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Economic aspects of health education.

Economic aspects of health education have, to date, received inadequate attention. An economic framework for discussing and evaluating health education is offered, with health education being placed in the already well established economic framework for assessing both health and education respectively. Health education is shown to yield both consumption and investment benefits. The application of cost-benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis to health education activities is explored, and the reasons for the absence of successful applications of the cost-benefit technique to health education programmes are described. The somewhat greater scope for the application of cost-effectiveness analysis is then discussed. A detailed economic evaluation is provided of the North Karelia Project which was concerned with the prevention of cardiovascular disease. The inadequacy of the limited economic evaluation of that project is described and an attempt made to assess the true economic consequences of the project.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

[Principles and problems of evaluation of results in health education].

The goals of health education are the following: 1. Increase of knowledge about physical and psychological health; diseases and their causes; and possibilities of prevention. 2. Favorable influence on attitudes concerning health problems. 3. Influence on health behavior (nutrition, smoking, way of life, exercise). In school health education and in particular in adult health education, emphasis is usually put on communication by means of lectures, brochures, newspaper articles, radio and television. However, the effectiveness of such measures is not well known. Especially, it is not clear whether the transmission of knowledge in the particular fields brings along a lasting effect on attitudes and behavior of individuals or society. Outcome evaluation in health education requires short-term, but mainly long-term studies designed according to epidemiologic principles. The groups of persons suitable for testing in accordance with the health education programs have to be compared with groups not exposed to these health education measures. Not only immediate but also long-term outcome should be evaluated. Among the difficulties inherent in such a design are the precise execution of the health education programs, the surveillance of the test and comparison groups, long-term follow-up, and especially the identification and investigation of person groups suitable for study or comparison purposes. The problems inherent in health education evaluation are illustrated by practical examples.

Adolescent↗

The integration of health education services into a comprehensive health insurance organization.

The development of health-education services in Israel's Kupat Holim Health Insurance Institution is recounted. It was recognized at the outset, in 1964, that the primary target for attitude and behavioral change should be the system itself and its professional staff. Today health education has achieved formal integration into the services and is recognized as an organic part of the delivery of health care.

Health Benefit Plans, Employee↗

Health education: what can it look like after health care reform? 1993 SOPHE presidential address.

In the fall of 1993 the plans for the Health Security Act were unveiled: health education was referenced no fewer than 18 times. This 1993 SOPHE Presidential Address examines the role of health education under the plans for and principles of health care reform. As Bill Clinton stated, "an intensified health education system must be designed to educate and encourage the American people to change behavior that results in ill health and high costs." It is argued that health education has been demonstrated to be effective at reducing risk behaviors associated with each of the leading causes of death. Likewise health education should, can, and does play a role in each of the health goals and objectives for the year 2000. Health reform provides new opportunities to invest in prevention, public health and health education--not only in medical care settings--but in schools, at worksites, and in the community. Health education in these settings can help create supportive environments that make healthy choices the easy choices, ensuring that health reform can succeed.

Cost Savings↗

Most cited authors and publications in health education journals for 1970-79.

This study attempted to answer the following questions about the journals Health Education, Health Education Monographs and the Journal of School Health. What authors have been cited the most in health education journals during the decade of the 70s? What authors have been cited the most in each health education journal? What articles and books have been the most cited in health education journals? What have been the most cited articles and books in each health education journal? It was found that the most cited author was L. W. Green, the most cited articles were L. W. Green "Toward Cost-Benefit Evaluations of Health Education: Some Concepts, Methods and Examples." Health Education Monographs and S. V. Kasl "Health Behavior, Illness Behavior and Sick-Role Behavior." Archives of Environmental Health and the most cited books was School Health Education Study, Health Education: A Conceptual Approach to Curriculum Design. Most cited authors, articles and books varied across the three journals.

Authorship↗

[Strategies for health education in cardiology].

Health education still lacks content and represents an undefined field. Nevertheless, it may be a cheap, simple and reliable tool to offer the public, thus giving them knowledge concerning the prevention and the treatment of and the rehabilitation from heart disease. Different strategies are available, but it is of paramount importance for physicians and nurses working in the field of cardiology, to change their attitude in approaching patients and to have specialized training. Numerous post-graduate courses dealing with new diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are continuously conducted in our Country. On the contrary, very little has been done to stimulate medical staff to be interested in acquiring knowledge of prevention and health education methodology and practice. Health policy should therefore be directed to this goal, and the performance of the Centres of Cardiology might be augmented with the help of volunteer organizations.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

Long-term influence of a health education programme on knowledge and health behaviour in children.

BACKGROUND: Aiming at an active lifestyle, healthy food habits and non-smoking among Swedish children, the Swedish Heart Lung Foundation initiated the health educational programme 'An adventure with Pelle Pump'. A study kit, including theoretical and practical material on heart-lung function and healthy behaviour, was offered to all fourth graders in Sweden. The impact of the programme was examined by studying health behaviours and health knowledge among programme participants using non-participants as a control population. METHODS: A questionnaire on health behaviour and health knowledge was answered by a random sample of 1369 children from different social classes and living conditions. Children subjected to the programme formed the programme group (n=523) and those without exposure served as a control group (n=846). RESULTS: Children in the programme group had a significantly higher level of knowledge (P<0.001) on questions relating to health behaviour and bodily functions. The actual health behaviour was, however, not affected by the programme. CONCLUSION: Children exposed to a health education programme had, compared with a control population, 2 years after completing the programme, an increased level of knowledge; however, no difference was found in health behaviour.

Child↗

The role of the school in consumer health education.

Ethical consumer health education is education that is noncoercive and facilitates an individual's voluntary adoption of health improving behaviors. Patients and consumers attempting to utilize the medical marketplace for cure or prevention may be ill-prepared to do so because of the complexity of the marketplace, the strong marketing influences of the marketplace, and their own lack of fundamental preparation in the rudiments of decision-making, valuing, assertiveness, data collection, and other skills necessary to be a good consumer. For this reason, school-based consumer health education is necessary to prepare current and future consumers to safely and efficiently use the medical marketplace.

Child↗

Quality management for a health education unit.

Specialty health education units are unique in the health care system. Quality Assurance (QA) protocols developed for general ward and hospital department use are not always able to accommodate the unique organizational and functional elements found in such units. In addition, QA measures are all too infrequently applied in the area of health education. The Diabetes Centre at the Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick is staffed by a multi-disciplinary team which provides in excess of 800 clinical and/or educational occasions of service per month. This paper describes the development and implementation of a Quality Management Plan, specific to the unit's needs, that was introduced in stages over a number of years.

Ambulatory Care↗

Surveying potential sites for a rural decentralized allied health education program.

Allied health education programs which are decentralized into medically underserved communities increase the likelihood that graduates will practice within these regions. However, assessing potential sites for decentralized allied health education programs is often done haphazardly, if at all. The University of Kentucky Physician Assistant Program obtained grant funds to develop and administer a survey to assess potential sites for establishing a rural baccalaureate-level physician assistant (PA) program. This article describes the written survey, how it was administered, and the preliminary survey results. The survey assessed academic, medical, and community resources and commitment to support a decentralized program. The survey instrument and assessment procedure were useful for evaluating, ranking, and comparing the sites. Although the survey was designed to meet PA education and training needs, components of the survey are applicable to any allied health education program wishing to evaluate potential sites for didactic and clinical training of students.

Community-Institutional Relations↗

Public awareness and health education: findings from an evaluation of health services for incontinence in England.

Improving the health and well being of local populations is a feature of international and national health policy and initiatives. Promotion of health has been attempted traditionally via health education and public awareness campaigns. More recently, attention has been drawn to inter-agency collaboration and alliances in formalised health improvement programmes. This study has evaluated health services for incontinence in two health authorities in England in relation to health education and public awareness. One health authority had an established continence service and the other did not. A convenience sample of self selecting respondents from an earlier postal survey were interviewed via the telephone (n=376). Significantly, more people in the health authority with a continence service than the one without received information on incontinence from within formal health services (p<0.001) and read about services in health centres and clinics (p<0.001), whereas people in the health authority without a continence service were more likely to obtain information on incontinence from local newspapers (p<0.01) and local chemist shops (p<0.01). People in the health authority without a continence service were significantly more likely to feel that services could be improved than those where there was a service (p<0.0001). Only a minority of people with incontinence had received information about their condition or related health care and services. The availability of a continence service significantly influenced the information received. More information on incontinence had been obtained from informal sources than formal health sources. Local initiatives on the availability of services and how to access them, as well as health education information on incontinence may be more effective in raising public awareness and should supplement national campaigns.

Adult↗