 points), and 2500-2999 g (-1.6 points) compared with the group weighing 3000-3499 g. Most low birth weight infants achieved intellectual performance within the normal range. However, despite this reassuring finding, low weight at birth in male subjects was found to have a statistically significant independent association with inferior intelligence test achievements in late adolescence.
Adolescent↗