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PubMed1996

Variation in female breast cancer risk by occupation.

Data from a population-based case control study were used to estimate occupation-specific relative risks for female breast cancer, adjusted for established breast cancer risk factors. Breast cancer cases under age 75 were identified from tumor registries in four states. Controls were randomly selected from driver's license and Medicare beneficiary lists. Information on usual occupation and risk factors was obtained by telephone interview. Odds ratios from logistic regression adjusted for age, state, body mass index, benign breast disease, family history of breast cancer, menopausal status, age at menarche, parity, age of first birth, lactation history, education, and alcohol consumption were calculated for each of 26 occupational groups. Complete occupational information was obtained for 6,835 cases and 9,453 controls. Of 26 occupational groups, only "administrative support occupations" had a statistically significantly increased risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.24). In these data, no specific occupational group had an unusual risk of breast cancer. Increased risks reported elsewhere for nurses and teachers were not corroborated.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1991

Contraception with progestogens and progesterone during lactation.

The growth and development of breastfed infants whose mothers used the contraceptive implants Norplant containing levonorgestrel and the injectable containing norethisterone enanthate were studied. Each group comprised of 120 women who initiated the use during the 5th to 7th week postpartum and were compared with a similar number of IUD using mothers. The breastfeeding performance did not differ between groups. The infants of the three groups performed similarly as regards their physical growth and health as well as the time of acquisition of the various milestones of psychomental development. A vaginal ring releasing 10 mg of the "natural" progesterone per 24 h was tested in breastfeeding mothers. The continuous use of the ring produced a serum level of progesterone around 4 ng/ml. This was effective in augmenting lactational infertility even through the later phases of breastfeeding when such an effect starts to wane off. The use of the ring proved to be acceptable and had no ill-effect on breastfeeding or infant growth or health. Using the natural progesterone as a contraceptive adds a new measure of safety, since the amount of the steroid secreted in the mother's milk will not be effectively absorbed from the infant's gut. These studies suggest the possibility of using two new methods for breastfeeding mothers; Norplant and the progesterone vaginal contraceptive ring. These can be initiated early postpartum, whenever this is considered needed.

Contraceptive Devices, Female↗
PubMed2006

Polymorphisms of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and its coactivator-1alpha genes in Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

The polymorphisms of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (Pro12Ala) and its coactivator-1 (Gly482Ser) genes were investigated among 201 Chinese Han women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and among 147 regularly cycling women as control subjects. We did not find statistically significant differences with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 Pro12Ala and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-1alpha Gly482Ser polymorphism distributions between Chinese women with PCOS and controls, or with body mass index and reproductive hormones among various genotypic groups of PCOS, suggesting that these genetic mutants did not have an effect on the susceptibility to PCOS.

China↗
PubMed2002

A49T, V89L and TA repeat polymorphisms of steroid 5alpha-reductase type II and breast cancer risk in Japanese women.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is hormone related, as are cancers of the endometrium, ovary, and prostate. Several studies have suggested that higher extracellular levels of androgens are associated with breast cancer risk, while biological evidence indicates that androgens are protective. The codon 49 alanine to threonine substitution (A49T), codon 89 valine to leucine substitution (V89L) and TA repeat polymorphisms of the steroid 5alpha-reductase type II (SRD5A2) gene are considered functional with respect to enzyme activity converting testosterone into dihydrotestosterone. To test the hypothesis that these three polymorphisms are associated with risk of breast cancer, a case-control study was conducted with patients of Aichi Cancer Center Hospital. METHODS: The cases were 237 patients histologically diagnosed with breast cancer, and the controls were 185 noncancer outpatients. DNA from peripheral blood was genotyped by PCR methods. RESULTS: The threonine allele of A49T was not found in our subjects. Compared with the V/V genotype of V89L, the L/L genotype was associated with a decreased risk (crude odds ratio [OR] = 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.36-1.05). This was also the case for the TA(9/9) genotype, with an OR of 0.58 (95% CI = 0.13-2.63) relative to TA(0/0). Among women with the TA(0/0) genotype, however, the OR for the L/L genotype was 0.46 (95% CI = 0.24-0.88) compared with the V/V genotype, and those with the V/V and TA(0/0) genotypes had the highest risk. The haplotype with the L and TA(9) repeat alleles was not found. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to our knowledge focusing on Japanese women, suggesting that SRD5A2 polymorphisms might have an association with breast cancer risk. Further large-sample studies will be required to confirm the association and to assess any interactions with environmental factors.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An evaluation of Profamilia's female sterilization program in Colombia.

The findings of three surveys and three studies used by Profamilia to evaluate and improve their voluntary female sterilization program are presented. The surveys measured sociodemographic characteristics of users, factors behind the sterilization decision, and user satisfaction with the operation in the short run and over time. The studies explored methodologies for more accurate cost-effectiveness analysis. Results of the projects were used by Profamilia management to identify areas of program strengths and weaknesses and to implement operational changes.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

What is the most relevant standard of success in assisted reproduction? Assessing the BESST index for reproduction treatment.

It has been proposed that use of performance indicators for assisted reproduction treatment (ART) should be revised to better reflect the burden of treatment endured by a couple, and to place greater emphasis on the desired outcome of healthy babies. Recently, the BESST (birth emphasizing a successful singleton at term) score as a routine measurement for use in ART has been suggested. We applied the BESST index to a sample of ART patients and found that the BESST score was sensitive to the effects of patient age and extremes in the number of embryos transferred. However, the statistical properties of the index placed great weight on the effective implantation rate, which when applied to a time series in which implantation rates were improving, showed BESST scores to increase simultaneously with multiple pregnancy rates. This limits the completeness of the summary score as an expression of benefits compared to risks. A modified BESST index, not including cycles of initiated treatment as a denominator, indicated that the ART births contained a substantially lower proportion of BESST babies when compared to the entire population of births.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Fertilising capacity of human sperms: a simple predictive assay.

Male subfertility is a growing reason for assisted reproduction. A limiting factor in male subfertility is asthenospermia. Motility is a cardinal indication of sperm vitality. Thus prognostic assays are aimed at quantitative determination of progression to assess the fertilising potential. However, a method permitting reliable prognosis of the fertilising capacity has yet to be developed. The assay presented here is the outcome of empirical data based on 590 IVF (in vitro fertilisation) trials. It is essentially a further exploitation of the Swim Up procedure, the selected sperms being maintained in culture under identical conditions employed in IVF. Semi-quantitative daily recordings of linear progression until complete extinction provided an index on vitality which is directly related to the fertilising potential. The findings indicated that a threshold of 50% linear motility after 24 hr culture was required to initiate fertilisation. The fertilising potential was guaranteed when at least 60% linear motility was observed at 24 hr, making the assay a predictive one. Its simplicity is an attractive feature.

Female↗
PubMed2003

Anti-androgen treatment increases circulating ghrelin levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

In a previous study we were the first to describe a negative correlation between circulating ghrelin concentrations and androgen levels in human plasma, suggesting an interaction between ghrelin and the endocrine regulation of reproductive physiology. We now investigated a potential direct regulatory influence of circulating androgens on plasma ghrelin levels. Fourteen obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on a hypocaloric diet were randomly assigned to treatment groups (open-labeled design), receiving either placebo (no.=7) or the antiandrogen flutamide (no.=7) for 6 months. Anthropometry, visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue (quantified by computerized tomography), plasma hormone levels, insulin sensitivity indexes (Quantitative Insulin-Sensitivity Check Index-QUICKI) and Homeostatic Model Assessment applied to the oral glucose tolerance test (HOMA(OGTT)) were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the study. Body weight decreased and insulin resistance indexes improved in both groups. A tendency toward a greater loss of VAT was observed in the flutamide group. Only in the flutamide group was a significant reduction of androgens levels observed. Plasma ghrelin levels significantly increased following treatment with flutamide, while ghrelin remained unchanged in the placebo group. We observed a negative correlation between changes of ghrelin levels and changes of androgen plasma concentration in the flutamide-treated group. In the same group a positive correlation was found between plasma ghrelin changes and insulin sensitivity as expressed by HOMA(OGTT). Analysis in a multiple regression model, however, showed that plasma ghrelin changes were mainly due to changes of androgen levels rather than improved insulin sensitivity. We, therefore, conclude that androgens are independent modulators of circulating ghrelin concentrations.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Centrosome injury in cells infected with human cytomegalovirus.

The organization of the mitotic apparatus was studied in human embryo lung fibroblasts (HEL) and Vero cells at 4 days postinfection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strain AD 169. The bipolar spindle was detected by immunofluorescence in p72-positive mitotic cells exhibiting a regular or C-metaphase-like chromosome configuration. Electron-microscopic study of C-metaphase-like cells revealed alteration of the centrosome structure which is characterized by the following features: (1) breakdown of the diplosome, (2) separation of the fibrillar material from centrioles, and (3) disruption of the centriolar cylinder. The spindle pole in the aberrant mitotic cells consisted of one or several foci of microtubules converging on the fibrillar aggregates. There are not any signs of the nuclear envelope reconstruction found in mitotic cells with highly condensed scattered chromosomes. Unlike in HEL cells, viral particles were not detected in Vero cells. A question arises as to whether centrosome injury is an integral part of the events leading to cell death unrelated to the reproduction of HCMV.

Anaphase↗
PubMed2002

Porcine gene discovery by normalized cDNA-library sequencing and EST cluster assembly.

Genetic and environmental factors affect the efficiency of pork production by influencing gene expression during porcine reproduction, tissue development, and growth. The identification and functional analysis of gene products important to these processes would be greatly enhanced by the development of a database of expressed porcine gene sequence. Two normalized porcine cDNA libraries (MARC 1PIG and MARC 2PIG), derived respectively from embryonic and reproductive tissues, were constructed, sequenced, and analyzed. A total of 66,245 clones from these two libraries were 5?-end sequenced and deposited in GenBank. Cluster analysis revealed that within-library redundancy is low, and comparison of all porcine ESTs with the human database suggests that the sequences from these two libraries represent portions of a significant number of independent pig genes. A Porcine Gene Index (PGI), comprising 15,616 tentative consensus sequences and 31,466 singletons, includes all sequences in public repositories and has been developed to facilitate further comparative map development and characterization of porcine genes (http://www.tigr.org/tdb/ssgi/). The clones and sequences from these libraries provide a catalog of expressed porcine genes and a resource for development of high-density hybridization arrays for transcriptional profiling of porcine tissues. In addition, comparison of porcine ESTs with sequences from other species serves as a valuable resource for comparative map development. Both arrayed cDNA libraries are available for unrestricted public use.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Successful pregnancy achieved by assisted reproductive techniques in a woman with severe congenital bicuspid aortic valve stenosis.

OBJECTIVES: To report a twin pregnancy achieved by assisted reproductive techniques in a woman with severe congenital bicuspid aortic valve stenosis. METHODS: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo transfer was performed in a 38-year-old woman with a complaint of infertility for 8 years due to male factor and who previously had the diagnosis of severe congenital bicuspid aortic stenosis. Clinical and echocardiography follow-up during pregnancy was done. RESULTS: The woman had severe congenital aortic stenosis with a valve area of 0.4 cm(2) and a peak gradient of 57 mmHg. In the first trial, twin pregnancy was achieved. She had an uneventful course of pregnancy in terms of cardiac functions. She underwent caesarean section at 36 weeks of gestation and had a healthy female and a male newborns. CONCLUSIONS: A woman with a severe congenital bicuspid aortic valve may get pregnant and deliver healthy newborns with intensive prenatal care and follow-up. The severe congenital bicuspid aortic valve stenosis may not be considered an absolute contraindication for assisted reproductive techniques and pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Baseline non-fasting serum leptin concentration to body mass index ratio is predictive of IVF outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The present study was designed to determine whether circulating leptin concentrations and/or body mass index (BMI) in women undergoing IVF are predictive of outcomes. METHODS: IVF cycle outcomes, e.g. fertilization, embryo development, implantation, pregnancy, were analysed relative to baseline (i.e. day gonadotrophin stimulation was initiated) non-fasting serum leptin concentrations and BMI. RESULTS: Serum leptin concentrations correlated with BMI (r = 0.739, P < 0.0001) as expected. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed correlation between serum leptin and pregnancy success (likelihood ratio = 5.198, P < 0.05), but there was no association between pregnancy and BMI. However, the serum leptin to BMI ratio was more strongly correlated (likelihood ratio = 7.258, P < 0.01) with pregnancy success than was leptin alone. Moreover, women with a low leptin:BMI ratio (< or =0.3) had significantly more superior quality embryos on day 3 post-retrieval (2.5 versus 1.4, P < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis) and a greater implantation rate (26.7 versus 13.2%, P < 0.025, chi(2)) than women with a high leptin:BMI ratio (> or =0.7). CONCLUSIONS: The leptin:BMI ratio appears to be highly predictive of IVF success. Elevated leptin concentrations, particularly relative to BMI, may negatively impact fertility by assisted reproduction, possibly through direct ovarian actions resulting in impaired oocyte quality and/or early embryo development.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Internal thoracic arterial grafts evaluation by multislice CT scan: a preliminary study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The internal thoracic artery (ITA) has a better long-term patency than saphenous veins, and anastomosis between ITA and the left anterior descending artery (LAD) represents the "gold-standard" of surgical myocardial revascularization. The aim of this study is to evaluate the multidetector multislice CT Scan (MCTS) as a means of postoperative evaluation of ITA coronary artery bypass grafts. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients having been operated on for coronary artery bypass with ITA during a 6-months period, benefited, 7 days after surgery, from a patency and anastomotic site control of ITA with a MCTS associated with cardiac gating (Light Speed, General Electric, USA). RESULTS: Internal thoracic artery bypasses are visualized perfectly on all their courses, with possibility of 3D reconstructions, showing the relationship between cardiac cavities and the arterial bypasses. The anastomotic site on the LAD was, in selected cases, perfectly visualized. Sequential bypasses with left ITA are well visualized as well as T or Y right-to-left ITA grafts. However, surgical clips create some image artefacts. CONCLUSIONS: The postoperative control of ITAs are possible by MCTS with a satisfactory resolution. This makes it possible to check the patency of ITAs, their course on the heart surface, and the location and quality of anastomosis with a noninvasive reproductive method.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed2006

The influence of depression, body mass index, and smoking on serum inhibin B levels in late reproductive-aged women.

CONTEXT: Women experiencing depression have difficult psychosocial functioning, and recent data suggest an earlier onset of menopause. Understanding the biological mechanism for the impairment of reproductive function associated with depression is important. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine whether a lifetime history of depression is associated with reduced ovarian reserve as reflected in serum levels of the granulosa cell product, inhibin B. DESIGN: Residual serum samples from a subset of patients in the Harvard Study of Cycles and Moods were collected. SETTING: Patients were recruited from seven Boston-area communities. PATIENTS: Women with or without a history of major depression, based on structured clinical interviews for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, were enrolled. A subset of patients who had provided an early follicular phase blood specimen at study enrollment and two or more other samples over the first 18-month period of follow-up were included. INTERVENTION: There were no interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Serum inhibin B levels were measured. RESULTS: Serum FSH levels were higher in women with a history of depression, whereas inhibin B levels did not differ between groups. Body mass index and age were significantly and inversely related to serum inhibin B levels. Smoking history was noted, for the first time, to have a significant negative association with inhibin B levels. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking has a direct negative effect on ovarian reserve, as suggested by decreased serum inhibin B levels. In contrast, effects of depression on the reproductive axis may occur at the level of the pituitary and/or hypothalamus rather than at the gonadal level, as suggested by increased serum FSH levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Does "incessant" ovulation increase risk for early menopause?

OBJECTIVE: We attempted to determine whether gynecologic histories differ in women who have and have not experienced an early menopause. STUDY DESIGN: A group of 344 "case" women whose average age at menopause was 42.2 years and an age-matched group of 344 "control" women still menstruating or menopausal after age 46 were selected from a survey of 10,606 women aged 45 to 54 years for interviews about their reproductive history. RESULTS: Case women were more likely to have had menarche at or before age 11, had shorter cycle lengths, had fewer pregnancies with live births, and had more frequent pelvic operations including unilateral oophorectomy and multiple cesarean sections. Case women had a greater number of presumed ovulatory cycles, as estimated from age at menarche, average cycle length, and years of anovulation associated with pregnancies or oral contraceptive use. In a multivariate model including smoking status and body mass index, ovulatory cycles were a significant predictor of early menopause, especially after an estimated 300 ovulations. CONCLUSION: The reproductive histories of women who experienced an early menopause suggest a pattern of more rapid oocyte loss ("incessant" ovulation).

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1978

Husband-wife agreement about reproductive goals.

Data from Malaysia on the reproductive goals of husbands and wives are analyzed to determine level of agreement, using new scale measures on preferences for number and sex of children as well as the conventional measure of desired number of children. The level of agreement between husband and wife varies considerably depending on the focus of analysis and the measure of agreement used. Overall aggregate agreement of men and women is high but lower for subgroups of the population, particularly among various ethnic groups. For marital partners, the agreement is much lower, especially on sex preferences. The level observed depends on whether the measure is identity of responses or an index of homogeneity which allows for couple concordance based on chance or common socialization factors. The views about the reproductive goals of one marital partner cannot with confidence be assumed to represent the views of the other.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

The activity of alpha-amylase and its salivary isoenzymes in serum and urine of patients with neoplastic diseases of female reproductive organs.

The activities of alpha-amylase and its salivary isoenzymes were evaluated in serum and urine of 59 patients with ovary cancer, 10 women with endometrial carcinoma, 30 patients with cervical carcinoma and 20 women with other (nonmalignant) diseases of females reproductive system. An increased activity of alpha-amylase in serum was found in 39% of patients with ovarium carcinoma and in 23% of patients with cervical carcinoma. The activity of salivary alpha-amylase in serum was elevated in 89% of patients with ovary carcinoma and in 63% of patients with cervical carcinoma and in 20% of patients with endometrial carcinoma. Serum and urine of women with nonneoplastic diseases of reproductive system demonstrates normal values of salivary alpha-amylase activity. These observations allow to conclude that the assay of salivary alpha-amylase may be useful as an additional index in diagnostics of ovary and cervical carcinomas.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Magnesium in human semen: possible role in premature ejaculation.

Although magnesium is involved in many biological process and it is found higher levels in semen than serum, its role in human semen has not been elucidated. This investigation was conducted to evaluate the relationship between premature ejaculation and the levels of seminal magnesium. The levels of magnesium, zinc, copper, and selenium were evaluated with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer in serum and seminal plasma in 3 groups of men: (a) normal sperm parameters (15) (b) oligoasthenozoospermia (15), and genuine premature ejaculation (9). There were normal serum and semen levels of all the elements in the three groups, but significantly lower seminal plasma magnesium levels in men with premature ejaculation. The hormonal profile, body mass index (BMI) had no association with premature ejaculation. Decreased levels of magnesium gives rise to vasoconstriction from increased thromboxane level, increased endothelial intracellular Ca2+, and decreased nitric oxide. This may lead to premature emission and ejaculation processes. Magnesium is probably involved in semen transport. More research into the role of magnesium in the male physiology of reproductive tract, especially its association with premature ejaculation, is advocated.

Adult↗